Física do meio ambiente como disciplina nas licenciaturas em física: proposta de uma unidade didática para ensinar efeito estufa e aquecimento global

In this dissertation we propose a Teaching Unit of Physics to teach content through environmental discussions of the greenhouse effect and global warming. This teaching unit is based on a problem-methodological intervention from the application of the method of the Arch of Charles Maguerez. The methodological foundations of the thesis are embedded in action research and this is structured in five chapters: the first chapter deals with the Physical Environment (FMA) as a subject in Degree Courses in Physics in Brazil, bringing the concern of how this discipline has been taught. We started the first chapter explaining the reasons behind the inclusion of the discipline of Physical Environment in a Physics Degree Courses. Then we did a search on the websites of Institutions of Higher Education, to know of the existence or not of this discipline on curricular. We then analyzed the menus to see what bibliographies are being adopted and what content of Physics are being worked, and how it has been done. The courses surveyed were those of Federal and Federal Institutes Universities. Thus ended the first chapter. Given the inseparability between studies in Physics Teaching and studies on competencies, skills and significant learning, wrote the second chapter. In this chapter we discuss the challenge of converting information into knowledge. Initially on initial teacher training, because even if this is not our focus, the study is a discipline on the upper reaches, therefore, offered to future teachers. Then we talked about the culture of knowledge, where we emphasize the use of a teaching approach that promotes meanings taught by content and make sense to the student. We finished the third chapter, making some considerations on skills and abilities, in order to identify what skills and competencies were developed and worked during and after the implementation of Curriculum Unit. The third chapter is the result of a literature review and study of the radioactive EarthSun interaction. The subjects researched approach from the generation of energy in the sun to topics stain solar coronal mass ejections, solar wind, black body radiation, Wien displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, greenhouse effect and global warming. This chapter deals with material support for the teacher of the aforementioned discipline. The fourth chapter talks about the arc method of Charles Maguerez; Here we explain the structure of each of the five steps of the Arc and how to use them in teaching. We also show another version of this method adapted by Bordenave. In the fifth and final chapter brought a description of how the method of Arc was used in physics classes of Environment, with students majoring in Physics IFRN Campus Santa Cruz. Here, in this chapter, a transcript of classes to show how was the application of a problem-based methodology in the teaching of content proposed for Physics Teaching Unit from the environmental discussion about the greenhouse effect and global warming phenomena

Recuperação avançada de óleos pesados em poços fraturados utilizando aquecimento eletromagnético indutivo

The success achieved by thermal methods of recovery, in heavy oils, prompted the emergence of studies on the use of electromagnetic waves as heat generating sources in oil reservoirs. Thus, this generation is achieved by three types of different processes according to the frequency range used. They are: the electromagnetic induction heating, the resistive and the dielectric, also known as radiation. This study was based on computer simulations in oil reservoirs with characteristics similar to those found in the sedimentary basins of the Brazilian Northeast. All cases studied were simulated using the software STARS, CMG (Computer Group, version 2012.10 Modeling). Some simulations took into account the inclusion of electrically sensitive particles in certain sectors of the reservoir model studied by fracturing. The purpose of this work is the use of the electromagnetic induction heating as a recovery method of heavy oil, to check the influence of these aforementioned particles on the reservoir model used. Comparative analyses were made involving electromagnetic induction heating, the operation of hydraulic fracturing and the injection of water to the different situations of the reservoir model studied. It was found that fracturing the injection well in order that the electromagnetic heating occurs in the same well where there is water injection, there was a considerable increase in the recovery factor and in the cumulative oil production in relation to the models in which hydraulic fracturing occurred in the production well and water injection in the injection well. This is due to the generation of steam in situ in the reservoir.

Efeito da velocidade de aquecimento nas propriedades de produtos da cerâmica estrutural

Heating rate is one of the main variables that determine a fire cycle. In industrial processes that use high temperatures, greater fire great can reduce the cost of production and increase productivity. The use of faster and more efficient fire cycles has been little investigated by the structural ceramic industry in Brazil. However, one of the possibilities that aims at modernizing the sector is the use of roller kilns and the inclusion of natural gas as fuel. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of heating rate on the technological properties of structural ceramic products. Clay raw materials from the main ceramic industries in the state of Rio Grande do Norte were characterized. Some of the raw materials characterized were formulated to obtain the best physical and mechanical properties. Next, raw materials and formulations were selected to study the influence of heating rate on the final properties of the ceramic materials. The samples were shaped by pressing and extrusion and submitted to rates of 1 °C/min, 10 °C/min and 20 °C/min, with final temperatures of 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C. Discontinuous cycles with rates of 10 °C/min or 15 °C/min up to 600 °C and a rate of 20 °C/min up to final temperature were also investigated. Technological properties were determined for all the samples and microstructural analysis was carried out under a number of fire conditions. Results indicate that faster and more efficient fire cycles than those currently in practice could be used, limiting only some clay doughs to certain fire conditions. The best results were obtained for the samples submitted to slow cycles up to 600 °C and fast fire sinterization up to 950 °C. This paper presents for the first time the use of a fast fire rate for raw materials and clay formulations and seeks to determine ideal dough and processing conditions for using shorter fire times, thus enabling the use of roller kilns and natural gas in structural ceramic industries

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de petróleo pesado por aquecimento eletromagnético resistivo

Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding

O Ano Internacional do Planeta Terra e o clima

Apresenta resumo das atividades do evento denominado Ano Internacional do Planeta Terra (AIPT), iniciado em janeiro de 2007 e com término previsto para dezembro de 2009. Descreve questões-chave levantadas por cientistas chamados a contribuir com o tema "Clima", nas reflexões promovidas por esse evento. Informa agenda de pesquisa recomendada pela Corporação para o Ano Internacional do Planeta Terra em relação ao mesmo tema.

Perspectivas da governança e segurança climática global

Elabora um marco teórico-conceitual, destacando a importância do conceito de segurança climática global e sua relação com a governança e governabilidade. Descreve o perfil dos países emissores de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Identifica as oportunidades técnico-econômicas para a transição para uma economia de baixo carbono que mitigue a mudança climática. Analisa três cenários prospectivos da evolução do sistema internacional, tendo como variável principal o grau de cooperação atingido.

Alterações climáticas globais

Discute as razões da falta de ação efetiva para mitigar o problema das alterações climáticas globais e as alternativas disponíveis frente ao que se convencionou chamar de "a tragédia dos comuns", título de artigo histórico do ecólogo norte-americano Garrett J. Hardin em 1968. Descreve os trinta pontos do documento brasileiro "Mudança do Clima", elaborado pelo Núcleo de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República em 2005. Afirma a necessidade de "...cultivar a liberdade com responsabilidade, pelas vias da educação, do diálogo, da negociação, do conhecimento, da inovação e da ação, em particular da ação política em todas as frentes e em todos os níveis".

Mudanças climáticas: impactos físicos e socioeconômicos

Analisa os impactos econômicos, sociais e ecológicos decorrentes das alterações climáticas.

O papel da energia nas ações de mitigação

Descreve as alternativas energéticas que se colocam para mitigar boa parte das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) do planeta. Enfatiza o potencial para o uso mais eficiente da energia em todos os setores da economia e nas oportunidade de substituição de combustíveis fósseis por combustíveis renováveis. Ressalta a importância de mudança de hábitos de consumo para reduzir as emissões de GEE a níveis considerados seguros, de maneira a se estabilizarem as concentrações de gases na atmosfera em níveis suficientemente baixos.

Aspectos geopolíticos das mudanças climáticas

Descreve e analisa aspectos do debate sobre as soluções a serem desenvolvidas mundialmente para controle das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), considerando "...a entrada da Natureza no jogo político global..." após a assinatura do Protocolo de Kyoto (1997). Aborda os seguintes tópicos : controle do desmatamento e criação de fontes alternativas de energia.

Ações de mitigação das emissões no Brasil

Sintetiza os fatos que levaram a adoção da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima. Descreve e analisa as iniciativas do Brasil no sentido de colaborar com a proteção climática e com a redução da emissão de gases poluentes. Destaca os seguintes pontos: desenvolvimento de matriz energética "limpa" (álcool e biodiesel); combate ao desperdício de energia elétrica; programa de redução de emissões veiculares; redução de incêndios florestais e do desmatamento; projetos ligados ao Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo.

Créditos de carbono

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Notas sobre mudanças climáticas

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Mudança do clima

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.