Educación de los ciegos : un estudio del lenguaje del niño invidente en edad preescolar.

Estudiar cómo es el desarrollo del lenguaje en el niño con grave déficit visual desde el nacimiento. Estudiar las étapas por las que atraviesa el desarrollo del lenguaje en el niño normal y reflejar las características lingüisticas en la expresión oral de los sujetos ciegos. Cuatro niños con edades comprendidas entre los cuatro y los seis años y medio. WPPSI (escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para preescolar y primaria) compuesta por dos partes la Verbal y la Manipulativa. Se han seguido las normas dictaminadas en el mismo para la asignación de puntos y comparación porcentual de resultados. En los resultados se aprecia como hay una notable diferencia entre las puntuaciones del primer sujeto con respecto a los otros. Al tratarse de una muestra sumamente pequeña no es posible generalizar en modo alguno a una población mayor los resultados que en el estudio de la misma obtengamos lo que hará será simplemente, comparar las puntuaciones obtenidas por estos niños con las que, por término medio, obtuvieron para esas edades los sujetos de la muestra tomada en la confección de la escala del WPPSI. También compararemos las distintas puntuaciones entre los cuatro individuos de nuestra muestra, viendo las desviaciones típicas. De los resultados obtenidos con esta muestra de cuatro niños ciegos, podemos decir que la ceguera no ha sido impedimento grave, para la mayoría de ellos, para alcanzar una adecuada comprensión y expresión oral. Parece que, más que la ceguera, influyen otra serie de variables, como pueden ser, y debido sobre todo a que tratamos con niños de edad preescolar, la educación recibida en esos años preescolares.

La consulta previa en materia ambiental

El estudio tiene como propósitos relacionar la participación ciudadana como marco general y la consulta previa como uno de sus manifestaciones puntuales que ponen en ejercicio el derecho de participación, el de la información disponible, permite la exigibilidad de los derechos ambientales por parte de la ciudadanía, veedora del cuidado del ambiente, patrimonio e interés público; estudiar algunos elementos para la comprensión del alcance de la normativa legal, constitucional y la contenida en instrumentos internacionales, que resaltan el rol de la participación directa del pueblo en el proceso de adopción de decisiones públicas que afecten al entorno y cuyo fin es el respeto al derecho colectivo a vivir en un ambiente ecológico y equilibrado; adicionalmente contribuir u orientar una adecuada normativa que recoja los criterios y mecanismos de la participación ciudadana y consulta previa a ser adoptados por las autoridades que integran el Sistema Nacional Descentralizado de Gestión Ambiental, coordinados por el Ministerio del Ambiente, a fin dar cuenta con el mandato constitucional referido a la consulta en materia ambiental, y salvaguardar la seguridad jurídica y la gobernabilidad de la gestión publica en este campo. En este sentido mi reflexión aborda en el primer capitulo temas sobre el medio ambiente, los factores causantes del deterioro ambiental, y el cuidado del medio ambiente como una obligación de todos y todas. En el segundo capitulo enfoca el significado de la democracia, la participación ciudadana como ejercicio democrático, el ejercicio de este derecho contenido en instrumentos internacionales, y el alcance de la participación ciudadana y la consulta previa en la Constitución y más normativa interna. En el tercer capitulo aborda el carácter de la consulta previa, analizaré cual es su propósito, quienes deben ser consultados, cuando procede la consulta previa, su procedimiento, la construcción de la decisión y su obligatoriedad y la vigilancia ciudadana. El análisis de este trabajo ha sido realizado desde una visión sociológico-jurídica, que equivale a que la interpretación y aplicación de la norma no puede realizarse por la simple vía del mero razonamiento deductivo, sino que es preciso una comprensión apropiada de las distintas realidades y necesidades sociales, que respondan a contextos económicos, políticos, culturales, costumbres y convicciones e inspirada en principios como la justicia, la equidad y el bienestar colectivo y social.

Modelling the growth and movement of cyanobacteria in river systems

Bloom-forming and toxin-producing cyanobacteria remain a persistent nuisance across the world. Modelling of cyanobacteria in freshwaters is an important tool for understanding their population dynamics and predicting the location and timing of the bloom events in lakes and rivers. In this article, a new deterministic model is introduced which simulates the growth and movement of cyanobacterial blooms in river systems. The model focuses on the mathematical description of the bloom formation, vertical migration and lateral transport of colonies within river environments by taking into account the four major factors that affect the cyanobacterial bloom formation in freshwaters: light, nutrients, temperature and river flow. The model consists of two sub-models: a vertical migration model with respect to growth of cyanobacteria in relation to light, nutrients and temperature; and a hydraulic model to simulate the horizontal movement of the bloom. This article presents the model algorithms and highlights some important model results. The effects of nutrient limitation, varying illumination and river flow characteristics on cyanobacterial movement are simulated. The results indicate that under high light intensities and in nutrient-rich waters colonies sink further as a result of carbohydrate accumulation in the cells. In turbulent environments, vertical migration is retarded by vertical velocity component generated by turbulent shear stress. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, structure and magnetic characterisation of a new layered ammonium manganese(II) diphosphate hydrate, (NH4)(2)[Mn-3(P2O7)(2)(H2O)(2)]

A new layered ammonium manganese(II) diphosphate, (NH4)(2)[Mn-3(P2O7)(2)(H2O)(2)], has been synthesised under solvothermal conditions at 433 K in ethylene glycol and the structure determined at 293 K using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (M-r = 584.82, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/a, a = 9.4610( 8), b = 8.3565( 7), c = 9.477(1) Angstrom, beta = 99.908(9) degrees, V = 738.07 Angstrom(3), Z = 2, R = 0.0351 and R-w = 0.0411 for 1262 observed data (I > 3(sigma(I))). The structure consists of chains of cis- and trans-edge sharing MnO6 octahedra linked via P2O7 units to form layers of formula [Mn3P4O14(H2O)(2)](2-) in the ab plane. Ammonium ions lie between the manganese-diphosphate layers. A network of interlayer and ammonium-layer based hydrogen bonding holds the structure together. Magnetic measurements indicate Curie - Weiss behaviour above 30 K with mu(eff) = 5.74(1) mu(B) and theta = -23(1) K, consistent with the presence of high-spin Mn2+ ions and antiferromagnetic interactions. However, the magnetic data reveal a spontaneous magnetisation at 5 K, indicating a canting of Mn2+ moments in the antiferromagnetic ground state. On heating (NH4)(2)[Mn-3(P2O7)(2)(H2O)(2)] in water at 433 K under hydrothermal conditions, Mn-5(HPO4)(2)(PO4)(2).4H(2)O, synthetic hureaulite, is formed.

Detecting the number of signals using antenna array: a single threshold solution

A new approach is presented to identify the number of incoming signals in antenna array processing. The new method exploits the inherent properties existing in the noise eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the array output. A single threshold has been established concerning information about the signal and noise strength, data length, and array size. When the subspace-based algorithms are adopted the computation cost of the signal number detector can almost be neglected. The performance of the threshold is robust against low SNR and short data length.

Impact of earthworms on trace element solubility in contaminated mine soils amended with green waste compost

The common practice of remediating metal contaminated mine soils with compost can reduce metal mobility and promote revegetation, but the effect of introduced or colonising earthworms on metal solubility is largely unknown. We amended soils from an As/Cu (1150 mgAs kg−1 and 362 mgCu kg−1) and Pb/Zn mine (4550 mgPb kg−1 and 908 mgZn kg−1) with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% compost and then introduced Lumbricus terrestris. Porewater was sampled and soil extracted with water to determine trace element solubility, pH and soluble organic carbon. Compost reduced Cu, Pb and Zn, but increased As solubility. Earthworms decreased water soluble Cu and As but increased Pb and Zn in porewater. The effect of the earthworms decreased with increasing compost amendment. The impact of the compost and the earthworms on metal solubility is explained by their effect on pH and soluble organic carbon and the environmental chemistry of each element.

Autobiographical memory, autonoetic consciousness, and identity in Asperger syndrome

Previous results from research on individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) suggest a diminished ability for recalling episodic autobiographical memory (AM). The primary aim of this study was to explore autobiographical memory in individuals with Asperger syndrome and specifically to investigate whether memories in those with AS are characterized by fewer episodic 'remembered' events (due to a deficit in autonoetic consciousness). A further aim was to examine whether such changes in AM might also be related to changes in identity, due to the close relationship between memory and the self and to the established differences in self-referential processes in AS. Eleven adults with AS and fifteen matched comparison participants were asked to recall autobiographical memories from three lifetime periods and for each memory to give either a remember response (autonoetic consciousness) or a know response (noetic consciousness). The pattern of results shows that AS participants recalled fewer memories and that these memories were more often rated as known, compared to the comparison group. AS participants also showed differences in reported identity, generating fewer social identity statements and more abstract, trait-linked identities. The data support the view that differences in both memory and reported personal identities in AS are characterized by a lack of specificity.

Modi di dire

Encyclopedia entry for "idioms" and "idiomatic expressions" in Italian

Optimal linearization trajectories for tangent linear models

We examine differential equations where nonlinearity is a result of the advection part of the total derivative or the use of quadratic algebraic constraints between state variables (such as the ideal gas law). We show that these types of nonlinearity can be accounted for in the tangent linear model by a suitable choice of the linearization trajectory. Using this optimal linearization trajectory, we show that the tangent linear model can be used to reproduce the exact nonlinear error growth of perturbations for more than 200 days in a quasi-geostrophic model and more than (the equivalent of) 150 days in the Lorenz 96 model. We introduce an iterative method, purely based on tangent linear integrations, that converges to this optimal linearization trajectory. The main conclusion from this article is that this iterative method can be used to account for nonlinearity in estimation problems without using the nonlinear model. We demonstrate this by performing forecast sensitivity experiments in the Lorenz 96 model and show that we are able to estimate analysis increments that improve the two-day forecast using only four backward integrations with the tangent linear model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Physicochemical changes occuring in oil when atmospheric frying is combined with post-frying vacuum application

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atmospheric frying followed by drainage under vacuum on the stability of oil, compared to similar frying with drainage at atmospheric pressure. Changes in the oil were assessed by the free fatty acid (FFA) content, p-anisidine value (AnV), colour, viscosity, fatty acid profile and concentration of tocols. The rate of FFA formation in the case of vacuum drainage was found to be about half that of atmospheric drainage. Oil deterioration by oxidation and polymerisation was also reduced by the use of vacuum drainage. The AnV of the oil after vacuum drainage was lower by about 12%, the total colour difference was improved by 14% and viscosity was slightly reduced after 5 days of frying, compared to the values for oil that had been drained at atmospheric pressure. There was a reduction in the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the case of vacuum drainage after 5 days of frying but differences in retention of tocols were only evident in the first two days of frying.