A computational study of some rheological influences on the ""splashing experiment""

In various attempts to relate the behaviour of highly-elastic liquids in complex flows to their rheometrical behaviour, obvious candidates for study have been the variation of shear viscosity with shear rate, the two normal stress differences N(1) and N(2), especially N(1), the extensional viscosity, and the dynamic moduli G` and G ``. In this paper, we shall confine attention to `constant-viscosity` Boger fluids, and, accordingly, we shall limit attention to N(1), eta(E), G` and G ``. We shall concentrate on the ""splashing"" problem (particularly that which arises when a liquid drop falls onto the free surface of the same liquid). Modern numerical techniques are employed to provide the theoretical predictions. We show that high eta(E) can certainly reduce the height of the so-called Worthington jet, thus confirming earlier suggestions, but other rheometrical influences (steady and transient) can also have a role to play and the overall picture may not be as clear as it was once envisaged. We argue that this is due in the main to the fact that splashing is a manifestly unsteady flow. To confirm this proposition, we obtain numerical simulations for the linear Jeffreys model. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dirac-like monopoles in three dimensions and their possible influences on the dynamics of particles

Dirac-like monopoles are studied in three-dimensional Abelian Maxwell and Maxwell-Chern-Simons models. Their scalar nature is highlighted and discussed through a dimensional reduction of four-dimensional electrodynamics with electric and magnetic sources. Some general properties and similarities whether considered in Minkowski or Euclidean space are mentioned. However, by virtue of the structure of the space-time in which they are studied, a number of differences among them occur. Furthermore, we pay attention to some consequences of these objects when they act upon the usual particles. Among other subjects, special attention is given to the study of a Lorentz-violating nonminimal coupling between neutral fermions and the field generated by a monopole alone. In addition, an analogue of the Aharonov-Casher effect is discussed in this framework.

Effect of caries preventive measures directed to expectant mothers on caries experience in their children

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anthropogenic influences on annual flux of cations and anions at meio stream basin, São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anthropogenic influences on Cd, Cr,Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in soils and sediments in a watershed with sugar cane crops at São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mineralogical and geochemical influences on sediment color of Amazon wetlands analyzed by visible spectrophotometry

Com base em dados sedimentológicos e geoquímicos, este trabalho relaciona medições espectrofotométricas com a composição do sedimento, e sua aplicação em estudos paleoecológicos das áreas alagáveis da Amazônia. Os dados CIELAB estão diretamente relacionados à composição mineralógica e química dos sedimentos, especialmente quartzo, oxihidróxidos e sulfetos de ferro, e carbono orgânico total. Conteúdos de carbono orgânico total entre 0,4-1%, 1-2%, 3-5% e 15-40% foram relacionados a dados de L* (luminosidade) de 27, 26-15, 7-10 e 7 ou menos, respectivamente. Os valores CIELAB de um depósito com turfa em Marabá, Pará, foram proporcionais a variações no conteúdo de quartzo e carbono orgânico total, mas mudanças nas zonas de cores similares, principalmente nos valores de +a* (vermelho) e +b* (amarelo), ao longo de outros depósitos em Calçoene, Amapá e Soure, Pará, indicam uma relação muito próxima entre os conteúdos de carbono orgânico total, oxihidróxidos e sulfetos de ferro. Além disso, o diagrama Q7/4 (razão entre valores percentuais de refletância em 700 nm e 400 nm, juntamente com dados de L*) indicou sedimentos ricos em ferro para a fácies lama bioturbada no depósito do Amapá, fácies lama bioturbada e areia bioturbada do depósito de Soure, e das fácies areia com laminação cruzada e areia maciça do depósito de Marabá. Ainda, sedimentos ricos em carbono orgânico foram encontrados na lama bioturbada no depósito do Amapá, fácies heterolítica lenticular e lama bioturbada do depósito de Soure, e das fácies lama laminado e turfa do depósito de Marabá. Na área de Marabá, os dados sugerem uma influência autóctone com formação de turfa. As áreas de zonas úmidas costeiras no Marajó e Amapá representam o desenvolvimento típico de planícies de maré com formação de sulfetos e oxihidróxidos de ferro durante alternâncias entre inundação e exposição.

Environmental influences on antibody-enhanced dengue disease outcomes

Because an enriched environment (EE) enhances T-cell activity and T-lymphocytes contribute to immunopathogenesis during heterologous dengue virus (DENV) infections, we hypothesised that an EE increases dengue severity. To compare single serotype (SS) and antibody-enhanced disease (AED) infections regimens, serial intraperitoneal were performed with DENV3 (genotype III) infected brain homogenate or anti-DENV2 hyperimmune serum followed 24 h later by DENV3 (genotype III) infected brain homogenate. Compared AED for which significant differences were detected between the EE and impoverished environmental (IE) groups (Kaplan-Meyer log-rank test, p = 0.0025), no significant differences were detected between the SS experimental groups (Kaplan-Meyer log-rank test, p = 0.089). Survival curves from EE and IE animals infected with the AED regimen were extended after corticoid injection and this effect was greater in the EE than in the IE group (Kaplan-Meyer log-rank test, p = 0.0162). Under the AED regimen the EE group showed more intense clinical signs than the IE group. Dyspnoea, tremor, hunched posture, ruffled fur, immobility, pre-terminal paralysis, shock and death were associated with dominant T-lymphocytic hyperplasia and presence of viral antigens in the liver and lungs. We propose that the increased expansion of these memory T-cells and serotype cross-reactive antibodies facilitates the infection of these cells by DENV and that these events correlate with disease severity in an EE.

From west to east: Environmental influences on the rate and pathways of Polynesian colonization

The prime movers behind the prehistoric colonization of Remote Oceania, and in particular the large c. 2000-year temporal gap (i.e. long pause') seen between West and East Polynesia, has long been major point of interest in the Pacific. To address these events and the processes that may have led to the known chronological disparity of these diasporas, we present results from two different, but equally powerful, analytical tools which are used to examine Polynesian seafaring capabilities and trajectories. The first is a statistical model known as Seascape, which simulates voyages, while the second uses ease of eastward travel estimates based on land distribution and wind pattern analysis. These analyses were done with the goal of determining the potential role of environmental factors in the colonization process, particularly as they relate to the long pause. We show that the eastern boundary of West Polynesia, the limit of the initial colonization pulse, is marked by a discontinuity in land distribution, where the distances travelers would have to cross in order to reach islands further to the east become significantly larger. At the same time, in West Polynesia, the frequency and intensity of winds favorable to eastward displacement decrease continuously from west to east. As far as winds are concerned, eastward travel in West Polynesia is favored in the northern and southern areas and much more difficult across the central portion. Favorable winds have a clear seasonality, and eastward displacement along the northern area is much easier under El Nino conditions. Voyaging simulations show that intentional eastward voyages departing from Tonga and Samoa, when undertaken with vessels capable of sailing efficiently against the wind, afford a viable route toward several island groups in East Polynesia, with trips starting in Samoa having a higher probability of success.

Maternal age influences on reproductive rates in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)