听力障碍与听力正常群体视觉注意发展及其机制的比较

One of the most important functions in the individual development is the interaction and integration of each sensory input. There exist two competing theories, i.e. the deficiency theory and the compensatory theory, regarding the origin and nature of changes in visual functions observed after auditory deprivation. The deficiency theory proposed that integrative processes are essential for normal development. In contrast, the compensatory theory stated that the loss of one sense may be met by a greater reliance upon, therefore an enhancement of the remaining senses. Given that hearing impaired children’s learning depends primarily on visual information, it is important to recognize the differences of visual attention between them and their hearing age-mates. Differences among age groups could exist in either selectivity or sustained attention. Study 1 and study 2 explored the selective and sustained attention development of hearing impaired and hearing students with average cognitive ability, aged from 7 years to college students. The analysis and discussion of the results are based on the visual attention development as well as deficiency theory and compensatory theory. According to the results of the study 1 and study 2, the spatial distribution and controlling of the visual attention between hearing impaired and hearing students were also investigated in the study 3 and study 4. The present work showed that: Firstly, both hearing impaired and hearing participants had the similar developmental trajectory of the sustained attention. The ability of children’s sustained attention appeared to improve with age, and in adolescence it reached the peak. The hearing impaired participants had the comparable sustained attention skills to the matched hearing ones. Besides, the results of the hearing impaired participants showed that they could maintain their attention and vigilance on the current task over the observation period. Secondly, group differences of visual attention development were found between hearing impaired and hearing participants. In the childhood, the visual attention developmental speed of the hearing impaired children was slower than that of the hearing ones. The selective attention skill of the hearing impaired were not comparable to the hearing ones, however, their selective skill improved with age, so in the adulthood, hearing impaired students showed the slight advantage in the selective attention skill over the hearing ones. Thirdly, hearing impaired and hearing participants showed the similar spatial distribution in the attention resources. In the low perceptual load condition, both participants were suffered great interference of the distrator at the fixation. In contrast, in the high perceptual load condition, hearing impaired adults were suffered more interference of the peripheral distractor, which suggested that they distributed more attention resources to the peripheral field when faced difficult tasks. Fourthly, both groups showed similar processing in the visual attention tasks. That is, they both searched the target with only the color feature in a parallel way, but in a serial way while processing orientation feature and the features with the combination of the color and orientation. Furthermore, the results indicated that two groups show similar ways in the attention controlling. In summary, the present study showed that visual attention development was dependent upon the integration of multimodal sensory information. Because of the interaction and integration of the input from various sensory, it has a negative impact on the intact sensory at the early stage of one sensory loss, however, it can better the functions of other intact sensory gradually with development and practice.

Consumo de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas nos jovens

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia da Educação e Intervenção Comunitária.

Agressividade e representações sobre a violência em jovens institucionalizados

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.

Religion and American adolescent delinquency, risk behaviors and constructive social activities

This report demonstrates that religion among U.S. adolescents is positively related to participation in constructive youth activities. In addition, those who participate in religious activities seem to be less likely to participate in many delinquent and risk behaviors.

Mothers' antenatal depression and their children's antisocial outcomes

Interviews of 120 British adolescents and their parents (80% of a random sample of antenatal patients drawn from a representative urban population and followed longitudinally) revealed that 40 (33%) had been arrested and/or had a diagnosis of DSM-IV conduct disorder by 16 years of age; of those, 18 (45%) had committed violent acts. Depression in pregnancy significantly predicted violence in adolescence, even after controlling for the family environment, the child's later exposure to maternal depression, the mother's smoking and drinking during pregnancy, and parents' antisocial behavior. Mothers with a history of conduct problems were at elevated risk to become depressed in pregnancy, and the offspring of depressed women had a greater chance of becoming violent by age 16.

Sex, drugs and STDs: Preliminary findings from the Belfast Youth Development Study

Young people's participation in sexual risk behaviours is commonly linked with participation in a range of other risky behaviours, and in particular with substance use behaviours. This cross-sectional analysis of the sixth sweep of the Belfast Youth Development Study aimed to examine associations between substance use and sexual activity and related risks among 17-19-year olds in Northern Ireland. Being sexual activity and participating in sexual risk behaviours was associated with the use of a range of licit and illicit substances particularly alcohol and ecstasy. Additionally, females were more likely to have been tested for a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The findings add to the existing research body suggesting that substance misuse and sexual risk behaviours tend to co-occur in adolescence and highlight a need to develop appropriate interventions and initiatives for school aged young people.

Identifying early signs of aggression: psychometric properties of the cardiff infant contentiousness scale

Our aim was to develop an age-appropriate measure of early manifestations of aggression. We constructed a questionnaire about normative developmental milestones into which a set of items measuring infants’ use of physical force against people and expressed anger were included. These items comprise the Cardiff Infant Contentiousness Scale (CICS). Evidence for the reliability and validity of the CICS is provided from analyses of a sample of N5310 British infants, assessed at a mean age of 6 months as part of a larger longitudinal study of the development of aggression. The informants’ CICS ratings demonstrated reasonable levels of internal consistency and interrater agreement. Informants’ ratings were validated by observations of infants’ distress in response to restraint in a car seat. Longitudinal analyses revealed that contentiousness was stable over time and that contentiousness at 6 months predicted infants’ later use of force with peers. When used in the company of other methods, the simple four-item CICS scale could serve as a useful screen for early manifestations of aggressiveness in human infants.

Teenagers born at extremely low birth weight

Adolescence constitutes a major transition for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) teenagers. Recent studies of ELBW teenagers born in the 1980s have provided information about the growth and developmental characteristics of these individuals in adolescence and in early adulthood. ELBW teenagers are shorter and lighter than their full-term peers, and have a smaller head circumference. Cognitive and academic vulnerabilities documented during the school years, particularly difficulties with nonverbal intelligence and arithmetic, persist into late adolescence. Many ELBW children struggle in school and have lower academic achievement levels. The self-concept of ELBW teenagers is generally similar to that of their full-term peers, but their parents perceive them to be more vulnerable over a wide range of behavioural and psychosocial dimensions, particularly depression and attention. ELBW teenagers perceive themselves as needing more assistance in job seeking than do their peers. Physical activity levels and fitness in late adolescence are significantly lower in ELBW teenagers than in their full-term peers, constituting a potential additional health hazard in later life. The outcomes of ELBW teenagers are significantly influenced by socioeconomic, family and parenting factors.

Adolescent ecstasy use and depression: cause and effect, or two outcomes of home environment?

Background: This study assessed the association between adolescent ecstasy use and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Methods: The Belfast Youth Development Study surveyed a cohort annually from age 11 to 16 years. Gender, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional subscale, living arrangements, parental affluence, parent and peer attachment, tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and ecstasy use were investigated as predictors of Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) outcome. Results: Of 5371 respondents, 301 (5.6%) had an SMFQ > 15, and 1620 (30.2) had missing data for SMFQ. Around 8% of the cohort had used ecstasy by the end of follow-up. Of the non-drug users, ∼2% showed symptoms of depression, compared with 6% of those who had used alcohol, 6% of cannabis users, 6% of ecstasy users and 7% of frequent ecstasy users. Without adjustment, ecstasy users showed around a 4-fold increased odds of depressive symptoms compared with non-drug users [odds ratio (OR) = 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10, 0.68]. Further adjustment for living arrangements, peer and parental attachment attenuated the association to under a 3-fold increase (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.15, 0.94). There were no differences by frequency of use. Conclusions: Ecstasy use during adolescence may be associated with poorer mental health; however, this association can be explained by the confounding social influence of family dynamics. These findings could be used to aid effective evidence-based drug policies, which concentrate criminal justice and public health resources on reducing harm.

The stability of alcohol consumption between age 16 and 26: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study

This study examined the association between moderate drinking at age 16 (adolescence) and alcohol consumption at age 26 (young adulthood), whilst controlling for possible confounding effects at the individual and family level (assessed at birth and age 10). Using the British Cohort Study (BCS70), 6515 respondents provided data on their adolescent alcohol consumption and other behaviours. Of these, 4392 also completed the survey at age 26. Consumption patterns established in adolescence persisted, to a large degree, into early adulthood. Those adolescents who drank moderately in adolescence drank significantly less in adulthood than those adolescents who drank to heavy or hazardous levels. Implications for health promotion strategies and guidance are discussed.

Ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência

O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência, bem como desenvolver um modelo compreensivo e de intervenção teórica e empiricamente fundamentado acerca desta problemática. A ansiedade social é definida por medo intenso em situações sociais, associado a crenças negativas predisponentes e comportamentos de segurança ou evitamento subsequentes de situações sociais. A assertividade consiste numa resposta comportamental de auto-expressão empática, fundamentada em crenças positivas e activação emocional reduzida. Assim, estes dois conceitos parecem estar em dissonância, uma vez que, por definição, a ansiedade social surge associada a défice de comportamentos sociais adequados e a assertividade a diminuída activação ansiosa em eventos sociais. Por outro lado, ansiedade social e défice assertivo poderão fundamentar-se em mecanismos psicológicos semelhantes. Para verificar estas duas premissas, o presente trabalho utilizou uma amostra de 679 adolescentes do ensino secundário público de ambos os sexos. Para avaliar a ansiedade social nas três dimensões do funcionamento psicológico foram utilizadas a Escala de Crenças e Pensamentos Sociais e a Escala de Ansiedade e Evitamento de Situações Sociais para Adolescentes. No caso da assertividade, foram utilizados o Questionário de Esquema Interpessoal Assertivo e Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal. A análise de dados permite verificar a existência de uma associação recíproca negativa entre ansiedade social e assertividade, em todos os níveis considerados. Igualmente, os resultados obtidos indicam que esta associação poderá ser fundamentada na existência de baixas crenças sociais positivas que activam pensamentos sociais negativos e subsequentemente ansiedade e desconforto em situações sociais e reduzida frequência de comportamento assertivo. Esta conclusão fundamentou uma intervenção integrada para a promoção da gestão de ansiedade social e da prática de competências assertivas. Esta intervenção foi construída, implementada e avaliada em dois ensaios clínicos junto a 6 adolescentes. Os resultados de significância clínica indicam que o programa tem eficácia terapêutica, ainda que este estudo preliminar não exclua a necessidade de uma avaliação mais aprofundada do benefício associado a esta intervenção. Estes trabalhos assumem, assim, implicações educativas e terapêuticas, ao permitir explicitar e clarificar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade, e ao contribuir para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de formas de intervenção adequadas junto ao adolescente social tímido ou inibido. A compreensão e intervenção preventiva para a promoção do ajustamento psicossocial do adolescente emergem como uma realidade possível, pertinente e acessível a todos os agentes educativos.

Educação sexual em contexto escolar: uma intervenção contra a vulnerabilidade na vivência da sexualidade adolescente

A sexualidade estando presente desde o nascimento, na adolescência assume novo significado. Descobre-se o primeiro amor através de uma relação de intimidade e partilha de afectos, o corpo adquire um novo sentido, o grupo torna-se importante enquanto fonte de suporte, partilha de angústias e confiança, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do adolescente. Na adolescência, perscrutam alguns factores de risco, nomeadamente a vivência da sexualidade de forma não informada e responsável, com repercussões para a saúde física e psicológica, pelo que é imperioso intervir através de programas formativos no âmbito da sexualidade que promovam vivência desta de forma responsável. São objectivos do estudo: Promover um modelo de intervenção formativa baseado no debate e reflexão crítica sobre sexualidade em contexto de sala de aula; Construir e validar instrumentos que permitam avaliar as atitudes face à sexualidade e ainda os conhecimentos dos adolescentes sobre reprodução, planeamento familiar e infecções de transmissão sexual; Testar a eficácia de um programa de intervenção formativo a nível dos conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar, infecções de transmissão sexual, reprodução e atitudes face à sexualidade; Testar a efectividade do programa de intervenção formativo numa amostra alargada de adolescentes, analisando também o papel das variáveis sociodemográficas, sociopsicológicas e sexuais. O trabalho de campo desenvolveu-se em três estudos distintos, no primeiro e terceiro participaram 840 adolescentes e no segundo 90. No primeiro estudo construímos e validamos os instrumentos para colheita de dados, no segundo, experimental de campo, validamos o modelo da intervenção formativa no âmbito da sexualidade e no terceiro, descritivo e correlacional, testamos a efectividade de um programa de intervenção numa amostra mais alargada. O protocolo de recolha de informação incluiu quatro escalas construídas para o efeito com o intuito de avaliar as atitudes face à sexualidade, os conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar, infecções de transmissão sexual e reprodução e ainda a escala de insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes e a escala de satisfação com o suporte social. As raparigas e residentes na zona urbana são as que têm mais conhecimentos sobre planeamento familiar e possuem atitudes face à sexualidade mais favoráveis. Os interlocutores preferenciais sobre sexualidade são os amigos, seguidos da mãe. São os adolescentes com pouca ou moderada prática religiosa que já iniciaram a actividade sexual. São as raparigas que têm maior satisfação com o suporte social nas dimensões, satisfação com as amizades, intimidade, actividades sociais e suporte social total. Os adolescentes que já iniciaram a actividade sexual, revelam maior percepção de suporte social na dimensão satisfação com a amizade. O modelo de formação construído e aplicado influenciou as atitudes face à sexualidade, conhecimentos sobre reprodução, sobre infecções de transmissão sexual e sobre planeamento familiar. Do nosso ponto de vista, pensamos ser urgente a aplicação de programas de intervenção formativos em contexto escolar, ou outro, que integrem de uma forma harmoniosa as várias facetas da sexualidade humana, promovendo a aquisição de uma postura responsável, flexível e gratificante nos adolescentes enquanto seres sexuados.

Developmental Antecedents of Proactive and Reactive Rebelliousness: The Role of Parenting Style, Childhood Adversity, and Attachment

Adolescence is a time of developmental transition that for one in five young people is characterised by feelings of oppositionality, rebellion, and negativism. Despite the prevalent experience of teen turbulence and despite its significance within the phenomenological framework provided by reversal theory (RT), the childhood antecedents of rebelliousness in adolescence and adulthood have not been given extensive empirical attention within RT, although such work has been carried out using other constructs and theories. We examined recalled parenting style, childhood adversity, and attachment style in adulthood as correlates of proactive and reactive rebelliousness in a sample of 80 participants, aged 18 to 50 years. Each participant responded to a questionnaire package containing the revised Adult Attachment Scale, the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, and the Negativism Dominance Scale. We found that paternal abusive parenting, followed by paternal parenting style, paternal neglect, and paternal antipathy were independently predictive of scores on proactive rebelliousness, the sensation-seeking form. Maternal and paternal indifferent parenting styles each were found to equivalently and independently predict scores on reactive rebelliousness, the interpersonal disaffection form. The results of this study suggest these two forms of rebelliousness may have distinctly different antecedents. A longitudinal study is needed to examine the potentially causal pathways that are suggested by the results of this cross-sectional research. We consider reversal theory explanations of these results and contrast them with complementary theoretical frameworks.

Working with the complexities of adolescent mental health problems: applying Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP)

This article discusses the application in a CAMHS setting of a distinctive intervention for adolescent mental health difficulties, Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP). TAPP has been developed specifically for working with adolescents and the characteristic developmental and psychosocial complexities they present to mental health services. It is widely recognised that supporting the developmental process in adolescence is central to therapeutic interventions and the therapeutic aim of TAPP is to enable recovery of the capacity to meet developmental challenges. The key factors of TAPP are described, including the formulation and working with a developmental focus, the therapeutic stance, working with transference and counter‐transference, working with time limits, and the emphasis on engagement of adolescents in therapy in TAPP. The experiences of introducing and developing TAPP in the CAMHS service are discussed with two brief and one extended case examples and this leads to a discussion of the kinds of outcomes achieved. It is concluded that TAPP is a key and relevant intervention for adolescents in complex and vulnerable situations; further work will be undertaken to continue its application in these settings and to formally assess outcomes.

Comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes : características epidemiológicas e análise de fatores psicopatológicos, temperamento efetivo e estratégias de coping

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2014