A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54% carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70% carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

Acid and salt uptake during the marinatig process of Engraulis anchoita fillets influence of the solution: fish ratio and agitation

The aims of this research were to determine the effect of different conditions of the marination stage on the salt and acid uptake, immersion time, and sensorial characteristics during the marinating process of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita). Different solution:fish ratios and the agitation effect during this stage were analyzed. The ratios used were: 0.77:1, 3:1 and 10:1 (with and without agitation). An increase of marinating solution:fish ratio causes a higher speed of acid and salt penetration The product obtained with the 10:1 ratio had a dry and fibrous texture and a slightly salty taste. Salt concentration was statistically significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the samples with agitation. Agitation did not influence the acid uptake, and the salt penetration speed decreased, but rancidity was detected in this product. The ratio 3:1 decreases the marinating time without damaging sensory attributes and can be used in the fish marinating process.

Influence of passion fruit albedo, citric acid, and the pulp/sugar ratio on the quality of banana preserves

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the citric acid concentration, pulp/sugar ratio, and albedo concentration of the passion fruit peel on physical, physiochemical, and sensorial characteristics of the 'Silver' banana preserves. A 2³ factorial design and 3 repetitions in the central point were used. The albedo concentration between 0 and 3% had significant influence on the reduction of the reducing sugars and on the decrease in titratable acidity. The increase in the pulp/sugar ratio exerted a negative effect on the pH and positive on the titratable acidity; the acid addition reduced the non-reducing sugar level. The sensorial evaluation and purchase intention indicated that the incorporation of a maximum of 1.5% albedo in formulations containing 50% pulp and 0.5% citric acid resulted in products with good acceptability in comparison with the formulation in which 60% pulp and an absence of acid or albedo is utilized.

An investigation into the functional role of the D1:1 and D1:2 polypeptides in photosystem II in cyanobacteria : the effect of changing PSI/PSII ratio on photoinhibition in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 /

The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (Anacystis nidulans R2) adjusts its photosynthetic function by changing one of the polypeptides of photosystem II. This polypeptide, called Dl, is found in two forms in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Changing the growth light conditions by increasing the light intensity to higher levels results in replacement of the original form of D 1 polypeptide, D 1: 1, with another form, D 1 :2. We investigated the role of these two polypeptides in two mutant strains, R2S2C3 (only Dl:l present) and R2Kl (only Dl:2 present) In cells with either high or low PSI/PSII. R2S2C3 cells had a lower amplitude for 77 K fluorescence emission at 695 nm than R2Kl cells. Picosecond fluorescence decay kinetics showed that R2S2C3 cells had shorter lifetimes than R2Kl cells. The lower yields and shorter lifetimes observed in the D 1 and Dl:2 containing cells. containing cells suggest that the presence of D 1: 1 results in more photochemical or non-photochemical quenching of excitation energy In PSII. One of the most likely mechanisms for the increased quenching in R2S2C3 cells could be an increased efficiency in the transfer of excitation energy from PSII to PSI. However, photophysical studies including 77 K fluorescence measurements and picosecond time resolved decay kinetics comparing low and high PSI/PSII cells did not support the hypothesis that D 1: 1 facilitates the dissipation of excess energy by energy transfer from PSII to PSI. In addition physiological studies of oxygen evolution measurements after photoinhibition treatments showed that the two mutant cells had no difference in their susceptibility to photoinhibition with either high PSI/PSII ratio or low PSI/PSII ratio. Again suggesting that, the energy transfer efficiency from PSII to PSI is likely not a factor in the differences between Dl:l and Dl:2 containing cells.

Sexual selections in the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus: a manipulation of the adult sex ratio

The operational sex ratio has long been considered an important constraint on the structure of mating systems. The effects of an experimentally manipulated sex ratio on mating behavior and selection were investigated in a polygynous species, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, where the potential exists for spatial/temporal fluctuations in sex ratio of field populations. Four different sex ratios (males: females, 5:0, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10) were investigated. Observations were conducted in late summer over two field seasons, from 2400 h , to 1000 h EST. Several male characters thought to be associated with male reproduc.tive success were studied: calling duration, searching distance, weight, fighting behavior, courtship frequency, and mating success. Variance in male mating success was used as the indicator for the opportunity for sexual selection. Total selection was estimated as the univariate regression coefficient between relative fitness and the character of interest, while direct selection was estimated as standardized partial regression coefficients generated from a multiple regression of relative fitness on each character. The opportunity for sexual selection was highest at 5:2 and lowest at 5:10. The frequency of fighting behavior was highest at 5:2 and 5:5. Fighting ability (% wins) was determined to be an important correlate of male body weight. Direct selection for increased male body weight was detected at 5:2, while total selection for body weight was seen at 5:5. Selection on male body weight was not detected at 5: 10. Calling duration decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased. Total and direct selection were detected for increased calling at 5:2, only total selection for calling was seen at 5:5, whereas direct selection against calling was detected at 5: 10. Searching distance also decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased, however no form of selection was detected for searching at any of the sex ratios. Data are discussed in terms of sexual selection on male reproductive tactics, the mating system and maintenance of genetic variation in male reproductive behavior.

La prévisibilité à long terme des rendements des actifs financiers: leur dépendance significative du carré et du cube du ratio dividende-prix.

Rapport de recherche

Une nouvelle méthode de détection du glaucome par la mesure de l'asymétrie interoculaire : l’asymétrie du rapport de la surface neurorétinienne sur la surface du disque optique ou rim area to disc area asymmetry ratio (RADAAR)

Cette thèse constitue à la fois un apport de nature clinique et technologique dans l’approche diagnostique du glaucome. Plus précisément, nous nous proposons d’étudier une nouvelle façon de détecter le glaucome par la mesure de l’asymétrie du rapport de la surface de l’anneau neurorétinien et de la surface de la papille ou du disque optique ou rim to disc area asymmetry ratio (RADAAR). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons recours à une base de données composée d’une population subdivisée en 4 différents groupes de diagnostic (normal, glaucome possible, glaucome probable et glaucome définitif). Les mesures du RADAAR sont calculées de différentes façons à partir des paramètres stéréométriques de la tête du nerf optique des sujets, produits par la microscopie confocale à balayage laser (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany)). Nous procédons à une analyse de données grâce au logiciel SPSS où nous mettons en exergue la distribution du RADAAR dans les différentes populations, sa validité et son utilité dans le dépistage du glaucome. Nous enrôlons donc 523 sujets dans cette étude avec 82 sujets atteints de glaucome définitif. La moyenne d’âge est de 62 ans. Il y a plus de femmes que d’hommes et plus de Caucasiens que d’Africains Caribéens. Nous trouvons que la distribution de la mesure du RADAAR est différente des sujets d’un groupe de diagnostic à l’autre. En termes de performance, la sensibilité de la mesure du RADAAR est très basse c'est-à-dire que sa capacité de détecter la maladie est basse. En revanche la mesure du RADAAR est plus spécifique c'est-à-dire que sa capacité d’identifier les sujets exempts de la maladie est plus grande. Elle tendrait à être aussi plus performante chez les Africains Caribéens que chez les Caucasiens. De même, elle serait plus sensible chez les hommes que chez les femmes. La mesure du RADAAR est utile si on l’associe à une autre méthode de diagnostic comme l’analyse de Régression de Moorfields (MRA) incluse dans le logiciel du HRT3 spécialement lors de la détection du glaucome dans la population à haut risque. En définitive, nous déterminons que la mesure du RADAAR se veut un outil d’aide au diagnostic. Elle est particulièrement intéressante dans le contexte de dépistage de glaucome.

Effet des changements du ratio alimentaire oméga-3/oméga-6 dans un modèle d’infarctus du myocarde reperfusé chez le rat

Une mort cellulaire par apoptose impliquant un processus inflammatoire est observée dans le système limbique, suite à un infarctus du myocarde. Les oméga-3 et ses métabolites, en plus de leurs propriétés bénéfiques pour le système cardiovasculaire, réduisent l’inflammation, contrairement aux oméga-6 qui sont plus pro-inflammatoires. Comme le métabolisme de ces deux acides gras essentiels impliquent les mêmes enzymes, le ratio alimentaire oméga-3/6 aurait donc des impacts importants sur l'état inflammatoire et ainsi indirectement sur l'apoptose. Conséquemment, cette étude a pour but d'évaluer l'effet de différents ratios oméga-3/6 sur la taille de l’infarctus, l’inflammation et l’apoptose dans le système limbique suite à un infarctus du myocarde. Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été aléatoirement distribués dans trois groupes contenant des ratios 1:1, 1:5 et 5:1 oméga-3/6. Ils ont été nourris pendant 2 semaines, suivie d’une occlusion de l’artère coronaire gauche descendante pendant 40 minutes et d’une période de reperfusion (15 min et 24 h). De hauts ratios d’oméga-3 (5:1 et 1:1) diminuent significativement la taille de l’infarctus de 32 % et augmentent l’activité d’Akt, impliquée dans la voie cardioprotectrice RISK, comparativement au ratio 1:5. Ils diminuent aussi la concentration plasmatique de TNF-D. Dans le système limbique, l’activité de la caspase-3 est augmentée dans la région CA1, après 15 min, et dans les régions du CA1 et du gyrus dentelé (Gd), après 24 h, avec la diète 1:5 en comparaison aux diètes 1:1 et 5:1. L’activité enzymatique de la caspase-8 est augmentée dans le Gd, alors que dans le CA1, il y a une activité plus importante de la caspase-9 aux temps de reperfusion étudiés. Conclusion: Les diètes élevées en oméga-3/oméga-6 réduisent la taille de l'infarctus, l’inflammation et diminuent l’apoptose dans le système limbique après un infarctus du myocarde.

Relation entre le ratio infirmières-patients, la composition des équipes soignantes et la perception de l'environnement de pratique des infirmières

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio Optimization and Periphyton Development on the Production and Sustainability of Penaeus Monodon(Fabricius)in Extensive Culture System

Controlling the inorganic nitrogen by manipulating carbon / nitrogen ratio is a method gaining importance in aquaculture systems. Nitrogen control is induced by feeding bacteria with carbohydrates and through the subsequent uptake of nitrogen from the water for the synthesis of microbial proteins. The relationship between addition of carbohydrates, reduction of ammonium and the production of microbial protein depends on the microbial conversion coefficient. The carbon / nitrogen ratio in the microbial biomass is related to the carbon contents of the added material. The addition of carbonaceous substrate was found to reduce inorganic nitrogen in shrimp culture ponds and the resultant microbial proteins are taken up by shrimps. Thus, part of the feed protein is replaced and feeding costs are reduced in culture systems.The use of various locally available substrates for periphyton based aquaculture practices increases production and profitability .However, these techniques for extensive shrimp farming have not so far been evaluated. Moreover, an evaluation of artificial substrates together with carbohydrate source based farming system in reducing inorganic nitrogen production in culture systems has not yet been carried-out. Furthermore, variations in water and soil quality, periphyton production and shrimp production of the whole system have also not been determined so-far.This thesis starts with a general introduction , a brief review of the most relevant literature, results of various experiments and concludes with a summary (Chapter — 9). The chapters are organised conforming to the objectives of the present study. The major objectives of this thesis are, to improve the sustainability of shrimp farming by carbohydrate addition and periphyton substrate based shrimp production and to improve the nutrient utilisation in aquaculture systems.

Investigation of aspect ratio of hole drilling from micro to nanoscale via focused ion beam fine milling

Holes with different sizes from microscale to nanoscale were directly fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) milling in this paper. Maximum aspect ratio of the fabricated holes can be 5:1 for the hole with large size with pure FIB milling, 10:1 for gas assistant etching, and 1:1 for the hole with size below 100 nm. A phenomenon of volume swell at the boundary of the hole was observed. The reason maybe due to the dose dependence of the effective sputter yield in low intensity Gaussian beam tail regions and redeposition. Different materials were used to investigate variation of the aspect ratio. The results show that for some special material, such as Ni-Be, the corresponding aspect ratio can reach 13.8:1 with Cl₂ assistant etching, but only 0.09:1 for Si(100) with single scan of the FIB.

Plasma polymerization of C[subscript 4]F[subscript 8] thin film on high aspect ratio silicon molds

High aspect ratio polymeric micro-patterns are ubiquitous in many fields ranging from sensors, actuators, optics, fluidics and medical. Second generation PDMS molds are replicated against first generation silicon molds created by deep reactive ion etching. In order to ensure successful demolding, the silicon molds are coated with a thin layer of C[subscript 4]F[subscript 8] plasma polymer to reduce the adhesion force. Peel force and demolding status are used to determine if delamination is successful. Response surface method is employed to provide insights on how changes in coil power, passivating time and gas flow conditions affect plasma polymerization of C[subscript 4]F[subscript 8].