971 resultados para Area planning
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The Economics of Urban Diversity explores ethnic and religious minorities in urban economies. In this exciting work, the contributors develop an integrative approach to urban diversity and economy by employing concepts from different studies and linking historical and contemporary analyses of economic, societal, demographic, and cultural development. Contributors from a variety of disciplines-geography, economics, history, sociology, anthropology, and planning-make for a transdisciplinary analysis of past and present migration-related economic and social issues, which helps to better understand the situation of ethnic and religious minorities in metropolitan areas today.
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In modem hitec industry Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems provide the basis for e-business solutions towards the suppliers and the customers. One objective of this thesis was to clarify the modem supply chain management with the APS systems and especially concentrate on the area of Collaborative Planning. In order Advanced Planning and Scheduling systems to be complete and usable, user interfaces are needed. Current Visual Basic user interfaces have faced many complaints and arguments from the users as well as from the development team. This thesis is trying to analyze the reasons and causes for the encountered problems and also provide ways to overcome them. The decision has been made to build the new user interfaces to be Web-enabled. Therefore another objective of this thesis was to research and find suitable technologies for building the Web-based user interfaces for Advanced Planning and Scheduling Systems in Nokia Demand/Supply Planning business area. Comparison between the most suitable technologies is made. Usability issues of Web-enabled user interfaces are also covered. The empirical part of the thesis includes design and implementation of a Web-based user interface with the chosen technology for a particular APS module that enables Collaborative Planning with suppliers.
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Coverage Path Planning (CPP) is the task of determining a path that passes over all points of an area or volume of interest while avoiding obstacles. This task is integral to many robotic applications, such as vacuum cleaning robots, painter robots, autonomous underwater vehicles creating image mosaics, demining robots, lawn mowers, automated harvesters, window cleaners and inspection of complex structures, just to name a few. A considerable body of research has addressed the CPP problem. However, no updated surveys on CPP reflecting recent advances in the field have been presented in the past ten years. In this paper, we present a review of the most successful CPP methods, focusing on the achievements made in the past decade. Furthermore, we discuss reported field applications of the described CPP methods. This work aims to become a starting point for researchers who are initiating their endeavors in CPP. Likewise, this work aims to present a comprehensive review of the recent breakthroughs in the field, providing links to the most interesting and successful works
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The objective of this study was to verify the potential of SNAP III (Scheduling and Network Analysis Program) as a support tool for harvesting and wood transport planning in Brazil harvesting subsystem definition and establishment of a compatible route were assessed. Initially, machine operational and production costs were determined in seven subsystems for the study area, and quality indexes, construction and maintenance costs of forest roads were obtained and used as SNAP III program input data. The results showed, that three categories of forest road occurrence were observed in the study area: main, secondary and tertiary which, based on quality index, allowed a medium vehicle speed of about 41, 30 and 24 km/hours and a construction cost of about US$ 5,084.30, US$ 2,275.28 and US$ 1,650.00/km, respectively. The SNAP III program used as a support tool for the planning, was found to have a high potential tool in the harvesting and wood transport planning. The program was capable of defining efficiently, the harvesting subsystem on technical and economical basis, the best wood transport route and the forest road to be used in each period of the horizon planning.
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ABSTRACT We aimed in this work to study natural populations of copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) on the Monte Branco mountain at Porto Trombetas-PA, in order to support sustainable management and the exploitation of oleoresin from copaiba. We studied the population structure of copaiba on hillsides and valleys of the south face of Monte Branco, within Sarac Taquera National Forest, where bauxite ore was extracted in the biennium 2013-2014 by Minerao Rio do Norte (MRN). We produced a 100% forest inventory of the specie and of oleoresin extraction in order to quantify the potential production of the remaining area. The density of copaiba individuals with DBH > 30 cm was 0.33 individuals per hectare in the hillside and 0.25 individuals per hectare in the valley. Both environments presented a density of 0.28 individuals per hectare. The average copaiba oleoresin yield was 0.6610.334 liters in the hillside and 0.7650.280 liters in the valley. The average value of both environments together (hillside and valley) was 0.7140.218 liters. From all individuals with DBH over 30 cm, 38 (58%) produced some amount of oleoresin, averaging 1.1130.562 liters in the hillside, 1.3290.448 liters in the valley and 1.1900.355 liters in both environments together. The results show the need for planning the use of the surroundings of the study area in order to reach the required volume of copaiba to make feasible the sustainable management of oleoresin extraction in the region.
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The conference promoting the objectives of the international European Landscape Convention (ELC) was held on 7-9 September 2011 in Inari. The primary aim of the conference was to increase awareness of the ELC and the prospects and requirements it brings to practical planning work, especially at the municipal level. The conference speakers included top experts from Sweden, Norway, Finland, France, Holland and Catalonia. This report is a collection of articles written by the experts in the ELC conference. The report is available in five languages: Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Northern Smi and English. The common characteristics of the North Calotte area, such as the magnificent riverside scenery and the beautiful fell landscapes formed by the Smi culture and reindeer management are broadly reflected in the environment. Alongside the traditional forms of land use, many other livelihoods and forms of land use now need to be accommodated in the area. Tourism, energy production, mining industry and new infrastructure create new and manifold challenges to the authorities in charge of land use in these areas. Municipalities need information and support for versatile planning in the future, so that the unique and valuable characteristics of the North can be preserved. Landscape protection and management in the landscape areas is executed through areal and land use planning, mainly through town planning and the creation of landscape management plans. The municipalities in the North Calotte region have their own partly divergent methods and practices, based on the various land use processes are executed. The municipalities and inhabitants have a great interest in preserving and protecting their living environment and maintaining and increasing the appeal of the area. Landscape is viewed as one of the most significant appealing factors that cannot be lost. The increasing land use in municipalities, for example due to energy production, mining industry and increasing tourism, create a need for more multidimensional planning. The reconciliation of the wishes of different interest groups, and traditional and new livelihoods will not be easy. Conflict is inevitable. This will lead to a greater need to engage local bodies to the planning processes right from the start of the projects. Close cooperation between different administrative branches, operators, local bodies and landscape research promote the objectives of the convention. To ensure that the work continues, a landscape co-operation group is planned to be established in the North Calotte area. Its main task is to promote and develop landscape policy in the area.
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In the 2000s Finland suffered from storms that caused long outages in electricity distribution, longest up to two weeks. These major disturbances increased the importance of supply security. In 2013 new Electricity Market Act was announced. It defined maximum duration for outages, 6 h for city plan areas and 36 h for other areas. The aim for this work is to determine required major disturbance proof level for a study area and find tools for prioritizing overhead lines for cabling renovation to improve supply security. Three prioritization methods were chosen to be studied: A: prioritization line sections by customer outage costs they cause, B: maximizing customers major disturbance proof network and C: minimizing excavation costs in medium voltage network. Profitability calculations showed that prioritization method A was the most profitable and C had the weakest profitability. The prioritization method C drove renovation into unreasonable locations in the study area in reliability point of view. Therefore universal rule prioritization methods couldnt be made from the prioritization methods. This led to the conclusion that every renewing area need to be evaluated in a case by case basis.
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Sales and operations research publications have increased significantly in the last decades. The concept of sales and operations planning (S&OP) has gained increased recognition and has been put forward as the area within Supply Chain Management (SCM). Development of S&OP is based on the need for determining future actions, both for sales and operations, since off-shoring, outsourcing, complex supply chains and extended lead times make challenges for responding to changes in the marketplace when they occur. Order intake of the case company has grown rapidly during the last years. Along with the growth, new challenges considering data management and information flow have arisen due to increasing customer orders. To manage these challenges, case company has implemented S&OP process, though initial process is in early stage and due to this, the process is not managing the increased customer orders adequately. Thesis objective is to explore extensively the S&OP process content of the case company and give further recommendations. Objectives are categorized into six different groups, to clarify the purpose of this thesis. Qualitative research methods used are active participant observation, qualitative interviews, enquiry, education, and a workshop. It is notable that demand planning was felt as cumbersome, so it is typically the biggest challenge in S&OP process. More proactive the sales forecasting can be, more expanded the time horizon of operational planning will turn out. S&OP process is 60 percent change management, 30 percent process development and 10 percent technology. The change management and continuous improvement can sometimes be arduous and set as secondary. It is important that different people are required to improve the process and the process is constantly evaluated. As well as, process governance is substantially in a central role and it has to be managed consciously. Generally, S&OP process was seen important and all the stakeholders were committed to the process. Particular sections were experienced more important than others, depending on the stakeholders point of views. Recommendations to objective groups are evaluated by the achievable benefit and resource requirement. The urgent and easily implemented improvement recommendations should be executed firstly. Next steps are to develop more coherent process structure and refine cost awareness. Afterwards demand planning, supply planning, and reporting should be developed more profoundly. For last, information technology system should be implemented to support the process phases.
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Universities have entered a period of rapid change and upheaval due to an external environment beyond their control which includes shifting demographic patterns, accelerating technology, funding shortages, and keener competition for students. Strategic planning, a comprehensive vision which challenges universities to take bold and creative measures to meet the threats and opportunities of the future, is an institutional imperative in the 1980's. This paper examines freshman student feedback in an effort to incorporate this important element into a strategic plan for Brock University, a small, predominantly liberal arts university in St. Catharines, Ontario. The study was designed to provide information on the characteristics of the 1985-86 pool of freshman registrants: their attitudes towards Brock's recruitment measures, their general university priorities, and their influences in regard to university selection (along with other demographical and attitudinal data). A survey involving fixed-alternative questions of a subjective and objective nature was administered in two large freshman classes at Brock in which a broad cross-section of academic programs was anticipated. Computer analysis of the data for the 357 respondents included total raw frequencies and rounded percentages, as well as subgroup cross-tabulation by geographic home area of respondent, academic major, and high school graduating average. The four directional hypotheses put forward were all substantiatied by the survey data, indicating that 1) the university's current recruitment program had been a positive influence during their university search 2) parents were the most influential group in the students' decisions related to university 3) respondents viewed institutional reputation as less of a priority than an enjoyable university lifestyle in a personal learning atmosphere 4) students had a decided preference for co-operative study and internship programs. Strategic planning recommendations included a reduction in the faculty/student ratio through faculty hirings to restore the close rapport between professors and students, increased recruitment presentations in Ontario high schools to enlarge the applicant pool, creation of an Office of Co-operative Study and Internship Programs, institutional emphasis on a "customer orientation", and an extension of research into student demographics and attitudinal data.
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Le capital humain dun pays est un facteur important de sa croissance et de son dveloppement long terme. Selon lUnicef, ce capital humain est constitu en donnant chaque enfant un bon dpart dans la vie : non seule- ment la possibilit de survivre, mais aussi les conditions ncessaires pour se dvelopper et raliser tout son potentiel. Malheureusement, cet tat de fait est loin dtre une ralit en Afrique Subsaharienne. En effet, selon toujours lUnicef et sur la base denqutes mnages dans 21 pays dAfrique de lOuest et du Centre, cest prs de 32 millions denfants qui ont lge officiel dtre scolariss, mais qui ne le sont pas. A ces chiffres, il faut ajouter 17 millions denfants scolariss qui risquent fortement lexclusion. De son Ct, lOMS pointe du doigt la mauvaise sant des enfants dans cette rgion. Ainsi, les dcs denfants sont de plus en plus concentrs en Afrique subsaharienne o les enfants ont plus de 15 fois plus de risques de mourir avant lge de cinq ans que les enfants des rgions dveloppes. Les difficults conomiques apparaissent comme la premire explication des obstacles lamlioration du bien tre des enfants aussi bien du ct de loffre que de la demande. Cette thse relie trois essais sur dune part le lien entre conflit arms, lducation et la mortalit des enfants et dautre part sur le lien entre fertilit et ducation des enfants en milieu urbain. Le premier chapitre identifie limpact de la crise politico-militaire de la Cte dIvoire sur le bien tre des enfants, en particulier sur lducation et la mor- talit infanto-juvnile en exploitant la variation temporelle et gographique de la crise. Il ressort de cette analyse que les individus qui vivaient dans les rgions de conflit et qui ont atteint durant la crise, lge officiel dentrer lcole ont 10% moins de chance dtre inscrits lcole. Les lves qui habitaient dans des rgions de conflit pendant la crise ont subit une diminu- tion du nombre dannes scolaire dau moins une anne. Les lves les plus v vi gs et qui sont susceptibles dtre au secondaire ont connu une dcroissance du nombre danne scolaire dau moins deux annes. Il ressort galement que la crise ivoirienne a accru la mortalit infanto-juvnile dau moins 3%. Mes rsultats suggrent galement que la dtrioration des conditions de vie et la limitation de lutilisation des services de sant au cours du conflit con- tribuent expliquer ces effets ngatifs. Des tests de robustesse incluant un test de placebo suggrent que les rsultats ne sont pas dus des diffrences prexistantes entre les rgions affectes par le conflit et celles non affectes. Le deuxime chapitre tudie les disparits intra-urbaines en matire darbitrage entre le nombre denfant et la scolarisation des enfants en se focalisant sur le cas de Ouagadougou (Capitale du Burkina Faso). Dans cette ville, au moins 33% des deux millions dhabitants vivent dans des zones informelles (appeles localement des zones non-loties). Cette sous-population manque dinfrastructures socioconomiques de base et a un niveau dducation trs bas. Dans ce chapitre, prenant en compte la possible endognit du nombre denfants et en utilisant une approche "two-step control function" avec des modles Probit, nous investiguons les diffrences de comportement des m- nages en matire de scolarisation entre zones formelles et zones informelles. Nous nous focalisons en particulier sur larbitrage entre la "quantit" et la "qualit" des enfants. Compte tenu de lhtrognit des deux types de zones, nous utilisons les probabilits prdites pour les comparer. Nos princi- pales conclusions sont les suivantes. Tout dabord, nous trouvons un impact ngatif de la taille de la famille sur le niveau de scolarisation dans les deux types de zone. Cependant, nous constatons que limpact est plus aigu dans les zones informelles. Deuximement, si nous supposons que le caractre en- dogne du nombre denfants est essentiellement due la causalit inverse, les rsultats suggrent que dans les zones formelles les parents tiennent compte de la scolarisation des enfants dans la dcision de leur nombre denfants, mais ce ne est pas le cas dans les zones informelles. Enfin, nous constatons que, pour des familles avec les mmes caractristiques observables, la probabilit datteindre le niveau post-primaire est plus leve dans les zones formelles que dans les zones informelles. En terme dimplications politique, selon ces rsultats, les efforts pour amliorer la scolarisation des enfants ne doivent pas tre diriges uniquement vers les zones rurales. En plus de rduire les frais de scolarit dans certaines zones urbaines, en particulier les zones informelles, un accent particulier devrait tre mis sur la sensibilisation sur les avantages de lducation pour le bien-tre des enfants et leur famille. Enfin, du point vii de vue mthodologique, nos rsultats montrent limportance de tenir compte de lhtrognit non observe entre les sous-populations dans lexplication des phnomnes socio-conomiques. Compte tenu du lien ngatif entre la taille de la famille et la scolarisation des enfants dune part et les diffrences intra-urbaines de comportement des mnages en matire de scolarisation, le trosime chapitre tudie le rle des types de mthodes contraceptives dans lespacement des naissances en mi- lieu urbain. Ainsi, en distinguant les mthodes modernes et traditionnelles et en utilisant lhistoire gntique des femmes, ce chapitre fait ressortir des diffrences de comportement en matire de contraception entre les femmes des zones formelles et informelles Ouagadougou (capitale du Burkina Faso). Les rsultats montrent que les deux types de mthodes contraceptives aug- mentent lcart des naissances et diminuent la probabilit quune naissance se produise moins de 24 mois aprs la prcdente. Prendre en compte les caractristiques non observes mais invariants avec le temps ne modifie pas significativement lamplitude du coefficient de lutilisation de la contracep- tion moderne dans les deux types de zone. Toutefois, dans la zone informelle, la prise en compte les effets fixes des femmes augmentent significativement leffet des mthodes traditionnelles. Les normes sociales, la perception de la planification familiale et le rle du partenaire de la femme pourraient expli- quer ces diffrences de comportement entre les zones formelles et informelles. Par consquent, pour amliorer lutilisation de la contraception et de leur efficacit, il est essentiel de hirarchiser les actions en fonction du type de sous-population, mme dans les zones urbaines.
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Production Planning and Control (PPC) systems have grown and changed because of the developments in planning tools and models as well as the use of computers and information systems in this area. Though so much is available in research journals, practice of PPC is lagging behind and does not use much from published research. The practices of PPC in SMEs lag behind because of many reasons, which need to be explored This research work deals with the effect of identified variables such as forecasting, planning and control methods adopted, demographics of the key person, standardization practices followed, effect of training, learning and IT usage on firm performance. A model and framework has been developed based on literature. Empirical testing of the model has been done after collecting data using a questionnaire schedule administered among the selected respondents from Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India. Final data included 382 responses. Hypotheses linking SME performance with the use of forecasting, planning and controlling were formed and tested. Exploratory factor analysis was used for data reduction and for identifying the factor structure. High and low performing firms were classified using a Logistic Regression model. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to study the structural relationship between firm performance and dependent variables.
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In the process of urbanization, natural and semi-natural landscapes are increasingly cherished as open space and recreational resource. Urban rivers are part of this kind of resource and thus play an important role in managing urban resilience and health. Employing the example of Tianjin, this doctoral dissertation research aims at learning to understand how to plan and design for the interface zones between urban water courses and for the land areas adjacent to such water courses. This research also aims at learning how to link waterfront space with other urban space in order to make a recreational space system for the benefit of people. Five questions of this dissertation are: 1) what is the role of rivers in spatial and open space planning? 2) What are the human needs regarding outdoor open space? 3) How do river and water front spatial structures affect people's recreational activities? 4) How to define the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space? 5) How might answering these question change planning and design of urban open space? Quantitative and qualitative empirical approaches were combined in this study for which literature review and theoretical explorations provide the basis. Empirical investigations were conducted in the city of Tianjin. The quantitative approach includes conducting 267 quantitative interviews, and the qualitative approach includes carrying out field observations and mappings. GIS served to support analysis and visualization of empirical information that was generated through this study. By responding to the five research questions, findings and lessons include the following: 1) In the course of time rivers have gained importance in all levels and scales of spatial planning and decision making. Regarding the development of ecological networks, mainly at national scale, rivers are considered significant linear elements. Regarding regional and comprehensive development, river basins and watersheds are often considered as the structural link for strategic ecological, economic, social and recreational planning. For purposes of urban planning, particularly regarding recreational services in cities, the distribution of urban open spaces often follows the structure of river systems. 2) For the purpose of classifying human recreational needs that relate to outdoor open space Maslow's hierarchy of human needs serves as theoretical basis. The classes include geographical, safety, physiological, social and aesthetic need. These classes serve as references while analyzing river and waterfront open space and other kinds of open space. 3) Regarding the question how river and waterfront spatial structures might affect people's recreational activities, eight different landscape units were identified and compared in the case study area. Considering the thermal conditions of Tianjin, one of these landscape units was identified as affording the optimal spatial arrangement which mostly meets recreational needs. The size and the shape of open space, and the plants present in an open space have been observed as being most relevant regarding recreational activities. 4) Regarding the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space the results of this research suggest that the recreational service is felt less intensively as the distances between water 183 front and open space users places of residence are increasing. As a method for estimating this Service Distance Effect the following formula may be used: Y = a*ebx. In this equation Y means the Service Distance between homes and open space, and X means the percentage of the people who live within this service distance. Coefficient "a" represents the distance of the residential area nearest to the water front. The coefficient "b" is a comprehensive capability index that refers to the size of the available and suitable recreational area. 5) Answers found to the questions above have implications for the planning and design of urban open space. The results from the quantitative study of recreational services of waterfront open space were applied to the assessment of river-based open space systems. It is recommended that such assessments might be done employing the network analysis function available with any GIS. In addition, several practical planning and designing suggestions are made that would help remedy any insufficient base for satisfying recreational needs. The understanding of recreational need is considered helpful for the proposing planning and designing ideas and for the changing of urban landscapes. In the course of time Tianjin's urban water system has shrunk considerably. At the same time rivers and water courses have shaped Tianjin's urban structure in noticeable ways. In the process of urbanization water has become increasingly important to the citizens and their everyday recreations. Much needs to be changed in order to improve recreational opportunities and to better provide for a livable city, most importantly when considering the increasing number of old people. Suggestions made that are based on results of this study, might be implemented in Tianjin. They are 1) to promote the quality of the waterfront open space and to make all linear waterfront area accessible recreational spaces. Then, 2), it is advisable to advocate the concept of green streets and to combine green streets with river open space in order to form an everyday recreational network. And 3) any sound urban everyday recreational service made cannot rely on only urban rivers; the whole urban structure needs to be improved, including adding small open space and optimize the form of urban communities, finally producing a multi-functional urban recreational network.
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Using the case of an economically declined neighbourhood in the post-industrial German Ruhr Area (sometimes characterized as Germanys Rust Belt), we analyse, describe and conclude how urban agriculture can be used as a catalyst to stimulate and support urban renewal and regeneration, especially from a socio-cultural perspective. Using the methodological framework of participatory action research, and linking bottom-up and top-down planning approaches, a project path was developed to include the population affected and foster individual responsibility for their district, as well as to strengthen inhabitants and stakeholder groups in a permanent collective stewardship for the individual forms of urban agriculture developed and implemented. On a more abstract level, the research carried out can be characterized as a form of action research with an intended transgression of the boundaries between research, planning, design, and implementation. We conclude that by synchronously combining those four domains with intense feedback loops, synergies for the academic knowledge on the potential performance of urban agriculture in terms of sustainable development, as well as the benefits for the case-study area and the interests of individual urban gardeners can be achieved.
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Objetivo: determinar parmetros biomtricos para evaluacin y diagnstico de pacientes con SAHOS por medio de Cefalometra Tridimensional y reconstruccin Multiplanar escanogrfica. Materiales y Mtodos: se realiz estudio observacional tipo cross-sectional, con 25 pacientes diagnosticados con SAHOS, a los cuales se les hizo TAC simple de cara con reconstruccin multiplanar y tridimensional, evaluando volumen de va area, longitud, promedio del rea en corte transversal, rea retropalatal, rea reglosal, espacio retrogloso lateral y anteroposterior. Resultados: se incluyeron 25 pacientes y realizaron medidas de volumen, longitud, promedio del rea en corte transversal, rea retropalatal, rea retroglosal y espacios regloso lateral y anteroposterior, realizando anlisis estadstico mediante el programa SPSS 17.0 reportando medidas de tendencia central como promedio, media, moda, rango, desviacin estndar, y concordancia inter e intra observador. Conclusin: la Cefalometra tridimensional con reconstruccin multiplanar ha mostrado ser un excelente mtodo de evaluacin de va area en pacientes con SAHOS, obteniendo propias clasificaciones dentro del estudio de estos pacientes. Sin embargo, ante la escasa literatura y difcil obtencin de parmetros de referencia es necesario promover el estudio y la investigacin de este mtodo diagnostico en pacientes con SAHOS.
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El artculo analiza los determinantes de la presencia de hijos no deseados en Colombia. Se utiliza la informacin de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografa y Salud (ENDS, 2005), especficamente para las mujeres de 40 aos o ms. Dadas las caractersticas especiales de la variable que se analiza, se utilizan modelos de conteo para verificar si determinadas caractersticas socioeconmicas como la educacin o el estrato econmico explican la presencia de hijos no deseados. Se encuentra que la educacin de la mujer y el rea de residencia son determinantes significativos de los nacimientos no planeados. Adems, la relacin negativa entre el nmero de hijos no deseados y la educacin de la mujer arroja implicaciones clave en materia de poltica social.
