中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)胚胎发育及双受精作用在进化上的意义

本文对中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)的双受精作用进行了较为详细的研究。其主要结果如下： 1．中麻黄约5月中旬传粉，5月下旬受精。中央细胞分裂形成卵核及腹沟核。卵核沿合点端方向移至卵细胞质富含细胞器区，被富含细胞器的细胞质所包围。卵核的受精发生在浓厚卵细胞质区内。精子向卵核靠近，穿过浓厚细胞质区，与卵核建立联系，二核逐渐靠拢。卵核核膜出现凹陷，并逐渐包围精子，最后完成受精。刚受精后的精核卵核的核质并不立即融合，各自保持独立。之后不久，二核完成融合，形成合子。 2．腹沟核刚形成后， 并不退化而是继续发育，并象卵核一样沿合点端方向从其顶端位置向卵细胞基部移动至卵细胞质富含细胞器区。第二个精子向腹沟核移动，靠近，并建立联系，最后完成融合，形成第二个合子。 3．双受精是中麻黄的正常生殖特征。中麻黄的双受精及第二次受精产物的命运具有重要的进化上的意义。 4．两个合子连续二次分裂形成八个游离核，或者叫次生合子。八个游离核进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细胞原胚．或者次生合子进一步分裂增殖形成多余游离核后再进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细原胚或在胚的发育中解体退化，以提供营养．一个胚珠可观察到一至七个发育时期不同的胚成熟胚珠中只有一个成熟胚，双子叶。 5．由游离核发育而来的单细胞原胚在进一步的发育中沿合点端方向向配子体内上移并形成单细胞球形胚。单细胞球形胚分裂形成二细胞胚，即胚原始细胞及胚柄细胞。胚原始细胞先进行一次平周分裂而后进行一次垂周分裂形成四细胞胚。之后胚体进一步分裂发育形成多细胞球形胚。发育至一定时期后，胚柄细胞及次生胚柄分裂、膨大、伸长形成胚柄，胚柄细胞逐渐增多、增长、弯曲疏松，成熟的胚中胚柄系统消失。胚体发育至圆柱状后，中央一层弧行排列的细胞形成根冠原始细胞，之后这些根冠原始细胞不断分裂、发育分化形成成熟胚的各种组织包括胚皮层、髓、原形成层及根冠等等。

The bacterial flora and their possible association with spoilage in a variety of fresh-water fish: Cyprinus carpio. var. communis

The bacteria from a variety of fresh-water fish, Cyprinus carpio. var. communis, showed the presence of micrococci, Gram positive and Gram negative rods. These have been characterized as far as was possible. Of thirty-eight strains of bacteria used, only six strains were considered as causing spoilage of fish flesh in experiments where flesh was incubated with individual cultures of the bacteria. These six strains had been found on the surface and/or intestine of the fish and support the suggestions that, after death, invasion of flesh by bacteria from the surface and intestine could be the cause of bacterial spoilage of fish.

高山植物唐古特红景天（Rhodiola algida Var.tangutica）抗冻蛋白的研究

抗冻蛋白（AFP）或热滞蛋白（THP）最早是从极区鱼和昆虫中发现的一类特殊蛋白质，其共同特性是能阻止体液内冰核的形成和生长，降低体液的冰点，使其冰点低于熔点（热滞效应）。近几年的研究表明，AFP在某些植物、细菌、真菌中也存在。生长在极端低温环境中的高山植物体内是否也存在AFP，据我们掌握的资料，还未见这方面的报道。为此，我们选择了青海高原海拔4000米高山生长的唐古特红景天为实验材料，并在这种植物中发现了抗冻蛋白。主要实验结果概括如下： 1. 唐古特红景天叶片有很强的抗冻性，可耐受-26.5 ℃的冰冻温胁迫。在北京地区夏季（7月）驯化20天后，半致死温度（LT_(50)）升高为-15.5 ℃。叶片质外体蛋白抽提液有明显的热滞效应（0.2 ℃），在AFP中存在糖基。SDS-PAGE分析表明，质外体AFP为分子量在43-85KD范围内的五条多肽。 2. 光镜组织化学切片显示，在红景天叶片中存在蛋白质量丰富的细胞;电镜细胞化学研究揭示，在细胞壁外层及细胞间隙中分布着明显的经钌红特异染色的糖蛋白，这种糖蛋白因环境温度升高而减少。结合前述的实验结果，确认这种细胞壁外层及细胞间隙中的糖蛋白，即抗冻蛋白。 3. 以唐古特红景天叶片为外植体，在MS+BA_2+NAA_(0.2)固体培养基上可诱导出黄绿色，松脆愈伤组织。愈伤组织细胞在同样成分的液体培养基中培养获得成功。在悬浮培养液中可检测到分泌蛋白的存在。经SDS-PAGE分析表明，经低温锻炼或ABA诱导后，细胞分泌蛋白的多肽谱带数增加。与此相对应的是，细胞的抗冻能力也明显提高。PAS染色揭示，多肽中均含有糖基。 4. 通过测定热滞值，确信细胞分泌蛋白是具有抗冻活性的糖蛋白。

Toxicity of copper sulphate on some haematological parameters of a freshwater teleost Cyprinus carpio var. communis

Haematological changes in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to acute and sublethal toxicity of copper sulphate were studied. During the acute treatment, erythrocyte and leucocyte count, and haemoglobin content increased, whereas during the sublethal treatment, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content decreased and leucocyte count increased.

Responses of plasma transaminase activity in Cyprinus carpio var. communis to mercury toxicity

The present study reports the behavioural and enzymological responses in a freshwater teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to acute and sublethal toxicities of mercuric chloride. During acute treatment, significant behavioural changes like erratic swimming, excess mucus secretion and increased opercular movements were noticed. During acute and sublethal treatments, both aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activity increased throughout the study period. Comparing the treatments, the changes in enzyme activities were found high in acute treatment and all the values were significant at 5% level. The above findings can be used as non-specific biomarkers of environmental pollutants.

Responses of Cyprinus carpio var. communis to Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide

Haematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, exposed to sub-lethal toxicity of the insecticide cyhalothrin were studied. During the treatment, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content and protein content decreased, whereas leucocyte count and glucose level increased. The data are discussed in relation to the significance of haematological and biochemical changes as non-specific biomarkers against anthropogenic stress.

One new flavanoid and Anti-HIV active constituents from boussingaultia gracilis miers var. pseudobaselloides bailey

Boussingaultia gracilis Miers var. pseudobaselloides Bailey (Basellaccae) is a folk medicine used as an analgesic and supplements, only a few research was reported on the chemical constituents of this plant. This paper presented its chemical and anti-HIV

Lignans with Anti-HIV Activity from Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis

Fourteen new lignans, tiegusanins A-N (1-14), together with 13 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-13 were established using a combination of spectrosco

江汉平原47号钻孔中的化石硅藻及其在古环境分析上的意义

江汉平原47号钻孔,位于湖北省江汉平原的江陵县,在其上段的46.6-2.2m层位上,有丰富的化石硅藻,约有26属148种,其中绝大多数是现存的淡水种类,并以附生性、沿岸带和浅水性的种类为主。种类较多的属有:Navicula(28种)、Cymbella(23种)、Achnanthes(15种)、Gomphonema(14种)和Eunotia(13种)。主要种类有Gomphonema tropicale var. nonpunctatum、Cyclotella comta、Cocconeis placemul

Effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio)

An 8-week growth trial was carried out in a semi-recirculation system to investigate the effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, starch utilization and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio). Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets were formulated to contain different starch levels (24%, 28%, 32%, 36% and 40% respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 8.5 g) were assigned to each diet. The results showed that dietary carbohydrate levels significantly affected the growth performance, hepatopancreatic lipid content, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and whole-body lipid content. Growth performance, body crude lipid and plasma glucose concentrations showed a decreasing trend with an increase in dietary starch from 24% to 40%. Pyruvate kinase activities and hepatopancreatic lipid content showed an increasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 24% to 32%, and then a decreasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 32% to 40%. No significant difference in the hepatopancreatic hexokinase (HK) activity, plasma triglyceride contents, body crude protein, ash and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents was observed between different treatments. In conclusion, higher dietary starch levels (32-40%) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the growth of gibel carp in the present study.