Top: Sunnyside Farm, 320 Acres, Property & Residince [sic] of Jas. B. Van Atta, Sec. 8 Salem Tp. Mich. Bottom: Res. of T. Walker, Sec.17 Salem Tp. Mich.

Salem, Mich. residences. Publication information: Chicago, Ill. : Everts & Stewart, 1874.

Powering innovation through tax concessions : the changing research and development tax incentives

The changing R&D Tax Concession has been touted as the biggest reform to business innovation policy in over a decade. But, is it a changing tax for changing times? This paper addresses this question and further asks ‘what’s tax got to do with it?’. To answer this question, the paper argues that rather than substantive tax reform, the proposed measures simply alter the criteria and means by which companies become eligible for a Federal Government subsidy for qualifying R&D activity. It further argues that when considered as part of the broader innovation agenda, the R&D Tax Concession should be evaluated as a government spending program in the same way as any direct spending on innovation. When this is done, the tax regime is arguably only the administrative policy instrument by which the subsidy is delivered. However, it is proposed that this may not be best practice to distribute those funds fairly, efficiently, and without distortion, while at the same time maintaining adequate government control and accountability. Finally, in answering the question of ‘what’s tax got to do with it?’ the paper concludes that the answer is ‘very little’.

Lessons on sin and forgiveness : a crisis in the Roman Catholic Church

One of the greatest challenges facing the Roman Catholic Church (the Church) across the world continues to be found in addressing complaints of child sexual abuse (csa) by clergy. The list of Catholic clergy in Australia who have been criminally processed for sexual offences against children is disturbingly long. As disturbing as this list is, more disturbing are the accounts of clergy who have not been criminally prosecuted, but protected within the cloister of the Church. It is increasingly recognised that the significant difficulty with child sexual abuse in Catholic Churches, in particular, has not been the presence of perpetrators but the response of Church leadership to allegations of csa by clergy. Those who have faced criminal charges have often done so due to the resilience of victim/survivors and not because of the support of Church structures or culture. The Church has been slow to come to terms with the realities of the perpetration of csa by its clergy and even slower to recognise the need to prioritise victims in any effective, just response. The church has been slowest of all recognising that there are significant cultural and discursive challenges to confront in addressing the management of csa by clergy. There is, however, progressive recognition of the role that discursive constructs of forgiveness have played in perpetuating the crises and ultimately in perpetuating abuse. The institutional praxis of forgiveness can be demonstrated not only in the Church, but in lessons learned from use of forgiveness as an institutional response to mass violations of human rights. This paper explores the juncture between criminality, church culture and forgiveness in responding to csa by clergy.

Finite volume approach of natural convection in a triangular enclosure with localized heating from below

In this study, natural convection heat transfer and buoyancy driven flows have been investigated in a right angled triangular enclosure. The heater located on the bottom wall while the inclined wall is colder and the remaining walls are maintained as adiabatic. Governing equations of natural convection are solved through the finite volume approach, in which buoyancy is modeled via the Boussinesq approximation. Effects of different parameters such as Rayleigh number, aspect ratio, prantdl number and heater location are considered. Results show that heat transfer increases when the heater is moved toward the right corner of the enclosure. It is also revealed that increasing the Rayleigh number, increases the strength of free convection regime and consequently increases the value of heat transfer rate. Moreover, larger aspect ratio enclosure has larger Nusselt number value. In order to have better insight, streamline and isotherms are shown.

Shear thinning and shear thickening non-Newtonian confined fluid flow over rotating cylinder

In present work, numerical solution is performed to study the confined flow of power-law non Newtonian fluids over a rotating cylinder. The main purpose is to evaluate drag and thermal coefficients as functions of the related governing dimensionless parameters, namely, power-law index (0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.4), dimensionless rotational velocity (0 ≤ α ≤ 6) and the Reynolds number (100 ≤ Re ≤ 500). Over the range of Reynolds number, the flow is known to be steady. Results denoted that the increment of power law index and rotational velocity increases the drag coefficient due to momentum diffusivity improvement which is responsible for low rate of heat transfer, because the thicker the boundary layer, the lower the heat transfer is implemented.

Revitalising the Australian Shipping Industry through Tax Reform: Alchemy or Piracy?

The Australian Federal Government has recently passed reforms to the shipping industry. These reforms are aimed at removing barriers to investment in Australian shipping, fostering global competitiveness and securing a stable maritime skills base. The shipping reform package adopts a two pronged approach designed to achieve its stated goals by providing both a ‘stick’ and ‘carrot’ to industry participants. First, the ‘stick’ is delivered via the provision of tighter regulation of coastal trading operations through a new licencing system, along with the introduction of a civil penalty regime and an increase in existing penalties. Second, the ‘carrot’ is delivered via taxation incentives available to vessels registered in Australia where the registrant meets certain specified criteria. These incentives, introduced through amendments to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 and contained in the Tax Laws Amendment (Shipping Reform) Act 2012, provide five key tax incentives to the shipping industry. From 1 July 2012, amendments give effect to an income tax exemption for qualifying ship operators, accelerated depreciation of vessels, roll-over relief from income tax on the sale of a vessel, an employer refundable tax offset, and an exemption from royalty withholding tax for payments made for the lease of certain shipping vessels.

Steady natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluid in a trapezoidal enclosure

Numerically investigation of free convection heat transfer in a differentially heated trapezoidal cavity filled with non-Newtonian Power-law fluid has been performed in this study. The left inclined surface is uniformly heated whereas the right inclined surface is maintained as uniformly cooled. The top and bottom surfaces are kept adiabatic with initially quiescent fluid inside the enclosure. Finite volume based commercial software FLUENT 14.5 is used to solve the governing equations. Dependency of various flow parameters of fluid flow and heat transfer is analyzed including Rayleigh number, Ra ranging from 10^5 to 10^7, Prandtl number, Pr of 100 to 10,000 and power index, n of 0.6 to 1.4. Outcomes have been reported in terms of isotherms, streamline, and local Nusselt number for various Ra, Pr, n and inclined angles. Grid sensitivity analysis is performed and numerically obtained results have been compared with those results available in the literature and found good agreement.

Similarity solutions for flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching surface

Similarity solutions are carried out for flow of power law non-Newtonian fluid film on unsteady stretching surface subjected to constant heat flux. Free convection heat transfer induces thermal boundary layer within a semi-infinite layer of Boussinesq fluid. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDE) governing the flow and the boundary conditions are converted to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) using two-parameter groups. This technique reduces the number of independent variables by two, and finally the obtained ordinary differential equations are solved numerically for the temperature and velocity using the shooting method. The thermal and velocity boundary layers are studied by the means of Prandtl number and non-Newtonian power index plotted in curves.

Unsteady natural convection within a porous enclosure of sinusoidal corrugated side walls

Numerically investigation of free convection within a porous cavity with differential heating has been performed using modified corrugated side walls. Sinusoidal hot left and cold right walls are assumed to receive sudden differentially heating where top and bottom walls are insulated. Air is considered as working fluid and is quiescent, initially. Numerical experiments reveal 3 distinct stages of developing pattern including initial stage, oscillatory intermediate and finally steady state condition. Implicit Finite Volume Method with TDMA solver is used to solve the governing equations. This study has been performed for the Rayleigh numbers ranging from 100 to 10,000. Outcomes have been reported in terms of isotherms, streamline, velocity and temperature plots and average Nusselt number for various Ra, corrugation frequency and corrugation amplitude. The effects of sudden differential heating and its resultant transient behavior on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics have been shown for the range of governing parameters. The present results show that the transient phenomena are enormously influenced by the variation of the Rayleigh Number with corrugation amplitude and frequency.

Natural convection due to differential heating of inclined walls and heat source placed on bottom wall of an attic shaped space

Numerical investigation of free convection heat transfer in an attic shaped enclosure with differentially heated two inclined walls and filled with air is performed in this study. The left inclined surface is uniformly heated whereas the right inclined surface is uniformly cooled. There is a heat source placed on the right side of the bottom surface. Rest of the bottom surface is kept as adiabatic. Finite volume based commercial software ANSYS 15 (Fluent) is used to solve the governing equations. Dependency of various flow parameters of fluid flow and heat transfer is analyzed including Rayleigh number, Ra ranging from 103 to 106, heater size from 0.2 to 0.6, heater position from 0.3 to 0.7 and aspect ratio from 0.2 to 1.0 with a fixed Prandtl number of 0.72. Outcomes have been reported in terms of temperature and stream function contours and local Nusselt number for various Ra, heater size, heater position, and aspect ratio. Grid sensitivity analysis is performed and numerically obtained results have been compared with those results available in the literature and found good agreement.

Evaluación inicial de Hymenaea courbaril (Guapinol) en una plantación en la unidad de experimentación y evaluación en la finca el plantel-UNA

En la finca El Plantel ubicada en el kilómetro 31 ½ carretera Tipitapa-Masaya, en el Municipio de Nindirí departamento de Masaya Nicaragua, se realizó un estudio del establecimiento inicial de Hymeneae courbaril con el fin de conocer su comportamiento en diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia a pleno sol. La plantación se estableció en parcelas con dimensiones de 15mx15m con un distanciamiento entre plantas de 3m x 3m. El número de plantas por parcela fue de 36 para un total de 108 individuos. Se realizaron dos mediciones (Octubre del 2009 y Octubre del 2010) de las variables diámetro, altura y sobrevivencia; y un único monitoreo (en Octubre del 2010) de los daños en la plantación. Los resultados de sobrevivencia obtenidos en la plantación correspondió a un 61,6%. En la evaluación del incremento corriente anual en altura y diámetro alcanzados por la especie se muestra un comportamiento positivo con incremento corriente anual en diámetro de 4.79mm; valores de incremento corriente anual en altura de 4.80cm. Los daños registrados en la plantación corresponden principalmente a la defoliación por hormigas del genero Atta, registrándose una frecuencia del 58% de plantas afectadas.

Estudio de la composicion floristica y sanidad forestal de la arboleda del sector sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua

Con el objetivo de generar información sobre la composición florística y sobre los factores que inciden en la arboleda de la zona sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, se realizó la presente investigación durante el periodo comprendido entre los meses de Agosto 2007 a Septiembre 2008. La técnica básica de toma de datos fue la inspección ocular directa del 100 % de los árboles existentes en la zona de estudio. Se pudo determinar que la arboleda del sector sur de la UNA esta constituida por un total de 761 árboles organizados en 39 especies y agrupados en 23 familias botánicas, siendo la familia mas representativa la Mimosáceas con un total de cinco especies, la especie de árbol mas abundante fue Azaridachta indica(árbol de Nim) con 271 individuos, lo que representa el 36,6 % de toda la arboleda. A nivel de la incidencia de factores bióticos sobre la arboleda se detectó la incidencia de una especie de planta parasita identificada como Struthanthus sp el cual es catalogado como un muérdago verdadero, esta planta se encontró parasitando 15 especies de árboles con una incidencia de 6 %, lo que significa 44 árboles infestados de toda la arboleda, el árbol con mayor numero de individuos afectados fue Terminalia catappa (almendro) con 9 de 20 individuos infestados. A nivel de microorganismos fue posible observas la incidencia de cuatro tipos de hongos asociados a Pestalotia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Cryphonectria cubensis y un tipo roya, así como la incidencia de bacterias fitopatógenas en cuatro especies de árboles. A nivel de insectos se encontraron 7 géneros pertenecientes a los órdenes: Coleóptera, Psocoptera, Homóptera, Thysanoptera, Isóptera e Hymenoptera, las especies lo mas relevantes fueron Nasutitermes sp y Atta cephalotes. También fue posible determinar la incidencia de dos especies de plantas epifitas Monstrera deliciosa e Hylocereus undatus(Pitahaya) y la ocurrencia de factores físicos de daño provocados por inscrustamientos de malla en tallos y podas inadecuadas. Los resultados encontrados en el estudio indican la urgencia de diseñar un plan de manejo silvicultural de la arboleda que contribuya a su mejor cuido y asegure su conservación

Dinámica de arvenses y entomofauna asociada bajo diferentes niveles de compost en nopal (Opuntia ficus indica L.), Diriamba, Carazo, 2008

El nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica L.), es una Cactácea originaria de México, cuyos usos van desde el alimenticio hasta la manufactura de diversos productos farmacéuticos, cosméticos y forrajeros, representa una posible alternativa alimenticia ante la escasez de alimentos en época de verano, ya que tiene capacidad de adaptación a zonas áridas y semiáridas. En este trabajo se analizó la influencia de diferentes niveles de compost (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 y 2.5 kg/planta) sobre la dinámica poblacional de arvenses y entomofauna asociada, en el cultivo de nopal. El ensayo se estableció en julio de 2008, en la finca Guadarrama, comunidad Buena Vista Sur, ubicada en el kilometro 56 ½ carretera Casares- La Boquita, Diriamba, Carazo. Las variables evaluadas respecto a las arvenses fueron; abundancia, dominancia y diversidad de especies. Respecto a la entomofauna, se elaboró un listado de artrópodos con su respectiva función biológica. Se realizó un control manual de malezas a los 75 días después de la siembra. Cynodon dactylon L. se presentó como arvense monocotiledónea de mayor abundancia con 37 plantas en el testigo, respecto a las dicotiledóneas que fue Waltheria indica L. con 8 plantas en 1 y 1.5 kg/planta. Diversidad; se encontraron 22 especies(8 más que las encontradas en este lugar en el ensayo precedente, 2007), de las cuales 4 fueron monocotiledóneas y 18 dicotiledóneas. La mayor cobertura se registró en 0.5 kg/planta con 17% y la menor en 2 kg/planta con 4 %. La mayor biomasa para monocotiledóneas fue encontrada en 1.5 kg/planta con 754 kg/ha, y la menor en 2.5 kg/planta con 346 kg/ha, para dicotiledóneas la mayor fue de 273 kg/ha en 2 kg/planta y la menor en el testigo con 123 kg/ha. Se reportaron 14 especies de artrópodos (fitófagos: como Acheta domesticus Bol., entomófagos: como Tegenaria domestica Clerk y defoliador: como Atta cephalotes L.

Evaluación de productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del acaro blanco (Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y otras plagas claves en el cultivo de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) y su efecto en los enemigos naturales en Tisma, Masaya

El ácaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus , Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. En vista de este problema en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó un estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en chiltoma en el período comprendido entre los meses de Julio a Octubre del año 2009, donde se evaluaron algunos productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el Testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco , Incidencia y Severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, rendimiento (Kg/ha-1) y fluctuación poblacional de organismos plagas y benéficos asociados al cultivo de la chiltoma como: Mosca blanca ( Bemisia tabaci), Áfidos (Aphis gossypii ), Minador de la hoja ( Liriomyza sp ), Mariquitas ( Coccinella sp ), Hormigas ( Atta sp ) y Arañas. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Oberón presento la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño de ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó el mayor rendimiento y obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem. Además en este estudio se muestrearon las fluctuaciones poblacionales de otros organismos plagas y benéficos relacionados al cultivo de la chiltoma, donde resultados de este estudio demuestran que los productos utilizados para el manejo del ácaro blanco no tienen ningún efecto en las poblaciones de estos insectos.