Nanostructured copper oxide semiconductors : a perspective on materials, synthesis methods and applications

The oxides of copper (CuxO) are fascinating materials due to their remarkable optical, electrical, thermal and magnetic properties. Nanostructuring of CuxO can further enhance the performance of this important functional material and provide it with unique properties that do not exist in its bulk form. Three distinctly different phases of CuxO, mainly CuO, Cu2O and Cu4O3, can be prepared by numerous synthesis techniques including, vapour deposition and liquid phase chemical methods. In this article, we present a review of nanostructured CuxO focusing on their material properties, methods of synthesis and an overview of various applications that have been associated with nanostructured CuxO.

RF plasma sputtering deposition of hydroxyapatite bioceramics : synthesis, performance, and biocompatibility

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have numerous applications in orthopedics and dentistry, owing to their excellent ability to promote stronger implant fixation and faster bone tissue ingrowth and remodeling. Thermal plasma spray and other plasma-assisted techniques have recently been used to synthesize various calcium phosphate-based bioceramics. Despite notable recent achievements in the desired stoichiometry, phase composition, mechanical, structural, and bio-compatible properties, it is rather difficult to combine all of the above features in a single coating. For example, many existing plasma-sprayed HA coatings fall short in meeting the requirements of grain size and crystallinity, and as such are subject to enhanced resorption in body fluid. On the other hand, relatively poor interfacial bonding and stability is an obstacle to the application of the HA coatings in high load bearing Ti6Al4V knee joint implants. Here, we report on an alternative: a plasma-assisted, concurrent, sputtering deposition technique for high performance biocompatible HA coatings on Ti6Al4V implant alloy. The plasma-assisted RF magnetron co-sputtering deposition method allows one to simultaneously achieve most of the desired attributes of the biomimetic material and overcome the aforementioned problems. This article details the film synthesis process specifications, extensive analytical characterization of the material's properties, mechanical testing, simulated body fluid assessments, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility of the HA-coated Ti6Al4V orthopedic alloy. The means of optimization of the plasma and deposition process parameters to achieve the desired attributes and performance of the HA coating, as well as future challenges in clinical applications are also discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of ternary AL-C-N compound

Efficient hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film deposition in a plasma reactor that features both the capacitive and inductively coupled operation regimes is reported. The hydrogenated DLC films have been prepared on silicon wafers using a low-frequency (500 kHz) inductively coupled plasma (LF ICP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. At low RF powers, the system operates as an asymmetric capacitively coupled plasma source, and the film deposition process is undertaken in the electrostatic (E) discharge regime. The films deposited in the electrostatic mode feature graphite-like structure. Above the mode transition threshold, the high-density inductively coupled plasma is produced in the electromagnetic (H) discharge regime. Raman spectrometry suggests the possibility to control relative proportions of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon. Variation of the DC substrate bias results in dramatic modification of the film structure from the polymeric (unbiased substrates) to the diamond-like (optimized bias). It has been shown that the deposition rate and hardness of the DLC film are much higher in the H-mode deposition regime. For a 20 m Torr H-mode CH4+Ar gas mixture discharge, the DLC film exhibits mechanical hardness of 18 GPa, Young's modulus of 170 GPa, and compressive stress of 1.3 GPa.

Introspective service interface synthesis in business networks

Service mismatches involve the adaptation of structural and behavioural interfaces of services, which in practice incurs long lead times through manual, coding e ort. We propose a framework, complementary to conventional service adaptation, to extract comprehensive and seman- tically normalised service interfaces, useful for interoperability in large business networks and the Internet of Services. The framework supports introspection and analysis of large and overloaded operational signa- tures to derive focal artefacts, namely the underlying business objects of services. A more simpli ed and comprehensive service interface layer is created based on these, and rendered into semantically normalised in- terfaces, given an ontology accrued through the framework from service analysis history. This opens up the prospect of supporting capability comparisons across services, and run-time request backtracking and ad- justment, as consumers discover new features of a service's operations through corresponding features of similar services. This paper provides a rst exposition of the service interface synthesis framework, describing patterns having novel requirements for unilateral service adaptation, and algorithms for interface introspection and business object alignment. A prototype implementation and analysis of web services drawn from com- mercial logistic systems are used to validate the algorithms and identify open challenges and future research directions.

Effect of plasma environment on synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

We present a theoretical model describing a plasma-assisted growth of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which involves two competing channels of carbon incorporation into stacked graphene sheets: via surface diffusion and through the bulk of the catalyst particle (on the top of the nanofiber), accounting for a range of ion- and radical-assisted processes on the catalyst surface. Using this model, it is found that at low surface temperatures, Ts, the CNF growth is indeed controlled by surface diffusion, thus quantifying the semiempirical conclusions of earlier experiments. On the other hand, both the surface and bulk diffusion channels provide a comparable supply of carbon atoms to the stacked graphene sheets at elevated synthesis temperatures. It is also shown that at low Ts, insufficient for effective catalytic precursor decomposition, the plasma ions play a key role in the production of carbon atoms on the catalyst surface. The model is used to compute the growth rates for the two extreme cases of thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of CNFs. More importantly, these results quantify and explain a number of observations and semiempirical conclusions of earlier experiments.

Controller synthesis of a bidirectional inductive power interface for electric vehicles

Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems are preferred for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications. Typically, bidirectional IPT systems consist of high order resonant networks, and therefore, the control of bidirectional IPT systems has always been a difficulty. To date several different controllers have been reported, but these have been designed using steady-state models, which invariably, are incapable of providing an accurate insight into the dynamic behaviour of the system A dynamic state-space model of a bidirectional IPT system has been reported. However, currently this model has not been used to optimise the design of controllers. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimised controller based on the dynamic model. To verify the operation of the proposed controller simulated results of the optimised controller and simulated results of another controller are compared. Results indicate that the proposed controller is capable of accurately and stably controlling the power flow in a bidirectional IPT system.

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals : controlled synthesis and surface chemistry in organic media

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (CS-NCs) possess compelling benefits of low-cost, large-scale solution processing, and tunable optoelectronic properties through controlled synthesis and surface chemistry engineering. These merits make them promising candidates for a variety of applications. This review focuses on the general strategies and recent developments of the controlled synthesis of CS-NCs in terms of crystalline structure, particle size, dominant exposed facet, and their surface passivation. Highlighted are the organic-media based synthesis of metal chalcogenide (including cadmium, lead, and copper chalcogenide) and metal oxide (including titanium oxide and zinc oxide) nanocrystals. Current challenges and thus future opportunities are also pointed out in this review.

Synthesis of orchestrators from service choreographies

Interaction topologies in service-oriented systems are usually classified into two styles: choreographies and orchestrations. In a choreography, services interact in a peer-to-peer manner and no service plays a privileged role. In contrast, interactions in an orchestration occur between one particular service, the orchestrator, and a number of subordinated services. Each of these topologies has its trade-offs. This paper considers the problem of migrating a service-oriented system from a choreography style to an orchestration style. Specifically, the paper presents a tool chain for synthesising orchestrators from choreographies. Choreographies are initially represented as communicating state machines. Based on this representation, an algorithm is presented that synthesises the behaviour of an orchestrator, which is also represented as a state machine. Concurrent regions are then identified in the synthesised state machine to obtain a more compact representation in the form of a Petri net. Finally, it is shown how the resulting Petri nets can be transformed into notations supported by commercial tools, such as the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN).

Synthesis, thin-film morphology, and comparative study of bulk and bilayer heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using soluble diketopyrrolopyrrole molecules

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based organic semiconductors EH-DPP-TFP and EH-DPP-TFPV with branched ethyl-hexyl solubilizing alkyl chains and end capped with trifluoromethyl phenyl groups were designed and synthesized via Suzuki coupling. These compounds show intense absorptions up to 700 nm, and thin film-forming characteristics that sensitively depend on the solvent and coating conditions. Both materials have been used as electron donors in bulk heterojunction and bilayer organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices with fullerenes as acceptors and their performance has been studied in detail. The best power conversion efficiency of 3.3% under AM1.5G illumination (100 mW cm -2) was achieved for bilayer solar cells when EH-DPP-TFPV was used with C 60, after a thermal annealing step to induce dye aggregation and interdiffusion of C 60 with the donor material. To date, this is one of the highest efficiencies reported for simple bilayer OPV devices.

Synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole based copolymers via the direct arylation method for p-channel and ambipolar OFETs

In this paper, we have synthesized two novel diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers poly{3,6-dithiophene-2-yl-2,5-di(2-octyl)- pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-1,5-bis(dodecyloxy)naphthalene} (PDPPT-NAP) and poly{3,6-dithiophene-2-yl-2,5-di(2-butyldecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4- dione-alt-2-dodecyl-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole} (PDPPT-BTRZ) via direct arylation organometallic coupling. Both copolymers contain a common electron withdrawing DPP building block which is combined with electron donating alkoxy naphthalene and electron withdrawing alkyl-triazole comonomers. The number average molecular weight (Mn) determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for polymer PDPPT-NAP is around 23 400 g mol-1 whereas for polymer PDPPT-BTRZ it is 18 600 g mol-1. The solid state absorption spectra of these copolymers show a wide range of absorption from 400 nm to 1000 nm with optical band gaps calculated from absorption cut off values in the range of 1.45-1.30 eV. The HOMO values determined for PDPPT-NAP and PDPPT-BTRZ copolymers from photoelectron spectroscopy in air (PESA) data are 5.15 eV and 5.25 eV respectively. These polymers exhibit promising p-channel and ambipolar behaviour when used as an active layer in organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) devices. The highest hole mobility measured for polymer PDPPT-NAP is around 0.0046 cm2 V-1 s-1 whereas the best ambipolar performance was calculated for PDPPT-BTRZ with a hole and electron mobility of 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 0.006 cm2 V-1 s-1.

Synthesis, characterization and organic field effect transistor performance of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-fluorenone copolymer

A diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) with fluorenone (FN) based low band gap alternating copolymer (PDPPT-alt-FN) has been synthesized via Suzuki coupling. PDPPT-alt-FN exhibits a deep HOMO level with a lower band gap. Fabricated organic thin film transistors using PDPPT-alt-FN as a channel semiconductor show p-channel behaviour with the highest hole mobility of 0.083 cm2 V-1 s-1 measured in air.

Synthesis, characterization and comparative OFET behaviour of indenofluorene-bithiophene and terthiophene alternating copolymers

The synthesis of alternating copolymers of tetraalkylindenofluorene with bithiophene and terthiophene using Suzuki polycondensation route is reported. We report on the optical and electrochemical properties of these copolymers. AFM analysis of the microscopic morphology of thin deposits showed that the copolymer with terthiophene units produced the more ordered films, with well-defined fibrillar structures, resulting from highly-regular dense packing due to strong π-π interchain interactions, in contrast to the amorphous bithiophene copolymer. Upon testing these materials in FETs the terthienyl copolymers displayed the higher charge mobilities among the studied compounds, with values of over 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 being obtained.

Synthesis and study of conductivity behaviour of blended conducting polymer films irradiated with swift heavy ions of silicon

In recent times, blended polymers have shown a lot of promise in terms of easy processability in different shapes and forms. In the present work, polyaniline emeraldine base (PANi-EB) was doped with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) and combined with the conducting polymer polyfluorene (PF) as well as the insulating polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to synthesize CSA doped PANi-PF and PANi-PVC blended polymers. It is well known that PANi when doped with CSA becomes highly conducting. However, its poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile, compressive, and flexural strength render PANi a non-ideal material to be processed for its various practical applications, such as electromagnetic shielding, anti-corrosion shielding, photolithography and microelectronic devices etc. Thus the search for polymers which are easily processable and are capable of showing high conductivity still continues. PANi-PVC blend was prepared, which showed low conductivity which is limiting factor for certain applications. Therefore, another processable polymer PF was chosen as conducting matrix. Conducting PF can be easily processed into various shapes and forms. Therefore, a blend mixture was prepared by using PANi and PF through the use of CSA as a counter ion which forms a "bridge" between the two polymeric components of the inter-polymer complex. Two blended polymers have been synthesized and investigated for their conductivity behaviour. It was observed that the blended film of CSA doped PANi-PVC showed a room temperature electrical conductivity of 2.8 × 10-7 S/cm where as the blended film made by CSA doped PANi with conducting polymer PF showed a room temperature conductivity of 1.3 × 10-5 S/cm. Blended films were irradiated with 100 MeV silicon ions with a view to increase their conductivity with a fluence ranging from 1011 ions to 1013 per cm2 from 15 UD Pelletron accelerator at NSC, New Delhi.

Synthesis, characterization and comparative study of thiophene- benzothiadiazole based donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) materials

The synthesis and characterization of solution processable donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) based conjugated molecules with varying ratios of thiophene as donor (D) and benzothiadiazole as acceptor (A) are reported. Optical, electrochemical, thermal, morphological and organic thin film transistor (OTFT) device properties of these materials were investigated. The thermal and polarized optical microscope analysis indicates that the materials having higher D/A ratios exhibit both liquid crystalline (LC) and OTFT behavior. AFM analysis of the materials having D/A ratios of 3 and 4 (3T1B and 4T1B) show well ordered structures, resulting from strong π-π interchain interactions compared to the other molecules in this study. A XRD patterns for 3T1B and 4T1B thin films also shows high crystalline ordering. Solution processed OTFTs of 3T1B and 4T1B have shown un-optimized charge carrier mobilities of 2 × 10 -2 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and 4 × 10 -3 cm 2 V -1 s -1, respectively on bare Si/SiO 2 substrate.

Furan containing diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymers : synthesis, characterization, organic field effect transistor performance and photovoltaic properties

In this work, we report design, synthesis and characterization of solution processable low band gap polymer semiconductors, poly{3,6-difuran-2-yl-2,5-di(2- octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-phenylene} (PDPP-FPF), poly{3,6-difuran-2-yl-2,5-di(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1, 4-dione-alt-naphthalene} (PDPP-FNF) and poly{3,6-difuran-2-yl-2,5-di(2- octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-anthracene} (PDPP-FAF) using the furan-containing 3,6-di(furan-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione (DBF) building block. As DBF acts as an acceptor moiety, a series of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers can be generated when it is attached alternatively with phenylene, naphthalene or anthracene donor comonomer blocks. Optical and electrochemical characterization of thin films of these polymers reveals band gaps in the range of 1.55-1.64 eV. These polymers exhibit excellent hole mobility when used as the active layer in organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) devices. Among the series, the highest hole mobility of 0.11 cm 2 V -1 s -1 is achieved in bottom gate and top-contact OTFT devices using PDPP-FNF. When these polymers are used as a donor and [70]PCBM as the acceptor in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 2.5 and 2.6% are obtained for PDPP-FAF and PDPP-FNF polymers, respectively. Such mobility values in OTFTs and performance in OPV make furan-containing DBF a very promising block for designing new polymer semiconductors for a wide range of organic electronic applications.