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"Epistola Alberici monachi casinensis de visione sua ex miscellan. profanis mss. p. d. Constantini Caietani in Bibliotheca Alexandrina ad lyceum sapientiae cum versione italica Francisci Cancellieri" (text and tanslation on opposite pages): p. [131]-207.

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"Epilogo di notizie storiche concernenti la vita dell'abate Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni": v. 1, p. i-xx.

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Head pieces.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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The consumption of a product is directly linked to its quality, and are required to comply with quality standard regulations. In chicken "griller" which comes from industrial strains, selected for best growth performance, shot with up to 35 days old and weighing 1,400kg, they have not been reported in the literature a number of quality aspects This study aimed determine the muscle transformation time in the flesh in chickens "griller" incidence of meat defects, "PSE" (pale, soft and exdudative) and "DFD" (dark, firm and dry) and their correlation between different window times slaughter (total time between beginning of the fasting and the time of slaughter) and pH curve, four different times post mortem. The base data for the study was composed of information of 208 chickens, collected between August and September 2014, in a slaughterhouse slaughtering chickens in the middle region of Triangulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba. We used the Minitab 17.1.0 program for the development of descriptive statistical analysis and Pareto charts. The Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the linear relationship between two variables and Excel 2013, Microsoft Office®, to produce tables and graphs. The analysis consisted of 11 chickens cities and the distance to the poultry slaughterhouse ranged from 24.5 km to 123 km. It was observed that the pH curve decays gradually until time 5horas after slaughter, and its increase was 24, indicating the transformation of the muscle meat. The incidence of regular meat was 39.9%, "DFD" 30.3% and "PSE" 29.8%. For "DFD" meat, it was observed that factors: low ambient temperature, longer transportation and fast window and mileage at dirt road, contributed to its occurrence (p <0.05). For "PSE" meat, it was observed that lower body weight factors, longer transport favored frequency (p <0.05) of the meat defect. There was no significant correlation in variance analysis between distance, waiting time at rest shed and humidity related to meat defects (p> 0.05). This high incidence of defects meat may be due to pre-slaughter stress factors.

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The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.

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Some quality defects can cause changes in attributes of the meat, among these we can detach the PSE meat (Pale, Soft and Exudative). The PSE meat is pale, flaccid and exudative and result from sudden pH decrease while the carcass is still under high temperature. The identification of PSE meat has been done by measuring pH and L* (Lightness). However, studies suggest that a more precise evaluation of the kinetics of pH and temperature decrease has to be conducted to better understand the etiology of PSE meat in poultry. The aim of this study was to obtain the glycolytic curve for normal and PSE meat of chicken, through the pH, L* and CRA (water holding capacity) analysis. This experiment was conducted with carcasses obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse (n = 35) of Cobb lineage, 50 days old, from the same batch of creation and with the same pre-slaughter fasting time (10h). Samples of breast fillets were obtained from carcasses randomly collected immediately at the output of pre-cooling chiller, and the analysis of pH, temperature and L * were conducted in the same in times 1h35, 2h35, 3h35, 5h35, 8h35, 11h35, 14h35, 17h35, 20h35, 23h35 and 25h35 post mortem. The CRA analyzes were performed at the time of 25h35 post mortem. The pH measurements indicated that only from the 04 time (8h35 post mortem) was possible to verify an indicative of stabilization, being that PSE meat pH was 5,69±0,07, and normal meat was 5,93±0,09. The final pH (25h35 post mortem) was 5,98±0,06 and L* 57,30± 2,39 for normal meat, while for PSE meat the result was 5,72±0,06 and L* 59,44±1,51. To CRA, the average of the samples (67,19±3.13 and 64,45± 2.66) showed a difference between the normal chicken fillets and PSE respectively. The data found in this study are consistent with those reported by own research group in another slaughterhouse and contradicts similar works, but made at room temperature, indicating that for chickens under commercial conditions the resolution of rigor mortis occurs after 8h35 post mortem.

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Atualmente a segurança e qualidade alimentar surge como umas das maiores preocupações da indústria alimentar, isto deve-se a uma maior exigência dos consumidores, ao aumento do receio devido a recentes crises de segurança alimentar e consequentemente ao maior grau de exigência do quadro regulamentar aplicável ao sector Agroindustrial. Este facto levou ao aparecimento de vários referenciais normativos, entre eles aparece a norma BRC, uma norma reconhecida internacionalmente. A implementação e certificação de um sistema de gestão de segurança alimentar reconhecido internacionalmente é uma das metodologias mais eficazes de as empresas do sector alimentar garantirem a eficácia dos processos relacionados com a qualidade e segurança alimentar aumentando assim a confiança dos consumidores e clientes e consequentemente a sua competitividade num mercado global. Foi nesta base que foi desenvolvido o presente projeto, que consistiu na preparação de uma pequena e média empresa de abate e transformação de aves para a implementação do referencial BRC – Global Standard for food safety – Issue 6, July 2011, British Retail Consortium, London A preparação para implementação deste referencial foi elaborada em diferentes fases: numa primeira fase procedeu-se à realização de uma auditoria de diagnóstico, de modo a avaliar os procedimentos em comparação com os requisitos da norma. Verificaram-se nesta fase 45 não conformidades, com base nas quais foi elaborado um plano de ações e alterações em concordância das necessidades identificadas de forma a cumprir os requisitos da norma. O sistema de gestão BRC na empresa em estudo encontra-se atualmente totalmente planeado e estruturado estando igualmente definida a estrutura documental necessária ao cumprimento dos requisitos da norma. A certificação da empresa segundo o referencial BRC versão 6 no prazo previsto não foi possível mas este projeto contribuiu para que que esta venha a ser bem-sucedida, tendo sido definida a base processual e documental necessária para o efeito.

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Foram avaliadas as características morfológicas da carcaça, musculosidade e composição tecidual da perna de cordeiros criados em regime de pasto, provenientes de ovelhas Romney, acasaladas com três raças paternas (Romney, East Friesian x (Finn x Texel) e Finn x Poll Dorset). Aos 150 e 300 dias de idade, os cordeiros foram abatidos em dois lotes, cada um com 15 animais de cada raça paterna, num total de 90 animais. O grupo oriundo de animais East Friesian x (Finn x Texel) apresentou maior quantidade de músculo na perna (1.975 g) e, em comparação ao grupo Romney, semelhante musculosidade da perna (0,45) e maior relação músculo:osso (7x6,69). A musculosidade da perna nos animais descendentes de Finn x Poll Dorset foi menor (0,44), quando comparada à dos demais grupos. Cordeiros abatidos mais tardiamente apresentaram carcaças mais longas e magras, provavelmente pelas condições adversas do verão e do outono, em que são típicas a menor taxa de crescimento e a qualidade inferior de forragem. O genótipo e a idade de abate influem nas características morfológicas da carcaça, no índice de musculosidade e de composição tecidual da perna dos cordeiros.