In vitro fermentation of carbohydrates by porcine faecal inocula and their influence on Salmonella Typhimurium growth in batch culture systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of fermentable carbohydrates on the activity of porcine microbiota and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in a batch culture system simulating the porcine hindgut. The carbohydrates tested were xylooligosaccharides, a mixture of fructooligosaccharides/inulin (FIN), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), gentiooligosaccharides (GEO) and lactulose (LAC). These ingredients stimulated the growth of selected Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in pure cultures. In batch cultures, the carbohydrates influenced some fermentation parameters. For example, GEO and FIN significantly increased lactic acids compared with the control (no added carbohydrate). With the exception of LAC, the test carbohydrates increased the production of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and modified SCFA profiles. Quantitative analysis of bacterial populations by FISH revealed increased counts of the Bifidobacterium group compared with control and, with exception of FOS, increased Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella spp. counts. Salmonella numbers were the lowest during the fermentation of LAC. This work has looked at carbohydrate metabolism by porcine microbiota in a pH-controlled batch fermentation system. It provides an initial model to analyse interactions with pathogens.

Corynebacterium capitovis sp. nov., from a sheep

An unknown Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from skin scrapings from the infected head of a sheep and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of straight-chain and monounsaturated fatty acids and short-chain (C32-C36) mycolic acids consistent with the genus Corynebacterium. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that the unknown rod was a member of the genus Corynebacterium, with the organism forming a distinct sub-line and displaying greater than 3% sequence divergence with established species. The unknown Corynebacterium isolate was readily distinguished from recognized species of the genus by biochemical tests and electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell proteins. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium from a sheep be classified in the genus Corynebacterium, as Corynebacterium capitovis sp. nov. The type strain of Corynebacterium capitovis is CCUG 39779T (= CIP 106739T).

In vitro batch cultures of gut microbiota from healthy and ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects suggest that sulphate-reducing bacteria levels are raised in UC and by a protein-rich diet.

Imbalances in gut microbiota composition during ulcerative colitis (UC) indicate a role for the microbiota in propagating the disorder. Such effects were investigated using in vitro batch cultures (with/without mucin, peptone or starch) inoculated with faecal slurries from healthy or UC patients; the growth of five bacterial groups was monitored along with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Healthy cultures gave two-fold higher growth and SCFA levels with up to ten-fold higher butyrate production. Starch gave the highest growth and SCFA production (particularly butyrate), indicating starch-enhanced saccharolytic activity. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were the predominant bacterial group (of five examined) for UC inocula whereas they were the minority group for the healthy inocula. Furthermore, SRB growth was stimulated by peptone presumably due to the presence of sulphur-rich amino acids. The results suggest raised SRB levels in UC, which could contribute to the condition through release of toxic sulphide.

Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions Involved in CNT Biofunctionalization with Short ss-DNA

This work is aimed at studying the adsorption mechanism of short chain 20-mer pyrimidinic homoss-DNA (oligodeoxyribonucleotide, ODN: polyC(20) and polyT(20)) onto CNT by reflectometry. To analyze the experimental data, the effective-medium theory using the Bruggemann approximation represents a Suitable optical model to account for the surface properties (roughness, thickness, and optical constants) and the size of the adsorbate. Systematic information about the involved interactions is obtained by changing the physicochemical properties of the system. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are evaluated by comparing the adsorption oil hydrophobic CNT and oil hydrophilic silica and by Modulating the ionic Strength With and without Mg(2+). The ODN adsorption process oil CNT is driven by hydrophobic interactions only when the electrostatic repulsion is Suppressed. The adsorption mode results in ODN molecules in a side-on orientation with the bases (nonpolar region) toward the surface. This unfavorable orientation is partially reverse by adding Mg(2+). On the other hand, the adsorption oil silica is dominated by the strong repulsive electrostatic interaction that is screened at high ionic strength or mediated by Mg(2+). The cation-mediated process induces the interaction of the phosphate backbone (polar region) with the surface, leaving the bases free for hybridization. Although the general adsorption behavior of the pyrimidine bases is the same, polyC(20) presents higher affinity for the CNT Surface due to its acid-base properties.

Screening Botryosphaeria species for lipases: Production of lipase by Botryosphaeria ribis EC-01 grown on soybean oil and other carbon sources

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Total Fatty Acids in Murrah Buffaloes Milk on Commercial Farms in Brazil

The objective of this trial was to document the total fatty acids in Murrah buffaloes milk on commercial farms in Brazil. Data from forty lactating Murrah-crossbred buffaloes were collected on five commercial farms located at Sarapui and Pilar do Sul, São Paulo-Brazil. A field survey was done from April to November 2002. In four farms, buffaloes were fed with wet brewers grains (primary concentrate). Only one farm (Farm 4) offered pasture and corn silage. Monthly milk samples were collected and stored at -20 degrees C until analyzed for fatty acid composition. The fatty acids with the highest percentage in total milk fat were C(16:0); C(18:1c9); C(18:0) and C(14:0). The average content observed in C(16:0) varied from 25.4 to 32.5%. Farm 4 (pasture plus corn silage) showed a higher C(16:0) value (32.5%). C(18:1c9) (varied) from 20.6 to 25.1%, C(14:0) varied from 5.9 to 8.9% and CLA content (C(18:2c9t11)) varied from 1.0 to 1.8%. Farm 3 presented higher average of C(18:1c9) (25.1%) and C(18:2c9t11) (1.8%), and lower average of C(14:0) (6.0%). Likewise, unsaturated fatty acids, C(18:1c9) and C(18:2c9t11) were higher on Farm 3. Probably, these results can be due to high CIA intakes derived from wet brewers grain and pasture. Long chain fatty acids varied from 34.2% (Farm 4) to 48.8% (Farm 3). In general, diets based on pasture and corn silage increased the levels of medium chain fatty acids in Murrah buffaloes milk.

Enzyme effects on extruded diets for dogs with soybean meal as a substitute for poultry by-product meal

The effects of exogenous enzymes supplementation on kibble diets for dogs formulated with soybean meal (SBM) as a substitute for poultry by-product meal (PM) was investigated on nutrient digestibility, fermentation products formation, post-prandial urea response and selected faecal bacteria counts. Two kibble diets with similar compositions were used in two trials: PM-based diet (28.9% of PM; soybean hulls as a fibre source) and SBM-based diet (29.9% of SBM). In experiment 1, the SBM diet was divided into three diets: SBM-0, without enzyme addition; SBM-1, covered after extrusion with 7500U protease/kg and 45U cellulase/kg; and SBM-2, covered with 15000U protease/kg and 90U cellulase/kg. In experiment 2, the SBM diet was divided into three diets: SBM-0; SBM-1, covered with 140U protease/kg; 8U cellulase/kg, 800U pectinase/kg, 60U phytase/kg, 40U betaglucanase/kg and 20U xylanase/kg; and SMB-2, covered with 700U protease/kg, 40U cellulase/kg, 4000U pectinase/kg, 300U phytase/kg, 200U betaglucanase/kg and 100U xylanase/kg. Each experiment followed a block design with six dogs per diet. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts (p<0.05). In both experiments, nutrients and energy digestibility did not differ between diets (p>0.05). SBM consumption resulted in increased faecal moisture and production (p<0.05), without effect on faecal score. Higher concentration of propionate, acetate and lactate, and lower ammonia and pH were found in the faeces of dogs fed SBM (p<0.05). Higher post-prandial urea was verified in dogs fed SBM (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the addition of enzymes increased faecal concentration of propionate, acetate and total short-chain fatty acid (p<0.05) and tended to reduce post-prandial urea concentration (p=0.06). Although with similar digestibility, SBM shows a worse utilization of absorbed amino acids than the PM. Soybean oligosaccharides can beneficially change gut fermentation product formation. Enzymes can increase the gut fermentation activity and improve the SBM proteic value. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014 improved gut health in the SHIME® reactor

Background: How to maintain gut health is a goal for scientists throughout the world. Therefore, microbiota management models for testing probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been developed.Methods: The SHIME® model was used to study the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus 1014 on the fermentation pattern of the colon microbiota. Initially, an inoculum prepared from human feces was introduced into the reactor vessels and stabilized over 2-wk using a culture medium. This stabilization period was followed by a 2-wk control period during which the microbiota was monitored. The microbiota was then subjected to a 4-wk treatment period by adding 5 mL of sterile peptone water with L. acidophilus CRL1014 at the concentration of 108 CFU/mL to vessel one (the stomach compartment). Plate counts, Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonium analyses were carried out for monitoring of the microbial community from the colon compartments.Results: A significant increase (p < 0.01) in the Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. populations was observed during the treatment period. The DGGE obtained showed changes in the lactobacilli community from the colon compartments of the SHIME® reactor. The (SCFA) concentration increased (p < 0.01) during the treatment period, due mainly to significant increased levels of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids. However, ammonium concentrations decreased during the same period (p < 0.01).Conclusions: This study showed the beneficial influence of L. acidophilus CRL 1014 on microbial metabolism and lactobacilli community composition for improving human health. © 2013 Sivieri et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Sínteses e caracterização de microesferas de poli (álcool vinilico) e sua utilização como suportes para imobilização de lipase produzida por Rhizomucor miehei e seu estudo catalítico na reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja para a produção de biodiesel via rota etílica

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Produção, composição do leite e comportamento de ovelhas da raça bergamácia alimentadas com distintas concentrações de FDN

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Microbiota fecal, produtos de fermentação, aspectos histológicos da mucosa gastrintestinal e imunidade de cães Beagle de diferentes gurpos etários

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Produção de biodiesel da gordura de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) via catálise heterogênea

Neste trabalho investigou-se a viabilidade da oleaginosa Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) como matéria prima para a produção de biodiesel através do uso de catálise heterogênea básica na transesterificação. O murumuru é um fruto constituído de polpa e amêndoa, sendo que esta produz cerca de 50% de uma gordura branca, inodora, com a vantagem de não rancificar facilmente, pois é rica em ácidos graxos saturados de cadeia curta como láurico e mirístico. O biodiesel convencionalmente é produzido através da rota catalítica básica homogênea. No entanto, essa rota apresenta algumas desvantagens, tais como: a saponificação dos ésteres e a dificuldade de remoção do catalisador. Por outro lado, a rota catalítica heterogênea evita os inconvenientes da catálise homogênea, reduzindo a quantidade de efluentes aquosos gerados no processo e a reutilização dos catalisadores. O catalisador heterogêneo hidrotalcita foi sintetizado e caracterizado através das análises de fluorescência de raios X, difratometria de raios X, análise termogravimétrica, análise textural (método BET) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial completo utilizando metanol como reagente. As variáveis independentes foram temperatura, razão molar e concentração de catalisador e a variável de resposta foi a conversão, medida através do método espectrofotométrico. Essas reações foram conduzidas em um reator batelada pressurizado. A melhor conversão encontrada a partir do planejamento foi de 88,97% para razão molar de metanol/óleo igual a 12, temperatura de 200ºC e concentração de catalisador igual a 6%, em 1 hora de reação. Para essa condição, foram realizados estudos cinéticos e testada a utilização de etanol, através do estudo cinético pode-se obter uma boa correlação entre as constantes cinéticas e conversão, quando utilizado o modelo que considera reação reversível, reação química como etapa controladora que segue o mecanismo de Eley Rideal.

Teores de lipídeos em dietas de novilhos Nelore sobre parâmetros ruminais, desempenho e características de carcaça

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Endophytic fungi producing of esterases: evaluation in vitro of the enzymatic activity using pH indicator

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prebiotic Effect of Fructooligosaccharide in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME (R) Model)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)