Taylor v Caldwell (1863)

A Landmark Case is one which stands out from other less remarkable cases. Landmark status is generally accorded because the case marks the beginning or the end of a course of legal development. Taylor v Caldwell is regarded as a landmark case because it marks the beginning of a legal development: the introduction of the doctrine of frustration into English contract law. This chapter explores the legal and historical background to the case to ascertain if it is a genuine landmark. A closer scrutiny reveals that while the legal significance of the case is exaggerated, the historical significance of the cases reveals an unknown irony: the case is a suitable landmark to the frustration of human endeavours. While the existence of the Surrey Music Hall was brief, it brought insanity, imprisonment, bankruptcy and death to its creators.

The Liberal Way of War? French representations of the Allies, 1944-2008

This chapter looks at the ways in which Anglo-American participants in the Liberation of France have been represented in French narratives in the decades since the Second World War, through the developing French historiography of Allied participation in the War, and through the various roles assigned to the Allies in key postwar memorialisation ceremonies in France.

Aretusa: continuity, rupture, and space for intervention, 1944-1946

This article focuses on the cultural activity of Aretusa (1944-1946), a journal that was deeply connected to the inner circle of philosopher and politician Benedetto Croce (1866-1952). The article analyses the role played by periodical editors Francesco Flora (1891-1962) and Carlo Muscetta (1912-2004) in shaping the mission and direction of this journal. By drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, and the notion of hysteresis in particular, this study details the factors influencing the aesthetic dispositions, political positioning, and the wider impact of historical circumstances on the cultural practice of each editor while at the helm of the review.

The rise and fall of Benedetto Croce: intellectual positionings in the Italian cultural field 1944-1947

This article evaluates the discourse developed around Benedetto Croce in the Italian cultural periodical press between 1944 and 1947 and it discusses the forms of adversarial discourse and the agents involved in the anti-Croce polemics that unfolded in the Communist party’s official cultural journal Rinascita. Specifically, this article focuses on a selection of intellectuals who moved away from Crocean idealism to embrace Marxism in order to investigate how their conversion was presented in Rinascita.

Taxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863

Difficulties concerning the taxonomy of stauromedusae are long known, and there is a clear need for taxonomic revision of the genus Haliclystus, as well as the reevaluation of some species. Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 is recorded from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Due to the lack of detailed information on this species, we provide a redescription, presenting new data on the cnidome, morphometry, geographical distribution and intraspecific variation. Based on these characters, we propose that our specimens and Haliclystus auricula from Chile and Argentina are synonymous and should be classified as H. antarcticus. We also review the worldwide distribution of the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863 and discuss taxonomic issues, concluding that some characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of the group should be used cautiously.

Dyrbara experimenter : Införandet av modernare gatubelysning i Falu stad 1863-1888

Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa en aspekt av Faluns omvandling till modern stad. Den del i denna modernisering som vidrörs i uppsatsen är införandet av elektrisk gatubelysning. Frågeställningarna i uppsatsen rör diskussionen som föregicks i stadsförvaltningen då man införde elektrisk gatubelysning i Falun och anledningarna till införandet av elektrisk belysning. Materialet som har använts för undersökningen är protokoll från stadsfullmäktige och drätselkammare i Falun under perioden 1863-1888. Gatubelysningen i Falun har sedan 1849 varit i stadsförvaltningens regi. Flera olika metoder av gatubelysning har sedan dess tillämpats och ännu fler metoder har diskuterats men aldrig kommit till stånd. Denna uppsats rör också anledningarna till gatubelysning i Falun vilka var flera utöver att få gatorna belysta för nattvandrarna. Stävjandet av brottsligheten var en av dem, estetiken en annan men även ett självändamål tycks också skönjbart. Byggandet av den moderna staden krävde moderna metoder och material. Elektriciteten som metod för belysning av gator var i högsta grad modernt och Falun var bland de första städerna som antog elektrisk gatubelysning i Sverige.

Christopher-gillet i Långshyttan : en studie av en förening i bruksortsmiljö åren 1944-1954

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på vad Christopher-gillet i Långshyttan var för en slags förening samt vad de gjorde? Tiden som denna undersökning rör är 1944-1954. De tre frågeställningarna är: 1. Vilket syfte hade Christopher-gillet? 2. Vilka och hur många var medlemmar? 3. Vad ingick i Christopher-gillets verksamhet? Resultatet är att Christopher-gillet var i det närmaste en sällskapförening, termen sällskapsförening kommer ifrån Sören Larssons bok Förening och gemenskap. Det källmaterial som användes var Christopher-gillets medlemsmatrikel och mötesprotokoll åren 1944-1954. Christopher-gillets egen tidning Husby-rocken är även den använd som källmaterial.

In Their Footsteps, In Their Words: Special Section, 1813-1863

In Their Footsteps and In Their Words: Colby explores the first 50 years, from Jeremiah Chaplin to the Civil War.

Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae, Taeniophallus brevirostris (Peters, 1863): distribution extension and new state record.

Taeniophallus brevirostris is a dipsadid snake widely distributed in Amazon. Here we report a new Brazilian state record for the species, improving our knowledge of its geographic distribution. 0n 15 May of 2008, one female specimen was collected do Serra do Santo Expediot, Aripuana municipality, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This is the first record of this species for the state of Mato Grosso and extends its distribution ca. 300 kilometers from the nearest localities presented in literature.

Juvenile development of Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863 (Crustacea : Decapoda : Portunidae), from megalopae obtained in the neuston

The juvenile development of Callinectes ornatus was studied from megalopae collected in the neuston off Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The animals were raised in the laboratory under constant temperature (25 +/- 1 degrees C), filtered sea water (35 parts per thousand) from the sampling location, and the natural photoperiod. Eleven stages of the juvenile phase were obtained. The main features of the first juvenile stage diagnostic of the species are: the number of segments in the antenna; number of setae on the exopod, endopod, basal endite and coxal endite of the maxilla, on the exopod, endopod, basal endite, coxal endite and epipod of the 1(st) maxilliped, and on the exopod, endopod and epipod of the 2(nd) maxilliped. Sexual dimorphism becomes apparent from the fourth juvenile stage onwards.

Phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical pseudopolybia de saussure, 1863, with description of the male genitalia of pseudopolybia vespiceps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae, epiponini)

The male genitalia of Pseudopolybia vespiceps are described and compared to congeners. Characters of the male genitalia are combined with morphological characters of the females and nests and used in a phylogenetic analysis. The single cladogram resulting supports monophyly of the genus Pseudopolybia and interrelationships among the species as: P. langi + (P. difficilis + (P. compressa + P. vespiceps)). A new, illustrated identification key is presented.