Impacto do déficit visual na qualidade de vida em idosos usuários do sistema único de saúde vivendo no sertão de Pernambuco

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto das doenças oculares sobre a qualidade de vida de uma população idosa do sertão de Pernambuco, localizado na região nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 580 indivíduos acima de 59 anos, por meio do questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida "Visual Functioning Questionnaire" (VFQ). Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo. Os resultados das variáveis quantitativas foram expressos por suas médias e desvios- padrão. Os resultados das variáveis qualitativas foram expressos por suas frequências absolutas e relativas. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 70 ± 8,1 anos. Cerca de 86,0% dos entrevistados declararam ser analfabetos ou ter o ensino fundamental incompleto. As principais queixas foram: baixa visual (71,1%) e ardor/prurido (69,0%). A acuidade visual não era normal em 37,4% dos idosos. Por volta de 75,0% dos entrevistados relataram ter saúde regular ou ruim, e 77,0% diziam ter uma visão regular ou ruim. A qualidade de vida foi considerada pior conforme a piora da condição visual do idoso. CONCLUSÃO: O déficit visual representou um impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida dos idosos do sertão Pernambucano.

Espressione dell'Enzima ad Azione Immunoregolatoria Indoleamina 2,3-Diossigenasi nella Leucemia Mieloide Acuta dell'Adulto: correlazioni Clinico-Biologiche

L’enzima IDO interviene nella via di degradazione del triptofano, essenziale per la vita cellulare; l’iperespressione di IDO favorisce la creazione di un microambiente immunotollerante. Nelle LAM IDO è funzionalmente attivo nelle cellule blastiche e determina l’acquisizione di un fenotipo regolatorio da parte delle cellule T alloreattive; l’espressione della proteina aumenta in modo consensuale con l’evoluzione clinica della patologia. Scopo della Tesi è indagare l’esistenza di una correlazione tra l’iperespressione di IDO da parte delle cellule leucemiche, le caratteristiche di rischio alla diagnosi e l’outcome dei pazienti. Sono stati esaminati 45 pazienti adulti affetti da LAM afferiti all’Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna. I pazienti sono stati stratificati a seconda di: età di insorgenza della leucemia, secondarietà a Mielodisplasia o radio chemioterapia, iperleucocitosi, citogenetica, biologia molecolare (sono state valutate le alterazioni a carico dei geni FLT3 ed NPM). I pazienti sono stati analizzati per l’espressione del gene IDO mediante RT-PCR, seguita da Western Blot, allo scopo di stabilire la presenza di una proteina attiva; successivamente si è proceduto a verificare l’esistenza di una correlazione tra l’espressione di IDO e le caratteristiche di rischio alla diagnosi per identificare una relazione tra l’espressione del gene ed un subset di pazienti a prognosi favorevole o sfavorevole. Dei 45 pazienti adulti affetti da LAM il 28,9% è risultato negativo per l’espressione di IDO, mentre il rimanente 71,1% è risultato positivo ed è stato suddiviso in tre ulteriori categorie, in base ai livelli di espressione. I dati non sembrano al momento suggerire l’esistenza di una correlazione tra l’espressione di IDO e le caratteristiche di rischio alla diagnosi. Nel gruppo di pazienti ad elevata espressione di IDO si riscontra un rate di resistenza alla chemioterapia di induzione più elevato, con una quota di pazienti resistenti pari al 71,4%, contro il 23,1% nel gruppo di pazienti IDO-negativi.

Valutazione del rischio ecologico di residui di farmaci nell’ambiente: analisi sperimentale della tossicità sul crostaceo Daphnia magna

I farmaci sono una nuova classe di inquinanti ambientali ubiquitari che raggiungono, insieme alle acque fognarie, i depuratori urbani che non sono in grado di rimuoverli o degradarli. Così le acque depurate, ancora ricche di farmaci, si riversano nei canali riceventi portando questo carico di inquinanti fino ai fiumi e ai laghi. L’obiettivo del presente studio è stato fornire un contributo alla valutazione del rischio ecologico associato al rilascio di miscele di farmaci nell’ambiente acquatico, verificando con esperimenti di laboratorio gli effetti dell’esposizione congiunta a propranololo e fluoxetina sulla riproduzione di Daphnia magna, crostaceo planctonico d’acqua dolce. Il propranololo è un farmaco beta-bloccante, ossia blocca l'azione dell'adrenalina sui recettori adrenergici di tipo beta del cuore e viene utilizzato contro l’ipertensione. La fluoxetina è un antidepressivo, inibitore selettivo della ricaptazione della serotonina. Sono stati eseguiti test cronici (21 giorni) con solo propranololo (0,25 - 2,00 mg/L) e con solo fluoxetina (0,03 - 0,80 mg/L) che hanno stimato un EC50 per la riproduzione di 0,739 mg/L e di 0,238 mg/L, rispettivamente. L’ultima fase sperimentale consisteva in un test cronico con 25 miscele contenti percentuali diverse dei due farmaci (0%; 25%; 50%; 75%; 100%) e con diverse concentrazioni totali (0,50; 0,71; 1,00; 1,41; 2,00 unità tossiche). Le unità tossiche sono state calcolate sulla base degli EC50 dei precedenti test cronici con i singoli farmaci. I dati sperimentali del test sono stati analizzati utilizzando MixTox, un metodo statistico per la previsione degli effetti congiunti di miscele di sostanze tossiche, che ha permesso di stabilire quale fosse il modello in grado di rappresentare al meglio i risultati sperimentali. Il modello di riferimento utilizzato è stato la concentration addition (CA) a partire dal quale si è identificato il modello che meglio rappresenta l’interazione tra i due farmaci: antagonism (S/A) dose ratio dependent (DR). Infatti si evidenzia antagonismo per tutte le miscele dei due farmaci, ma più accentuato in presenza di una maggiore percentuale di propranololo. Contrariamente a quanto verificato in studi su altre specie e su effetti biologici diversi, è comunque stato possibile evidenziare un affetto avverso sulla riproduzione di D. magna solo a concentrazioni di propranololo e fluoxetina molto più elevate di quelle osservate nelle acque superficiali.

Diagnosi prenatale delle malformazioni fetali: ecografia e risonanza magnetica a confronto in 11 anni di esperienza

Obiettivo: Valutare l’accuratezza reciproca dell’ecografia “esperta” e della risonanza magnetica nelle diagnosi prenatale delle anomalie congenite. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati retrospettivamente valutati tutti i casi di malformazioni fetali sottoposte a ecografia “esperta” e risonanza magnetica nel nostro Policlinico da Ottobre 2001 a Ottobre 2012. L’età gestazionale media all’ecografia e alla risonanza magnetica sono state rispettivamente di 28 e 30 settimane. La diagnosi ecografica è stata confrontata con la risonanza e quindi con la diagnosi postnatale. Risultati: sono stati selezionati 383 casi, con diagnosi ecografica o sospetta malformazione fetale “complessa” o anamnesi ostetrica positiva infezioni prenatali, valutati con ecografia “esperta”, risonanza magnetica e completi di follow up. La popolazione di studio include: 196 anomalie del sistema nervoso centrale (51,2%), 73 difetti toracici (19,1%), 20 anomalie dell’area viso-collo (5,2%), 29 malformazioni del tratto gastrointestinale (7,6%), 37 difetti genito-urinari (9,7%) e 28 casi con altra indicazione (7,3%). Una concordanza tra ecografia, risonanza e diagnosi postnatale è stata osservata in 289 casi (75,5%) ed è stata maggiore per le anomalie del sistema nervoso centrale 156/196 casi (79,6%) rispetto ai difetti congeniti degli altri distretti anatomici 133/187 (71,1%). La risonanza ha aggiunto importanti informazioni diagnostiche in 42 casi (11%): 21 anomalie del sistema nervoso centrale, 2 difetti dell’area viso collo, 7 malformazioni toraciche, 6 anomalie del tratto gastrointestinale, 5 dell’apparato genitourinario e 1 caso di sospetta emivertebra lombare. L’ecografia è stata più accurata della risonanza in 15 casi (3,9%). In 37 casi (9,7%) entrambe le tecniche hanno dato esito diverso rispetto agli accertamenti postnatali. Conclusioni: l’ecografia prenatale rimane a tutt’oggi la principale metodica di imaging fetale. In alcuni casi complessi e/o dubbi sia del sistema nervoso centrale sia degli altri distretti anatomici la risonanza può aggiungere informazioni rilevanti.

Sozialmedizinische Aspekte der medizinischen Versorgung gehörloser Menschen in Deutschland

Einleitung: Die Besonderheiten in der Gesundheitsversorgung von gehörlosen Bürgerinnen und Bürgern in Deutschland sind weitgehend unbekannt. Schätzungsweise 41.500 bis zu 80.000 Menschen sind in Deutschland von Geburt an gehörlos oder früh ertaubt. Diese Gehörlosengemeinschaft verwendet vorrangig die Deutsche Gebärdensprache, die seit 2002 per Gesetzgebung als selbstständige Sprache in Deutschland amtlich anerkannt ist. Der Gesetzgeber hat vorgesehen, dass ein von der Krankenversicherung bezahlter Dolmetscher bei einem Arztbesuch bestellt werden kann. Erkenntnisse, inwieweit dies unter den Betroffenen bekannt ist und genutzt wird, liegen nicht vor. Ebenso sind Annahmen, dass gehörlose Patienten in einer vorrangig von Hörenden gestalteten Gesundheitsversorgung mutmaßlich auf Probleme, Barrieren und Vorurteile stoßen, in Deutschland nicht systematisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt erstmalig anhand eines größeren Studienkollektivs einen sozialmedizinischen Einblick in den Gesundheitsversorgungszustand von Gehörlosen in Deutschland. Methodik: Im Rahmen einer Vorstudie wurden 2009 zunächst qualitative Experteninterviews geführt, um den Zustand der medizinischen Versorgung von Gehörlosen zu explorieren und Problemfelder zu identifizieren. Anschließend wurde für die Hauptstudie auf der Grundlage der Experteninterviews ein quantitativer Online-Fragebogen mit Gebärdensprachvideos entwickelt und erstmalig in der sozialmedizinischen Gehörlosenforschung eingesetzt. Die gehörlosen Teilnehmer wurden über etablierte Internetportale für Gehörlose und mit Hilfe von Gehörlosenverbänden und Selbsthilfegruppen sowie einer Pressemitteilung rekrutiert. Insgesamt wurden den Teilnehmern bis zu 85 Fragen zu sozioökonomischen Daten, Dolmetschernutzung, Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung und häufig auftretenden Problemen gestellt. Es wurden absolute und relative Häufigkeiten bestimmt und mittels Chi2-Test bzw. exaktem Fisher-Test auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede geprüft. Alle Tests wurden zweiseitig mit der lokalen Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit α = 0,05 durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Am Ende der Feldphase verzeichnete die automatische Datenbank 1369 vollständig bearbeitete Fragebögen. 843 entsprachen den a-priori definierten Auswertungskriterien (volljährige Personen, gehörlos, keine fehlenden Angaben in wesentlichen Zielfragen). Häufigstes Ausschlusskriterium war ein anderer Hörstatus als Gehörlosigkeit. Etwa die Hälfte der 831 Teilnehmer (45,1% bzw. 52,8%) schätzte trotz ausreichender Schulbildung ihre Lese- bzw. Schreibkompetenz als mäßig bis schlecht ein. Zeitdruck und Kommunikationsprobleme belasteten bei 66,7% und 71,1% der Teilnehmer bereits einmal einen Arztbesuch. Von 56,6% der Teilnehmer wurde angegeben, dass Hilflosigkeits- und Abhängigkeitsgefühle beim Arztbesuch auftraten. Falsche Diagnosen auf Grund von Kommunikationsproblemen wurden von 43,3% der Teilnehmer vermutet. 17,7% der Teilnehmer gaben an, sich bereits einmal aktiv um psychotherapeutische Unterstützung bemüht zu haben. Gebärdensprachkompetente Ärzte wären optimal um die Kommunikation zu verbessern, aber auch Dolmetscher spielen eine große Rolle in der Kommunikation. 31,4% der gehörlosen Teilnehmer gaben jedoch an, nicht über die aktuellen Regelungen zur Kostenübernahme bei Dolmetschereinsätzen informiert zu sein. Dies betraf besonders jüngere, wenig gebildete und stark auf die eigene Familie hin orientierte Gehörlose. Wesentliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Diskussion: Geht man von etwa 80.000 Gehörlosen in Deutschland aus, konnten mit der Mainzer Gehörlosen-Studie etwa 1% aller Betroffenen erreicht werden, wobei Selektionsverzerrungen zu diskutieren sind. Es ist anzunehmen, dass Personen, die nicht mit dem Internet vertraut sind, selten bis gar nicht teilgenommen haben. Hier könnten Gehörlose mit hohem Alter sowie möglicherweise mit niedriger Schreib- und Lesekompetenz besonders betroffen sein. Eine Prüfung auf Repräsentativität war jedoch nicht möglich, da die Grundgesamtheit der Gehörlosen mit sozioökonomischen Eckdaten nicht bekannt ist. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse weisen erstmalig bei einem großen Studienkollektiv Problembereiche in der medizinischen Versorgung von Gehörlosen in Deutschland auf: Gehörlose Patienten laufen Gefahr, ihren Arztbesuch durch vielfältige Kommunikationsbarrieren und Missverständnisse als Zumutung zu erleben. Eine Informationskampagne unter Ärzten könnte helfen, diese Situation zu verbessern. Dolmetscher können die Kommunikation zwischen Arzt und Patient enorm verbessern, die gesetzlich geregelte Kostenübernahme funktioniert dabei in der Regel auch problemlos. Allerdings gibt es noch viele Gehörlose, die nicht über die Regelungen zur Dolmetscherunterstützung informiert sind und die Dienste entsprechend nicht nutzen können. Hier muss es weitere Bemühungen geben, die Gehörlosen aufzuklären, um ihnen eine barrierefreie Nutzung von gesundheitsbezogenen Leistungen zu ermöglichen.

Long-Term outcome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is common; up to 37% of adult men have a history of MTBI. Complaints after MTBI are persistent headaches, memory impairment, depressive mood disorders, and disability. The reported short- and long-term outcomes of patients with MTBI have been inconsistent. We have now investigated long-term clinical and neurocognitive outcomes in patients with MTBI (at admission, and after 1 and 10 years).

All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: population based cohort study

Objective To examine all cause and disease specific mortality in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Design Population based cohort study. Setting General practices in the southwest of England. Participants 1163 patients aged 35 years or over with symptoms and radiological confirmation of osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Main outcome measures Age and sex standardised mortality ratios and multivariable hazard ratios of death after a median of 14 years’ follow-up. Results Patients with osteoarthritis had excess all cause mortality compared with the general population (standardised mortality ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 1.70). Excess mortality was observed for all disease specific causes of death but was particularly pronounced for cardiovascular (standardised mortality ratio 1.71, 1.49 to 1.98) and dementia associated mortality (1.99, 1.22 to 3.25). Mortality increased with increasing age (P for trend <0.001), male sex (adjusted hazard ratio 1.59, 1.30 to 1.96), self reported history of diabetes (1.95, 1.31 to 2.90), cancer (2.28, 1.50 to 3.47), cardiovascular disease (1.38, 1.12 to 1.71), and walking disability (1.48, 1.17 to 1.86). However, little evidence existed for increased mortality associated with previous joint replacement, obesity, depression, chronic inflammatory disease, eye disease, or presence of pain at baseline. The more severe the walking disability, the higher was the risk of death (P for trend <0.001). Conclusion Patients with osteoarthritis are at higher risk of death compared with the general population. History of diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease and the presence of walking disability are major risk factors. Management of patients with osteoarthritis and walking disability should focus on effective treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, as well as on increasing physical activity.

Carotid plaque and intima-media thickness and the incidence of ischemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease

We aimed to evaluate whether carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) or the presence of plaque can confer additional predictive value of future cardiovascular (CV) ischemic events in patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic vascular disease. We identified 2317 patients enrolled in the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry who had atherosclerotic vascular disease and baseline CIMT measurements. The entire range of CIMT was divided into quartiles and the fourth quartile (? 1.5 mm) was defined as carotid plaque. Mean ± standard deviation baseline CIMT was 1.31 ± 0.65 mm. Associated CV ischemic events and vascular-related hospitalizations were evaluated over a 2-year follow-up. There was a positive increase in adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality (p = 0.04 for trend) and the quadruple endpoint (CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, hospitalization for CV events) with increasing quartiles of CIMT (p = 0.0008 for trend), which was mainly driven by the fourth quartile (carotid plaque). HRs for all-cause mortality, CV death, CV death/MI/stroke and the quadruple endpoint comparing the highest (carotid plaque) with the lowest CIMT quartile were 2.09 (95% CI, 1.07-4.10; p = 0.03); 2.49 (1.10-5.67; p = 0.03); 1.71 (1.10-2.67; p = 0.02); and 1.73 (1.31-2.27; p = 0.0001). In conclusion, our analyses suggest that the presence of carotid plaque, rather than the thickness of intima-media, appears to be associated with increased risk of CV morbidity and mortality, but confirmation of these findings in other population and prospective studies is required.

Low-threshold monopolar motor mapping for resection of primary motor cortex tumors

Microsurgery within eloquent cortex is a controversial approach because of the high risk of permanent neurological deficit. Few data exist showing the relationship between the mapping stimulation intensity required for eliciting a muscle motor evoked potential and the distance to the motor neurons; furthermore, the motor threshold at which no deficit occurs remains to be defined.

Efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine with weekly paclitaxel for patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase II report of the SAKK

BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel and capecitabine have proven activity in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Paclitaxel increases the expression of thymidine phosphorylase, the enzyme that activates capecitabine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine in combination with weekly paclitaxel largely as first-line therapy in patients with MBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 2002 to September 2004, 19 patients with MBC received oral capecitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-14) plus i.v. paclitaxel (80 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8 and 15) in a 21-day cycle for a maximum of 6 cycles. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 19.3 months the overall response rate was 63% with 1 complete response (5%) and 11 partial responses (58%). Disease was stabilized in 1 patient (5%) and 3 patients had progressive disease (16%). Three patients were unable to be assessed for response to treatment. Median time to progression was 3.3 months, median time to treatment failure 3.0 months and median overall survival 13.8 months. A substantial number of patients experienced major side effects. The most common treatment-related adverse events were hand-foot syndrome (53%; grade 3: 37%), alopecia (42%; grade 3: 26%), diarrhea (32%; grade 3: 11%) and neurotoxicity (32%; grade 3: 16%). Hematologic toxicities were uncommon. CONCLUSION: The combination of capecitabine and paclitaxel appears to be active in MBC but the safety profile with the dosages used in this trial was unacceptably high and led to a short time to treatment failure. However, based on the efficacy data alternative schedules deserve further evaluation.

Personal mastery attenuates the effect of caregiving stress on psychiatric morbidity

This study examined the protective effects of personal mastery on the relations between both objective and subjective stress and psychiatric morbidity in 79 spousal Alzheimer caregivers. Results indicated that with low mastery, the relations between patient problem behaviors and caregiver psychiatric symptoms was significant (t[71] = 2.03; p = 0.046). However, with high mastery, no significant association was found (t[71] = -0.76; p = 0.452). Similarly, the relations between role overload and psychiatric morbidity was significant when mastery was low (t[71] = 2.22; p = 0.029), but not high (t[71] = -1.49; p = 0.140). These results suggest that caregivers with a greater sense of personal mastery may be protected from the negative effects of caregiver stress.

C-reactive protein production in term human placental tissue

OBJECTIVE: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation. Recently, it has been shown that CRP is present in amniotic fluid and fetal urine, and that elevated levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. However, the precise source of amniotic fluid CRP, its regulation, and function during pregnancy is still a matter of debate. The present in vivo and in vitro studies were designed to investigate the production of CRP in human placental tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten paired blood samples from peripheral maternal vein (MV), umbilical cord artery (UA) and umbilical vein (UV) were collected from women with elective caesarean sections at term. The placental protein accumulation capacity of hCG, hPL, leptin and CRP was compared with the dual in vitro perfusion method of an isolated cotyledon of human term placentae and quantified by ELISA. Values for accumulation (release) were calculated as total accumulation of maternal and fetal circuits normalized for tissue weight and duration of perfusion. For gene expression, RNA was extracted from placental tissue and reverse transcribed. RT-PCR and real-time PCR were performed using specific primers. RESULTS: The median (range) CRP level was significantly different between UA and UV [50.1 ng/ml (12.1-684.6) vs. 61 ng/ml (16.9-708.1)]. The median (range) difference between UV and UA was 9.3 ng/ml (2.2-31.6). A significant correlation was found between MV CRP and both UA and UV CRP levels. Median (range) MV CRP levels [2649 ng/ml (260.1-8299)] were 61.2 (6.5-96.8) fold higher than in the fetus. In vitro, the total accumulation rates (mean+/-SD) were 31+/-13 (mU/g/min, hCG), 1.16+/-0.19 (microg/g/min, hPL), 4.71+/-1.91 (ng/g/min, CRP), and 259+/-118 (pg/g/min, leptin). mRNA for hCG, hPL and leptin was detectable using conventional RT-PCR, while CRP mRNA could only be demonstrated by applying real-time RT-PCR. In the perfused tissue the transcript levels for the four proteins were comparable to those detected in the native control tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the human placenta produces and releases CRP mainly into the maternal circulation similarly to other analyzed placental proteins under in vitro conditions. Further studies are needed to explore the exact role of placental CRP during pregnancy.

Chlorhexidine and preservation of sound tooth structure in older adults. A placebo-controlled trial

The Trial to Enhance Elderly Teeth Health (TEETH) was designed to test the impact of regular rinsing with a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on tooth loss, and the causes of tooth loss (caries, periodontal disease and trauma) were also investigated. This paper reports on the effectiveness of a 0.12% CHX solution for controlling caries using a tooth surface (coronal and root) survival analysis. A total of 1,101 low income elders in Seattle (United States) and Vancouver (Canada), aged 60-75 years, were recruited for a double-blind clinical trial and assigned to either a CHX (n = 550) or a placebo (n = 551) mouth rinse. Subjects alternated between daily rinsing for 1 month, followed by weekly rinsing for 5 months. All sound coronal and root surfaces at baseline were followed annually for up to 5 years. At each follow-up examination, those tooth surfaces with caries, restored, or extracted were scored as 'carious'. The hazard ratio associated with CHX for a sound surface to become filled, decayed, or extracted was 0.87 for coronal surfaces (95% confidence interval: 0.71-1.14, p = 0.20) and 0.91 for root surfaces (95% confidence interval: 0.73-1.14, p = 0.41). These findings suggest that regular rinsing with CHX does not have a substantial effect on the preservation of sound tooth structure in older adults.