PV-1: Leukocyte trafficking molecule and vascular marker

The distinction between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels is a crucial factor in many studies in immunology, vascular biology and cancer biology. They both share several characteristics and perform related, though different functions. They are equally important for the performance of the human immune system with the continuous recirculation of leukocytes from the tissues via lymphatics to the blood vessels and back into the tissue presenting the link between both systems. This study was undertaken to elucidate the differences in the gene expression between primary blood- and lymphatic endothelial cells as well as the two immortalized cell lines HMEC-1 (human microvascular endothelial cell line 1) and TIME (telomerase immortalized microvascular endothelial cell line). Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the mystery surrounding the identity of the antigen recognized by the prototype blood vascular marker PAL-E. In the last step we wanted to study whether the PAL-E antigen would be involved in the process of leukocyte migration from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue. Our results clearly show that the gene expression in primary blood endothelial cells (BEC), lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and the cell lines HMEC-1 and TIME is plastic. Comparison of a large set of BEC- and LEC datasets allowed us to assemble a catalog of new, stable BEC- or LEC specific markers, which we verified in independent experiments. Additionally, several lines of evidence demonstrated that PAL-E recognizes plasmalemma vesicle associated protein 1 (PV-1), which can form complexes with vimentin and neuropilin-1. Finally, numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments identify the first function of the protein PV-1 during leukocyte trafficking, where it acts as regulatory molecule.

Specific fluorogenic substrates for neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11) which are highly resistant to serine- and metalloproteases

Two intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic peptides containing o-aminobenzoyl (Abz) and ethylenediamine 2,4-dinitrophenyl (EDDnp) groups at amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues, Abz-DArg-Arg-Leu-EDDnp (Abz-DRRL-EDDnp) and Abz-DArg-Arg-Phe-EDDnp (Abz-DRRF-EDDnp), were selectively hydrolyzed by neutral endopeptidase (NEP, enkephalinase, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11) at the Arg-Leu and Arg-Phe bonds, respectively. The kinetic parameters for the NEP-catalyzed hydrolysis of Abz-DRRL-EDDnp and Abz-DRRF-EDDnp were Km = 2.8 µM, kcat = 5.3 min-1, kcat/Km = 2 min-1 µM-1 and Km = 5.0 µM, kcat = 7.0 min-1, kcat/Km = 1.4 min-1 µM-1, respectively. The high specificity of these substrates was demonstrated by their resistance to hydrolysis by metalloproteases [thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.2), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.24.15)], serineproteases [trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), a-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1)] and proteases present in tissue homogenates from kidney, lung, brain and testis. The blocked amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acids protected these substrates against the action of aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases and ACE. Furthermore, DR amino acids ensured total protection of Abz-DRRL-EDDnp and Abz-DRRF-EDDnp against the action of thermolysin and trypsin. Leu-EDDnp and Phe-EDDnp were resistant to hydrolysis by a-chymotrypsin. The high specifity of these substrates suggests their use for specific NEP assays in crude enzyme preparations

The measurement of the optical absorption cross section of photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 from whole live cells of porphyridium cruentum, in light state 1 and light state 2

The optical cross section of PS I in whole cells of Porphyridium cruentum (UTEX 161), held in either state 1 or state 2, was determined by measuring the change in absorbance at 820nm, an indication of P700+; the X-section of PS2 was determined by measuring the variable fluorescence, (Fv-Fo)/Fo, from PS2. Both cross-sections were 7 determined by fitting Poisson distribution equations to the light saturation curves obtained with single turnover laser flashes which varied in intensity from zero to a level where maximum yield occurred. Flash wavelengths of 574nm, 626nm, and 668nm were used, energy absorbed by PBS, by PBS and chla, and by chla respectively. There were two populations of both PSi and PS2. A fraction of PSi is associated with PBS, and a fraction of PS2 is free from PBS. On the transition S1->S2, only with PBS-absorbed energy (574nm) did the average X-section of PSi increase (27%), and that of PS2 decrease (40%). The fraction of PSi associated with PBS decreased, from 0.65 to 0.35, and the Xsection of this associated PS 1 increased, from 135±65 A2 to 400±300A2. The cross section of PS2 associated with PBS decreased from 150±50 A2 to 85±45 A2, but the fraction of PS2 associated with PBS, approximately 0.75, did not change significantly. The increase in PSi cross section could not be completely accounted for by postulating that several PSi are associated with a single PBS and that in the transition to state2, fewer PSi share the same number of PBS, resulting in a larger X-section. It is postulated that small changes occur in the attachment of PS2 to PBS causing energy to be diverted to the attached PSi. These experiments support neither the mobile-PBS model of state transitions nor that of spillover. From cross section changes there was no evidence of energy transfer from PS2 to PSi with 668nm light. The decrease in PS2 fluorescence which occurred at this wavelength cannot be explained by energy transfer; another explanation must be sought. No explanation was found for an observed decrease in PSi yield at high flash intensities.

Surface display of proteins by Gram-negative bacterial autotransporters

Affiliation: Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal

Synthèse et caractérisation physicochimique de peptides de polyglutamines

Neuf maladies neurodégénératives sont le produit de l’expression de gènes mutés, dans lesquels le codon CAG est répété au-delà d’un seuil pathologique. Ceci produit des protéines mutantes dans lesquelles sont insérés des segments de polyglutamines (polyGln), qui perdent leur activité et acquièrent une nouvelle fonction, ce qui est toxique pour le neurone. Ces altérations sont attribuables aux propriétés particulières de la polyGln. En effet, ces dernières possèdent la capacité de s’assembler pour former des corps d’inclusion intracellulaires. Cette propension à l’agrégation de la polyGln rend difficile l’étude de ces pathologies. C’est ainsi que l’utilisation de peptides peut s’avérer une approche avantageuse. Toutefois, la synthèse de polyGln est associée à de nombreuses délétions et nécessite l’ajout de groupements chargés afin de permettre leur purification. Cependant, ce prérequis donne lieu à des interactions électrostatiques qui biaisent la structure et la cinétique d’agrégation de ces peptides, en plus d’interférer avec l’évaluation d’éventuels agents thérapeutiques. L’objectif du projet est de développer un système permettant l’étude de la polyGln en s’affranchissant des effets de charges. Pour ce faire, deux approches ont été explorées, la première utilise la polyGln non chargée et la seconde utilise une structure polyGln-morpholine ayant des charges labiles en fonction du pH. Ces peptides ont été produits en utilisant une approche linéaire de synthèse peptidique sur support solide avec protection maximale des chaînes latérales. La purification a été effectuée par chromatographie de haute performance en phase inverse en milieu acide. Ces stratégies ont permis de produire des peptides de polyGln de grande pureté avec des rendements acceptables. Une procédure de solubilisation des peptides alliant sonication et lyophilisation a été développée afin d’étudier chacun de ces peptides à l’aide de diverses techniques physicochimiques, telles que la diffusion de la lumière, la spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire, Raman et UV-visible, le dichroïsme circulaire et la microscopie optique polarisée. La polyGln non chargée solubilisée dans le trifluoroéthanol-eau a montré que la taille des particules et la vitesse d’agrégation sont proportionnelles à la fraction volumique en eau. De plus, la structure secondaire en solution est à prédominance alpha et semble être peu sensible à la fraction d’eau jusqu’à un certain seuil (25%) après lequel la structure aléatoire prédomine. L’analyse des agrégats à l’état solide montre des structures hélicoïdales > aléatoires et ont les caractéristiques des fibrilles amyloïdes. Le peptide de polyGln-morpholines a un pKa de 7,3 en milieu aqueux. Il demeure en solution lorsque le pH < pKa et à faible force ionique, alors qu’il s’autoassemble lorsque ces conditions ne sont pas respectées. Ceci suggère que la répulsion électrostatique est responsable de la stabilisation du peptide en solution. La dimension fractale nous indique que le peptide forme des agrégats compacts dont les constituants ont une taille de 2,5 nm, compatibles avec une conformation aléatoire compacte, en coude bêta ou hélicoïdale. Ceci est en accord avec l’étude structurale des peptides en solution qui a montré des espèces aléatoires > bêta > alpha. De plus, en RMN, l’élargissement des signaux du 1Hγ en cours d’agrégation suggère une interaction via les chaînes latérales. Les analyses en phase solide ont plutôt montré une prédominance de structures bêta et alpha. L’inhibition de l’agrégation à pH 8 varie selon rouge de Congo > tréhalose, alors que le peptide liant la polyGln 1 et la thioflavine T ne semble pas avoir d’effet. Ces approches ont donc permis pour la première fois de s’affranchir des effets de charges auparavant inhérents à l’étude de la polyGln en solution et par conséquent d’obtenir des informations inédites quant à la solubilité, la structure et la cinétique d’agrégation. Enfin, le dispositif à charges labiles permet d’évaluer l’efficacité d’éventuels agents thérapeutiques à pH quasi physiologique.

Étude de la protéine sigma 1 de réovirus par génétique inverse.

Réovirus, connu sous le nom REOLYSIN®, est présentement à l'étude à titre d'agent oncolytique. Or, la spécificité du virus pour les cellules cancéreuses pourrait être optimisée par une modification au niveau de la protéine d'attachement σ1. La présente étude vise à démontrer qu'une telle amélioration est possible par l'utilisation de la méthode nouvellement décrite de génétique inverse. Par cette technique, il est possible d'ajouter un polypeptide d'une longueur de quarante acides aminés à l'extrémité C-terminale de σ1. Il est aussi possible d'engendrer des virus mutés en leur site d'activité mucinolytique. Les virus nouvellement créés démontrent une efficacité de réplication diminuée, mais demeurent infectieux. Contrairement aux méthodes traditionnellement utilisées avec réovirus, la méthode de génétique inverse permet de conserver les mutations engendrées, par substitution ou addition, au cours des cycles de réplication. Une telle étude démontre qu'il serait possible de modifier le tropisme de réovirus.

Mécanismes de régulation du trafic et de l’activité du récepteur GABAB

L’acide γ-aminobutyrique (GABA) est le principal neurotransmetteur inhibiteur du système nerveux central et est impliqué dans diverses pathologies incluant l’épilepsie, l’anxiété, la dépression et la dépendance aux drogues. Le GABA agit sur l’activité neuronale par l’activation de deux types de récepteurs; le canal chlorique pentamérique GABAA et l’hétérodimère obligatoire de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) GABAB. Chacun des récepteurs est responsable de phases distinctes de la réponse cellulaire au GABA. Lors d’une stimulation par le GABA, il est essentiel pour la cellule de pouvoir contrôler le niveau d’activité des récepteurs et au besoin, de limiter leur activation par des mécanismes de désensibilisation et de régulation négative. La désensibilisation nécessite le découplage du récepteur de ses effecteurs, ainsi que sa compartimentation hors de la membrane plasmique dans le but de diminuer la réponse cellulaire à l’agoniste. Les mécanismes de contrôle de l’activité de GABAB semblent anormaux pour un RCPG et sont encore mal moléculairement caractérisés. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier la régulation du récepteur GABAB et de sa signalisation par la caractérisation de nouvelles protéines d’interactions étant impliquées dans la désensibilisation, l’internalisation et la dégradation du récepteur. Une première étude nous a permis d’identifier la protéine NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor) comme interagissant avec le récepteur hétérodimérique. Nous avons caractérisé le site d’interaction au niveau du domaine coiled-coil de chacune des deux sous-unités de GABAB et constaté la dépendance de cette interaction au statut de l’activité ATPasique de NSF. Nous avons observé que cette interaction pouvait être dissociée par l’activation de GABAB, induisant la phosphorylation du récepteur par la protéine kinase C (PKC) parallèlement à la désensibilisation du récepteur. L’activation de PKC par le récepteur est dépendante de l’interaction NSF-GABAB, ce qui suggère une boucle de rétroaction entre NSF et PKC. Nous proposons donc un modèle où, à l’état basal, le récepteur interagit avec NSF, lui permettant d’activer PKC en réponse à la stimulation par un agoniste, et où cette activation permet à PKC de phosphoryler le récepteur, induisant sa dissociation de NSF et sa désensibilisation. Nous avons par la suite étudié la dégradation et l’ubiquitination constitutive de GABAB et la régulation de celles-ci par PKC et l’enzyme de déubiquitination USP14 (ubiquitin-specific protease 14). Au niveau basal, le récepteur est ubiquitiné, et présente une internalisation et une dégradation rapide. L’activation de PKC augmente l’ubiquitination à la surface cellulaire et l’internalisation, et accélère la dégradation du récepteur. USP14 est en mesure de déubiquitiner le récepteur suite à l’internalisation, mais accélère aussi la dégradation par un mécanisme indépendant de son activité enzymatique. Nos résultats suggèrent un mécanisme où l’ubiquitination promeut l’internalisation et où USP14 cible le récepteur ubiquitiné vers un processus de dégradation lysosomale. La troisième étude porte sur la régulation de la densité de récepteurs à la membrane plasmique par la protéine Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2). Nous avons déterminé que Grb2 interagit avec GABAB1 au niveau de la séquence PEST (riche en proline, glutamate, sérine et thréonine) du domaine carboxyl-terminal, et que cette interaction module l’expression à la surface du récepteur hétérodimérique en diminuant l’internalisation constitutive par un mécanisme encore inconnu. Cette inhibition de l’internalisation pourrait provenir d’une compétition pour le site de liaison de Grb2 à GABAB1, ce site étant dans une région interagissant avec plusieurs protéines impliquées dans le trafic du récepteur, tels le complexe COPI et la sous-unité γ2S du récepteur GABAA (1, 2). En proposant de nouveaux mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant l’activité et l’expression à la membrane du récepteur GABAB par les protéines NSF, PKC, USP14 et Grb2, les études présentées dans cette thèse permettent de mieux comprendre les processus d’internalisation et de dégradation, ainsi que du contrôle de l’activité de GABAB par la désensibilisation, ouvrant la porte à une meilleure compréhension de la signalisation GABAergique.

Feeding rumen-inert fats differing in their degree of saturation decreases intake and increases plasma concentrations of gut peptides in lactating dairy cows

Our objective was to determine the effect of feeding rumen-inert fats differing in their degree of saturation on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) in lactating dairy cows. Four midlactation, primiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment with 2-wk periods. Cows were fed a control mixed ration ad libitum, and treatments were the dietary addition (3.5% of ration dry matter) of 3 rumen-inert fats as sources of mostly saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Daily DMI, milk yield, and composition were measured on the last 4 d of each period. Jugular vein blood was collected every 30 min over a 7-h period on d 12 and 14 of each period for analysis of plasma concentrations of hormones, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids. Feeding fat decreased DMI, and the decrease tended to be greater for MUFA and PUFA compared with SFA. Plasma concentration of GLP-1 increased when fat was fed and was greater for MUFA and PUFA. Feeding fat increased plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and CCK concentrations and decreased plasma insulin concentration. Plasma CCK concentration was greater for MUFA and PUFA than for SFA and was greater for MUFA than PUFA. Decreases in DMI in cows fed fat were associated with increased plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and CCK and a decreased insulin concentration. The role of these peptides in regulating DMI in cattle fed fat requires further investigation.

Plasma concentrations of gut peptides in dairy cattle increase after calving

Effects of transition from late gestation to early lactation on plasma concentrations of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1), and cholecystokinin (CCK) have not been reported in cattle. The objective of the present study was to measure plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, CCK, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids in blood plasma obtained from the coccygeal vein of 32 Holstein cows at an average of 11 d before, and 5, 12, and 19 d after calving. Feed dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 14.4, 17.7, and 19.9 kg/d on d 5, 12, and 19 of lactation, respectively, as milk yield increased (30.6, 36.6, and 39.7 kg/d, respectively). Plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose were lower postpartum than prepartum, but did not differ among samples collected after calving. In contrast, plasma concentration of gut peptides increased linearly after calving, perhaps as a consequence of increased feed intake and nutrient absorption; however, the increases in plasma concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 as lactation progressed were not associated with increased DMI per se, and likely reflect the endocrine and metabolic adaptations of lactogenesis. In contrast, increased concentration of CCK was related both to increasing days in milk and DMI. By 19 d postpartum, concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, and CCK increased by 2.3-, 1.8-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, compared with values at 11 d before calving. Although these peptides have direct and indirect effects that reduce appetite and DMI in other species (including increased insulin secretion), these may be glucose- or insulin-dependent functions, and insulin and glucose concentrations were reduced in early lactation.

Abomasal infusion of casein, starch and soybean oil differentially affect plasma concentrations of gut peptides and feed intake in lactating dairy cows

The effects of specific nutrients on secretion and plasma concentrations of gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1((7-36)) amide (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK)) differ across species, but are not reported for cattle. Our objective was to determine acute (hours) and chronic (1 week) effects of increased abomasal supply of protein, carbohydrate, or fat to the small intestine on dry matter intake (DMI) and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, CCK, and insulin. Four mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Treatments were 7-day abomasal infusions of water, soybean oil (500 g/d), corn starch (1100 g/d), or casein (800 g/d). Jugular vein plasma was obtained over 7 h at the end of the first and last day of infusions. Oil infusion decreased DMI on day 7, but total metabolizable energy (ME) supply (diet plus infusate) did not differ from water infusion. Casein and starch infusion had no effect on feed DMI; thus, ME supply increased. Decreased DMI on day 7 of oil infusion was accompanied by increased plasma GLP-1 concentration, but decreased plasma CCK concentration. Increased plasma GIP concentration was associated with increased ME supply on day 7 of casein and starch infusion. Casein infusion tended to increase plasma CCK concentration on both days of sampling, and increased plasma GLP-1 and insulin concentration on day 1 of infusion. The present data indicate a sustained elevation of plasma concentration of GLP-1, but not CCK, may contribute to the reduced DMI observed in dairy cows provided supplemental fat. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Supramolecular peptide helix from a novel double turn forming peptide containing a beta-amino acid

A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the terminally protected tetrapeptide Boc-beta-Ala-Aib-Leu-Aib-OMe 1 (Aib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; beta-Ala: beta-Alanine) reveals that it adopts a new type of double turn structure which self-associates to form a unique supramolecular helix through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Scanning electron microscopic studies show that peptide 1 exhibits amyloid-like fibrillar morphology in the solid state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Can a consecutive double turn conformation be considered as a peptide based molecular scaffold for supramolecular helix in the solid state?

Helices and sheets are ubiquitous in nature. However, there are also some examples of self-assembling molecules forming supramolecular helices and sheets in unnatural systems. Unlike supramolecular sheets there are a very few examples of peptide sub-units that can be used to construct supramolecular helical architectures using the backbone hydrogen bonding functionalities of peptides. In this report we describe the design and synthesis of two single turn/bend forming peptides (Boc-Phe-Aib-Ile-OMe 1 and Boc-Ala-Leu-Aib-OMe 2) (Aib: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) and a series of double-turn forming peptides (Boc-Phe-Aib-IIe-Aib-OMe 3, Boc-Leu-Aib-Gly-Aib-OMe 4 and Boc-gamma-Abu-Aib-Leu-Aib-OMe 5) (gamma-Abu: gamma-aminobutyric acid). It has been found that, in crystals, on self-assembly, single turn/bend forming peptides form either a supramolecular sheet (peptide 1) or a supramolecular helix (peptide 2). unlike self-associating double turn forming peptides, which have only the option of forming supramolecular helical assemblages. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of feed restriction and supplemental dietary fat on gut peptide and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations in growing wethers

The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat and ME intake on plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin; and 2) to determine the association of these peptides with DMI and the hypothalamic concentration of mRNA for the following neuropeptides: neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). In a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 32 pens with 2 wethers each were restricted-fed (2.45 Mcal/lamb per day) or offered diets ad libitum (n = 16) with or without 6% supplemental fat (n = 16) for a period of 30 d. Dry matter intake was measured daily. On d 8, 15, 22, and 29, BW was measured before feeding, and 6 h after feeding, blood samples were collected for plasma measurement of insulin, GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin, glucose, and NEFA concentrations. On d 29, blood was collected 30 min before feeding for the same hormone and metabolite analyses. At the end of the experiment, wethers were slaughtered and the hypothalami were collected to measure concentrations of NPY, AgRP, and POMC mRNA. Offering feed ad libitum (resulting in greater ME intake) increased plasma insulin and NEFA concentrations (P = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively) and decreased hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.02, respectively) compared with the restricted-fed wethers. There was a trend for the addition of dietary fat to decrease DMI (P = 0.12). Addition of dietary fat decreased insulin and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and tended to increase hypothalamic mRNA concentrations for NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.11, respectively). Plasma GLP-1 and CCK concentrations increased in wethers offered feed ad libitum compared with restricted-fed wethers, but the response was greater when wethers were offered feed ad libitum and had supplemental fat in the diet (fat x intake interaction, P = 0.04). The prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration was greater in restricted-fed wethers compared with those offered feed ad libitum, but the concentrations were similar 6 h after feeding (intake x time interaction, P < 0.01). Supplemental dietary fat did not affect (P = 0.22) plasma ghrelin concentration. We conclude that insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1 may regulate DMI in sheep by regulating the hypothalamic gene expression of NPY, AgRP, and POMC.

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of a very rare double μ-1,1-azido- and a μ-1,1-(OMe)-bridged FeIII dimer containing a N,N,O-donor tridentate Schiff base ligand

Two new Fe-III complexes, [Fe2L2(mu-OMe)(2)(NCS)(2)] (1) and [Fe2L2(mu-N-3)(2)(N-3)(2)] (2), have been synthesized using a N,N,O-donor tridentate Schiff base ligand HL {2-[(2-dimethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol}, the condensation product of salicylaldehyde and N,N-dimethyl-1,2-diaminoethane. The complexes were characterized by X-ray structural analyses and variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. Both crystal structures are centrosymmetric dimers containing two Fe-III atoms, which are bridged in compound 1 by two methoxy anions and in compound 2 by two mu-1,1-azides. The chelating tridentate Schiff base and a terminal thiocyanato (for 1) or azido (for 2) group complete the hexacoordination of the distorted octahedral environment of each iron center. The magnetic properties of compound 1 show the presence of antiferromagnetic exchange interactions mediated by double methoxy bridges (J = -29.45 cm(-1)). Compound 2 shows the presence of very weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions mediated by double mu-1,1-N-3 bridges (J = 1.08 cm(-1)).

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition downregulates Na(+)-H(+) exchanger NHE3 in rat renal proximal tubule

In the microvillar microdomain of the kidney brush border, sodium hydrogen exchanger type 3 (NHE3) exists in physical complexes with the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). The purpose of this study was to explore the functional relationship between NHE3 and DPPIV in the intact proximal tubule in vivo. To this end, male Wistar rats were treated with an injection of the reversible DPPIV inhibitor Lys [Z(NO(2))]-pyrrolidide (I40; 60 mg center dot kg(-1)center dot day(-1) ip) for 7 days. Rats injected with equal amounts of the noninhibitory compound Lys[ Z(NO(2))]-OH served as controls. Na(+) -H(+) exchange activity in isolated microvillar membrane vesicles was 45 +/- 5% decreased in rats treated with I40. Membrane fractionation studies using isopycnic centrifugation revealed that I40 provoked redistribution of NHE3 along with a small fraction of DPPIV from the apical enriched microvillar membranes to the intermicrovillar microdomain of the brush border. I40 significantly increased urine output ( 67 +/- 9%; P < 0.01), fractional sodium excretion ( 63 +/- 7%; P < 0.01), as well as lithium clearance ( 81 +/- 9%; P < 0.01), an index of end-proximal tubule delivery. Although not significant, a tendency toward decreased blood pressure and plasma pH/HCO(3)(-) was noted in I40-treated rats. These findings indicate that inhibition of DPPIV catalytic activity is associated with inhibition of NHE3-mediated NaHCO(3) reabsorption in rat renal proximal tubule. Inhibition of apical Na(+) -H(+) exchange is due to reduced abundance of NHE3 protein in the microvillar microdomain of the kidney brush border. Moreover, this study demonstrates a physiologically significant interaction between NHE3 and DPPIV in the intact proximal tubule in vivo.