363 resultados para Aldehyde Dimethylhydrazones
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From a hexane extract of stems and roots of Aristolochia pubescens, the new neolignans (2S,3S,1'R,2'R)- and (2S,3S, 1'S,2'R)-2,3-dihydro-5-(1',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzofuran) and (2S,3S,1'R,2'R)- and (2S,3S,1'S,2'R)-2,3-dihydro-5-(1',2'-dihydroxypropyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-3-methyl-benzofuran were isolated, together with the known neolignan licarin A, and its bisnor-neolignan aldehyde and acid derivatives. In addition, sitosterol, 8R,9R-oxide-beta-caryophyllene, kobusone, ent-kauran-16 alpha, 17-diol, vanillin, vanillic acid, (+)-sesamin, (+)eudesmin, and (-)-cubebin were isolated. The structures of the new compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by chemical transformation using Mosher's acid chloride. (C) 1999 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.
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This work describes a novel approach for the analysis of selected aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acrolein) and acetone in environmental samples using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The method is based on the reaction of carbonyl compounds with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazoline hydrazone (MBTH) that gives an azine intermediate with maximum absorbance at 216 nm. A systematic evaluation of sample dissolution medium was conducted as a means to enhancing sensitivity. In the best condition, samples were dissolved in 0.030 mol.L-1 tetraborate solution. This condition presented enhancement factors in the range of 35-54 for the aldehydes under investigation, computed as the improvement of the concentration limits of detection (LODs) with reference to the sample dissolved in pure water. The running buffer was 0.020 mol.L-1 tetraborate, pH 9.3, containing 0.050 mol-L-1 sodium dodecyly sulfate (SIDS). The overall methodology presented several advantages over established methods for aldehydes. Worthy mentioning that MBTH is available in high purity degree, dispensing laborious reagent purification procedures. A few method validation parameters were determined revealing good migration time repeatability (< 2.5% coefficient of variation, CV) and area repeatability (< 4% CV), excellent linearity (20-120 mug/L, r > 0.995) and adequate sensitivity for environmental applications. The LODs with respect to each single aldehyde were in the range of 0.54-4.0 mug.L-1 and 11 mug.L-1 for acetone. The methodology was applied to the determination of aldehydes indoors. Samples were collected in an impinger flask containing 0.05% MBTH solution, at a flow rate of 0.80 L.min(-1), during 2.5 h, at different times during the day. The most abundant carbonyls in the samples were acetone, followed by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with estimate peak concentrations of 452, 5.2 and 2.2 ppbv, respectively.
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Although it is generally accepted that osteoclasts breakdown and resorb bone matrix, the possibility that they may also be able to engulf apoptotic osteoblasts/ lining cells and/or osteocytes remains controversial. Apoptosis of osteoblasts/ lining cells and/or osteocytes and interactions between these cells and osteoclasts are extremely rapid events that are difficult to observe in viva. A suitable in viva model for studying these events is the alveolar bone of young rats because it is continuously. Thus, sections of aldehyde fixed alveolar undergoing intense resorption/remodeling bone of young rats were stained by the combined terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) method for the simultaneous visualization of apoptotic cells and osteoclasts in the same section. The combined TUNEL and TRAP reactions, in the same section, greatly facilitated visualization of relationship between osteoclasts and apoptotic bone cells during alveolar bone remodeling. Our results showed that several TRAP-positive osteoclasts exhibited large vacuoles containing TUNEL positive apoptotic structures, probably derived from osteoblasts/lining cells and/or osteocytes. These results support the idea that alveolar bone osteoclasts are able to internalize dying apoptotic bone cells.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The promotion of good indoor air quality in schools is of particular public concern for two main reasons: (1) school-age children spend at least 30% of their time inside classrooms and (2) indoor air quality in urban areas is substantially influenced by the outdoor pollutants, exposing tenants to potentially toxic substances. Two schools in Curitiba, Brazil, were selected to characterize the gaseous compounds indoor and outdoor of the classrooms. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the isomers xylenes (BTEX); NO2; SO2; O3; acetic acid (HAc); and formic acid (HFor) were assessed using passive diffusion tubes. BTEX were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and other collected gasses by ion chromatography. The concentration of NO2 varied between 9.5 and 23 μg m-3, whereas SO2 showed an interval from 0.1 to 4.8 μg m-3. Within the schools, BTEX concentrations were predominant. Formic and acetic acids inside the classrooms revealed intermediate concentrations of 1.5 μg m-3 and 1.2 μg m-3, respectively. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009.
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Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most prevalent hematological diseases in the world. Despite the immense progress in molecular knowledge about SCD in last years few therapeutical sources are currently available. Nowadays the treatment is performed mainly with drugs such as hydroxyurea or other fetal hemoglobin inducers and chelating agents. This review summarizes current knowledge about the treatment and the advancements in drug design in order to discover more effective and safe drugs. Patient monitoring methods in SCD are also discussed. © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
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Low molecular weight amphiphilic derivatives of chitosan were synthesized, characterized and their antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were tested. The derivatives were synthesized using as starting material a deacetylated chitosan sample in a two step process: the reaction with propyltrimethylammonium bromide (Pr), followed by reductive amination with dodecyl aldehyde. Aiming to evaluate the effect of the hydrophobic modification of the derivatives on the antifungal activity against the pathogens, the degree of substitution (DS1) by Pr groups was kept constant and the proportion of dodecyl (Dod) groups was varied from 7 to 29% (DS2). The derivatives were characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR and their antifungal activities against the pathogens were tested by the radial growth of the colony and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The derivatives substituted with only Pr groups exhibited modest inhibition against A. flavus and A. parasiticus, like that obtained with deacetylated chitosan. Results revealed that the amphiphilic derivatives grafted with Dod groups exhibited increasing inhibition indexes, depending on polymer concentration and hydrophobic content. At 0.6 g/L, all amphiphilic derivatives having from 7.0 to 29% of Dod groups completely inhibited fungal growth and the MIC values were found to decrease from 4.0 g/L for deacetylated chitosan to 0.25-0.50 g/L for the derivatives. These new derivatives open up the possibility of new applications and avenues to develop effective biofungicides based on chitosan. © 2013 by the authors.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE
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Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC
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Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - IQ
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Poucos estudos tem se dedicado a investigar em detalhe possíveis relações entre o declínio cognitivo associado ao envelhecimento e a plasticidade astroglial no hipocampo. No presente trabalho investigamos possíveis relações entre o desempenho em testes de memória de reconhecimento de objeto e o numero e a distribuição laminar dos astrocitos em CA3 em modelo murino. Para isso empregamos camundongos fêmeas adultas da linhagem C57Bl6 de 6 (n = 7) e 20 meses (n = 5) de idade, mantidos em gaiolas padrão desde o nascimento,comparando seus desempenhos em tarefas hipocampo-dependentes para reconhecimento da forma, do lugar e do momento em que os objetos selecionados lhes foram expostos. Apos os testes comportamentais todos os animais foram per fundidos com fixadores aldeidicos e tiveram seus cérebros removidos e processados para imunomarcação empregando anticorpo seletivo para detecção da proteína acida fibrilar dos astrocitos (GFAP). Para evitar possível viés amostral empregamos o fracionador óptico, um método estereológico que não e afetado pelo processamento histologico. Os resultados nos testes comportamentais isolados e integrados (memória episódica) revelaram que o envelhecimento compromete significativamente (teste T bi-caudal, p<0.05) o reconhecimento da forma, do lugar e do momento em que objetos selecionados são apresentados aos sujeitos. As análises estereologicas das estimativas do numero de astrocítos revelaram que o envelhecimento afetou a distribuicao laminar com aumento na proporção relativa daqueles na camada piramidal de CA3 dorsal e ventral e reducao no lacunoso molecular de CA3 dorsal. O número total de astrocitos em consequência apresentou significativa reorganização na distribuição laminar em função da idade com os animais senis mostrando redução no percentual daqueles localizados na camada oriens. Nenhuma diferenca significativa foi encontrada entre os volumes das camadas de CA3 sugerindo que as mudanças induzidas pelo envelhecimento alteram diretamente a plasticidade astroglial em CA3. Finalmente os estudos de correlação linear entre as estimativas do numero dos astrocitos da camada piramidal e os testes comportamentais demonstraram correlação inversa com os piores desempenhos estando associados a um maior número de astrocitos naquela camada. Evidencias diretas adicionais dessa correlação com os astrocitos alterados em CA3 e possíveis mecanismos moleculares para explicar o declinio cognitivo associado ao envelhecimento permanecem por ser investigados.
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Este trabalho investiga as alterações neuropatológicas e do comportamento em tarefas hipocampo-dependentes induzidas pela encefalite experimental aguda associada ao vírus Piry. Três janelas temporais (3, 7 e 10 dias após a inoculação) foram avaliadas e dois ambientes testados de forma a avaliar se o enriquecimento ambiental influencia as alterações associadas à infecção. Camundongos fêmeas de dois meses de idade foram mantidos em ambientes empobrecido (IE) ou enriquecido (EE) durante seis meses e foram testados para as atividades de burrowing, de campo aberto e de discriminação olfatória. Após esse período os animais foram inoculados por via intranasal com 5μl de homogenado de cérebro normal (NBH) ou homogenado de cérebro infectado pelo vírus Piry (PY) e então reorganizados nos seguintes grupos: IENBH, IEPY, EENBH e EEPY, com sete animais cada. Três, sete e dez dias após a inoculação (dpi), os animais de cada janela temporal foram perfundidos com fixador aldeídico. Os encéfalos foram removidos, seccionados e as secções foram processadas para imunohistoquímica para anti-Piry e para anti-Iba-1 para marcação dos antígenos virais e de macrófagos/micróglias, respectivamente. Quantificações estereológicas foram feitas em cada camada celular de CA3 usando o método do fracionador óptico. Estimativas do fracionador óptico mostraram que não houve alteração da estimativa do número total de micróglias em CA3 nos grupos analisados, indicando que a infecção não alterou o número de células, mas a morfologia das micróglias, que se mostraram mais ativadas no grupo IEPY do que no grupo EEPY. Os resultados revelaram a presença de antígenos virais no bulbo olfatório, córtex piriforme, estriado e fimbria, ao longo da via olfatória. A atividade de burrowing no grupo IEPY diminuiu na primeira janela temporal e permaneceu baixa até a última janela, enquanto que no grupo EEPY não houve alteração neste teste. Na atividade de campo aberto, o grupo IEPY aumentou o tempo imóvel já na primeira janela e continuou aumentando até a última; reduziu o número de linhas cruzadas na segunda janela e permaneceu reduzido na última; e diminuiu o tempo na zona central na segunda e última janela. Já o grupo EEPY, aumentou o tempo imóvel e reduziu o número de linhas cruzadas na segunda janela. No teste de discriminação olfatória, o principal grupo afetado foi o grupo IEPY, que não discriminou os dois odores na última janela, enquanto que o grupo EEPY não teve alteração na discriminação.