Network governance and the domestic adoption of soft rules

European regulatory networks (ERNs) are in charge of producing and disseminating non-bindings standards, guidelines and recommendations in a number of important domains, such as banking and finance, electricity and gas, telecommunications, and competition regulation. The goal of these soft rules is to promote 'best practices', achieve co-ordination among regulatory authorities and ensure the consistent application of harmonized pro-competition rules across Europe. This contribution examines the domestic adoption of the soft rules developed within the four main ERNs. Different factors are expected to influence the process of domestic adoption: the resources of regulators; the existence of a review panel; and the interdependence of the issues at stake. The empirical analysis supports hypotheses about the relevance of network-level factors: monitoring and public reporting procedures increase the final level of adoption, while soft rules concerning highly interdependent policy areas are adopted earlier.

Students support demographically-based quotas with distributive justice rules favoring their selection at university

We manipulate distributive justice rules of demographic quotas in university selection. Results show that quotas involving students' need are preferred over equity and authority ranking quotas. International students also differentiate more between quotas than locals, preferring those advantaging them. This suggests that universities should consider students' need in their selection.

Forcing Usage Rules in PublicWireless LANs

Langattomien lähiverkkojen yleistyessä nopeasti suurten verkkojen teknologiana käyttösääntöjen valvonta tulee tarpeelliseksi. Tässä työssä kuvataan, kuinka käyttäjät voidaan pakottaa noudattamaan käyttösääntöjä julkisissa WLAN-verkoissa. Työssä käsiteltävät ongelmat koskevat menetelmiä epäluotettavien DHCP-palvelinten paljastamiseksi sekä omia IP-osoitteita käyttävien käyttäjien paljastamiseksi tilanteissa, jolloin IP-osoite ei ole virallisen DHCP-palvelimen myöntämä. Jokaisen menetelmän kohdalla pohditaan, kuinka tällaisia käyttäjiä voidaan estää rikkomasta käyttösääntöjä. Lisäksi pohditaan keskitetyn tietojen keruun hyödyntämistä kuvattujen tehtävien suorittamiseksi. Esitetyt ratkaisut on erityisesti suunniteltu testiverkkoa varten, mutta yleiset ideat ovat toimivia missä tahansa langattomassa verkossa.

An analysis of protocols and publications suggested that most discontinuations of clinical trials were not based on preplanned interim analyses or stopping rules.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency of interim analyses, stopping rules, and data safety and monitoring boards (DSMBs) in protocols of randomized controlled trials (RCTs); to examine these features across different reasons for trial discontinuation; and to identify discrepancies in reporting between protocols and publications. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used data from a cohort of RCT protocols approved between 2000 and 2003 by six research ethics committees in Switzerland, Germany, and Canada. RESULTS: Of 894 RCT protocols, 289 prespecified interim analyses (32.3%), 153 stopping rules (17.1%), and 257 DSMBs (28.7%). Overall, 249 of 894 RCTs (27.9%) were prematurely discontinued; mostly due to reasons such as poor recruitment, administrative reasons, or unexpected harm. Forty-six of 249 RCTs (18.4%) were discontinued due to early benefit or futility; of those, 37 (80.4%) were stopped outside a formal interim analysis or stopping rule. Of 515 published RCTs, there were discrepancies between protocols and publications for interim analyses (21.1%), stopping rules (14.4%), and DSMBs (19.6%). CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of RCT protocols did not consider interim analyses, stopping rules, or DSMBs. Most RCTs discontinued for early benefit or futility were stopped without a prespecified mechanism. When assessing trial manuscripts, journals should require access to the protocol.

From breaking the rule to making the rules : the adoption, entrenchment and diffusion of gender quotas in France

Once a country allergic to any type of preferential treatment or quota measure for women, France has become a country that applies gender quotas to regulate women's presence and representation in politics, the business sector, public bodies, public administration, and even some civil society organizations. While research has concentrated on the adoption of electoral gender quotas in many countries and their international diffusion, few studies focus on explaining the successful diffusion of gender quotas from politics to other domains in the same country. This paper proposes to fill this gap by studying the particularly puzzling case of a country that at one point strongly opposed the adoption of gender quotas in politics, but, in less than a decade, transformed into one of the few countries applying gender quotas across several policy domains. This paper argues that the legal entrenchment of the parity principle, the institutionalization of parity in several successive women's policy agencies, and key players in these newly created agencies are mainly responsible for this unexpected development. The diffusion of gender quotas in France thus offers an illuminating example of under which conditions women's policy agencies can act autonomously to diffuse and impose a new tool for gender equality

A técnica de dispersão de taylor para estudos de difusão em líquidos e suas aplicações

This paper describes the theoretical basis and the experimental requirements for the application of the Taylor dispersion technique for measurements of diffusion coefficients in liquids, emphasizing its simplicity and accuracy in comparison to other usual techniques. Some examples are discussed describing the use of this methodology on studies of solute-solvent interactions, solute aggregation, solute partitioning into macromolecular systems and on the assessment of nanoparticles sizes.

Complete Analysis of Configuration Rules to Guarantee Reliable Network Security Policies

Peer-reviewed