18. Sitzung der Europäischen Binnenfischerei-Beratungskommission (ElFAC/FA0)

Die Europäische Binnenfischerei-Beratungskommission (EIFAC) wurde als Regionalorganisation der FAO im Jahre 1957 gegründet. Es ist ihre Aufgabe, die Binnenfischerei zu fördern und fortzuentwickeln und die Regierungen der Mitgliedsstaaten sowie die FAO in diesem Zusammenhang zu beraten. In der Zeit vom 24.5.-26.5.1994 fand unter der Leitung des Berichterstatters am Sitz der FAO in Rom die 18. Tagung der EIFAC mit über 70 Delegierten und Beobachtern aus 26 Mitgliedsländern statt.

Aperiodic structures in optics and integrated optics and the transverse Bragg reflector laser

The first part of this work describes the uses of aperiodic structures in optics and integrated optics. In particular, devices are designed, fabricated, tested and analyzed which make use of a chirped grating corrugation on the surface of a dielectric waveguide. These structures can be used as input-output couplers, multiplexers and demultiplexers, and broad band filters.

Next, a theoretical analysis is made of the effects of a random statistical variation in the thicknesses of layers in a dielectric mirror on its reflectivity properties. Unlike the intentional aperiodicity introduced in the chirped gratings, the aperiodicity in the Bragg reflector mirrors is unintentional and is present to some extent in all devices made. The analysis involved in studying these problems relies heavily on the coupled mode formalism. The results are compared with computer experiments, as well as tests of actual mirrors.

The second part of this work describes a novel method for confining light in the transverse direction in an injection laser. These so-called transverse Bragg reflector lasers confine light normal to the junction plane in the active region, through reflection from an adjacent layered medium. Thus, in principle, it is possible to guide light in a dielectric layer whose index is lower than that of the surrounding material. The design, theory and testing of these diode lasers are discussed.

Recent investigations on zooplankton in the Limnological Institute of the University of Freiburg, in Falkau (Germany). [Translation from: Acta cient.Venezolana 18, 94-97, 1967. ]

Histochemical experiments are conducted in order to study the interrenal cells of European brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri).

The transport of aquatic animals by birds. [Translation from: Binnengewaesser 18, 156-159, 1950.]

A great deal has been written on the part which birds play in the dispersal of freshwater fauna. This article summarises literature on the dispersal of aquatic animals by birds and aquatic insects.

Cytological aspects of gonadotropic cells and pre-opticoneurohypophysial neurosecretion during the ovarian cycle of Eudontomyzon danfordi. [Translation from: Studia Univ.Babes-Bolyai, Biologia 18 105-113, 1973.]

The connection between the activity of the gonadotropic cells of the hypophysis and the neurosecretion in the pre-optico neuro-hypophysial system in different groups of vertebrates has been examined by many authors. It has been established that in many species there exists some kind of synchronism between the sexual cycle and the cellular activity of neurosecretion, a fact that has led to the prevailing idea that gonadotropic activity in the hypophysis is regulated by the hypothalamus. This paper summarises the results of experiments made in this direction on Cyclostomata. The materials for research came from adult individuals of Eudontomyson danfordi Regan taken from the rivers Somes-Rece and Ivo (Harghita district) at different times of the year.

A study of flow conditions near the substratum in an experimental channel [Translation from: Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 18, 718-725, 1972]

In a slow flow, on a smooth uniform substratum, a limited bed allows the existence of currents slow enough for benthic invertebrates. These conditions rarely occur naturally. The investigations carried out in this work aimed, on an intermediary scale, to define the influence of irregularities in the substratum on flow near the bottom. The substrata used were made of glass marbles. The investigations were carried out in a transparent channel of 70 cm in length and a rectangular section 10 x 5 cm. The data was analysed to study the general evolution of flow in terms of average speeds and the appearance of the turbulence near the bottom.

Fish zoning of some watercourses in Normandy [Translation from: Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 18, 1135-1146, 1972]

The identification of fish zones in western and central Europe has been the objective some major studies. This paper concerns a stream in Normandy specially studied by the author in 1969 and 1970 in the framework of a study on the role of the mean temperature in fish zoning. The paper propounds the comparative study of the morphodynamic and occasionally physico-chemical characteristics, as well as the results of previous sampling by electric fishing of the fish populations of two other streams of the higher Cretaceous layer and supplied by ”chalky” water in Normandy and Picardy.

Aberration measurement of projection optics in lithographic tools based on two-beam interference theory

The degradation of image quality caused by aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools is a serious problem in optical lithography. We propose what we believe to be a novel technique for measuring aberrations of projection optics based on two-beam interference theory. By utilizing the partial coherent imaging theory, a novel model that accurately characterizes the relative image displacement of a fine grating pattern to a large pattern induced by aberrations is derived. Both even and odd aberrations are extracted independently from the relative image displacements of the printed patterns by two-beam interference imaging of the zeroth and positive first orders. The simulation results show that by using this technique we can measure the aberrations present in the lithographic tool with higher accuracy. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Aberration measurement of projection optics in lithographic tools by use of an alternating phase-shifting mask

As a critical dimension shrinks, the degradation in image quality caused by wavefront aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools becomes a serious problem. It is necessary to establish a technique for a fast and accurate in situ aberration measurement. We introduce what we believe to be a novel technique for characterizing the aberrations of projection optics by using an alternating phase-shifting mask. The even aberrations, such as spherical aberration and astigmatism, and the odd aberrations, such as coma, are extracted from focus shifts and image displacements of the phase-shifted pattern, respectively. The focus shifts and the image displacements are measured by a transmission image sensor. The simulation results show that, compared with the accuracy of the previous straightforward measurement technique, the accuracy of the coma measurement increases by more than 30% and the accuracy of the spherical-aberration measurement increases by approximately 20%. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Measurement technique for in situ characterizing aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools

As the feature size decreases, degradation of image quality caused by wavefront aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools has become a serious problem in the low-k1 process. We propose a novel measurement technique for in situ characterizing aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools. Considering the impact of the partial coherence illumination, we introduce a novel algorithm that accurately describes the pattern displacement and focus shift induced by aberrations. Employing the algorithm, the measurement condition is extended from three-beam interference to two-, three-, and hybrid-beam interferences. The experiments are performed to measure the aberrations of projection optics in an ArF scanner. (C) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Microoptical research in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics

This paper summarized the recent research results of Changhe Zhou's group of Information Optics Lab in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM). The first is about the Talbot self-imaging research. We have found the symmetry rule, the regular-rearranged neighboring phase difference rule and the prime-number decamping rule, which is briefly summarized in a recent educational publication of Optics and Photonics News, pp.46-50, November 2004. The second is about four novel microoptical gratings designed and fabricated in SIOM. The third is about the design and fabrication of novel supperresolution phase plates for beam shaping and possible use in optical storage. The fourth is to develop novel femtosecond laser information processing techniques by incorporating microoptical elements, for example, use of a pair of reflective Dammann gratings for splitting the femtosecond laser pulses. The most attractive feature of this approach is that the conventional beam splitter is avoided. The conventional beam splitter would introduce the unequal dispersion due to the broadband spectrum of ultrashort laser pulses, which will affect the splitting result. We implemented the Dammann splitting apparatus by using two-layered reflective Dammann gratings, which generates the almost same array without angular dispersion. We believe that our device is highly interesting for splitting femtosecond laser pulses.