306 resultados para roncalese dialect
Resumo:
Our proposal presents some aspects and results of a project of the University of Bern dealing with the consequences of retirement on multilingual competences. Referring to De Bot (2007), who defined "language related major life events" as moments in life relevant for changes in multilingual competences, we assume that retirement can be a turning point in a language biography. Firstly, there are phenomena, such as the cessation of the use of a foreign language, which was formerly related to work. Secondly, retirement might elicit the improvement of foreign language skills as a way to spend excess time after retirement or as a “cognitive exercise”. Many language schools have identified the people of advanced age as a group of major interest and increasingly offer so-called 50+ (fifty plus) courses in their curriculum. Furthermore, the concept of lifelong learning is increasingly gaining importance, as the reference by the European commission (LLP) indicates. However, most of the programs are intended for educated middle-class people and there are considerably fewer offers for people who are less familiar with learning environments in general. The present paper aims at investigating the multilingual setting of an offer of the second kind: a German language course designed for retired, established Italian workforce migrants living in the city of Berne, Switzerland. The multilingual setting is given by the facts that migrants living in Berne are confronted with diglossia (Standard German and Swissgerman dialects), that the Canton of Berne is bilingual (German and French) and that the migrants' mother tongue, Italian, is one of the Swiss national languages. As previous studies have shown, most of the Italian migrants have difficulties with the acquisition of Standard German due to the diglossic situation (Werlen, 2007) or never even learnt any of the German varieties. Another outcome of the linguistic situation the migrants are confronted with in Berne, is the usage of a continuum of varieties between Swissgerman dialect and Standard German (Zanovello-Müller, 1998). Therefore, in the classroom we find several varieties of German, as well as the Italian language and its varieties. In the present paper we will investigate the use of multilingual competences within the classroom and the dynamics of second language acquisition in a setting of older adults (>60 years old), learning their host country’s language after 40 years or more of living in it. The methods applied are an ethnographic observation of the language class, combined with qualitative interviews to gain in-depth information of the subjects’ life stories and language biographies.
Resumo:
The New Cockney provides a sociolinguistic account of speech variation among adolescents in the 'traditional' East End of London. The study takes account of the social and economic upheaval in the area since the 1950s, primarily concentrating on factors such as the immigration of the Bangladeshi community and its effect on the Cockney dialect. By paying attention to the particular, this book contributes to a better understanding of the more general concerns of linguistic variation. With a focus on the interaction and social practices of a group of adolescents attending a youth centre, the study highlights some of the possible mechanisms for language change.
Resumo:
The area between Bhutan in the west, Tibet in the north, the Kameng river in the east and Assam in the south is home to at least six distinct phyla of the Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetan) language family. These phyla encompass a minimum of 11, but probably 15 or even more mutually unintelligible languages, all showing considerable internal dialect variation. Previous literature provided largely incomplete or incorrect accounts of these phyla. Based on recent field research, this article discusses in detail the several languages of four phyla whose speakers are included in the Monpa Scheduled Tribe, providing the most accurate speaker data, geographical distribution, internal variation and degree of endangerment. The article also provides some insights into the historical background of the area and the impact this has had on the distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups.
Resumo:
Crowdsourcing linguistic phenomena with smartphone applications is relatively new. In linguistics, apps have predominantly been developed to create pronunciation dictionaries, to train acoustic models, and to archive endangered languages. This paper presents the first account of how apps can be used to collect data suitable for documenting language change: we created an app, Dialäkt Äpp (DÄ), which predicts users’ dialects. For 16 linguistic variables, users select a dialectal variant from a drop-down menu. DÄ then geographically locates the user’s dialect by suggesting a list of communes where dialect variants most similar to their choices are used. Underlying this prediction are 16 maps from the historical Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland, which documents the linguistic situation around 1950. Where users disagree with the prediction, they can indicate what they consider to be their dialect’s location. With this information, the 16 variables can be assessed for language change. Thanks to the playfulness of its functionality, DÄ has reached many users; our linguistic analyses are based on data from nearly 60,000 speakers. Results reveal a relative stability for phonetic variables, while lexical and morphological variables seem more prone to change. Crowdsourcing large amounts of dialect data with smartphone apps has the potential to complement existing data collection techniques and to provide evidence that traditional methods cannot, with normal resources, hope to gather. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize a range of methodological caveats, including sparse knowledge of users’ linguistic backgrounds (users only indicate age, sex) and users’ self-declaration of their dialect. These are discussed and evaluated in detail here. Findings remain intriguing nevertheless: as a means of quality control, we report that traditional dialectological methods have revealed trends similar to those found by the app. This underlines the validity of the crowdsourcing method. We are presently extending DÄ architecture to other languages.
Resumo:
Crowdsourcing linguistic phenomena with smartphone applications is relatively new. Apps have been used to train acoustic models for automatic speech recognition (de Vries et al. 2014) and to archive endangered languages (Iwaidja Inyaman Team 2012). Leemann and Kolly (2013) developed a free app for iOS—Dialäkt Äpp (DÄ) (>78k downloads)—to document language change in Swiss German. Here, we present results of sound change based on DÄ data. DÄ predicts the users’ dialects: for 16 variables, users select their dialectal variant. DÄ then tells users which dialect they speak. Underlying this prediction are maps from the Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland (SDS, 1962-2003), which documents the linguistic situation around 1950. If predicted wrongly, users indicate their actual dialect. With this information, the 16 variables can be assessed for language change. Results revealed robustness of phonetic variables; lexical and morphological variables were more prone to change. Phonetic variables like to lift (variants: /lupfə, lʏpfə, lipfə/) revealed SDS agreement scores of nearly 85%, i.e., little sound change. Not all phonetic variables are equally robust: ladle (variants: /xælə, xællə, xæuə, xæɫə, xæɫɫə/) exhibited significant sound change. We will illustrate the results using maps that show details of the sound changes at hand.
Resumo:
A number of analyses of large data sets have suggested that the reading achievement gap between African American and White U.S. is negligible or small at school entry, but widens substantially during the school years because African American students show slower rates of growth in elementary and secondary school. Identifying when and why gaps occur, therefore, is a an important research endeavor. In addition, being able to predict which African American children are most likely to fall behind can contribute to efforts to close the achievement gap. This paper analyzes first grade and third grade data on African American and White children in Massachusetts who all were identified in first grade as struggling readers and enrolled in Reading Recovery—an individualized intervention. All the children were low-income and attending urban schools. Using Observation Survey data from first grade, and MCAS Reading data from 3rd grade, we found that the African American and White students made equal average progress while in first grade, but by the end of third grade showed a large gap in MCAS proficiency rates. We discuss the results in terms of school quality, reading development, dialect issues, testing formats, and the need to provide long-term support to vulnerable learners.
Resumo:
La llamada 'lengua gauchesca' presenta serios inconvenientes cuando se pretende su definición. La dificultad estriba en que puede ponerse en discusión tanto su carácter de lengua diferenciada como su atribución al 'gaucho', en tanto este colectivo no es unívoco, sino responde a diferentes perfiles sociales, diversamente evaluados a lo largo de la historia colonial y poscolonial rioplatense. El presente trabajo intenta probar que la lengua gauchesca es un constructo literario, lingüísticamente basado en la variedad rural rioplatense, a partir de la cual los autores del género sintetizaron un nuevo código, elaborado desde un vocabulario inicial hasta la formación de una variedad secundaria estandarizada
Resumo:
En el marco de las políticas lingüísticas, el trabajo analiza los discursos sobre el español como lengua estándar subyacentes en los diversos instrumentos de gramatización (Auroux, 1992) destinados a regular los usos lingüísticos en el ámbito hispanoamericano. Postula la hipótesis de que las políticas lingüísticas alentadas desde las Academias de la Lengua y las diversas instancias de difusión del estándar llamado panhispánico acuden al espíritu de unidad y homogeneidad lingüística presente desde los inicios de los discursos sobre el español afectando el prestigio de los estándares regionales. A partir de esta hipótesis, sostiene que las actuales expectativas de homogeneidad e intercomprensibilidad lingüística expresadas tanto en diccionarios, manuales de estilo o gramáticas como en los medios de comunicación olvidan que los estándares regionales paralelos a ese español globalizado no siempre cuentan con una vía de enseñanza formal que los valide y los prestigie frente a la variedad transnacional. Para verificar la plausibilidad de esta hipótesis, analizamos diccionarios de la RAE y Panhispánico de Dudas y manuales escolares de enseñanza de español, entre otros instrumentos; allí identificamos la construcción de las nociones de norma estándar, español transnacional y dialecto
Resumo:
La llamada 'lengua gauchesca' presenta serios inconvenientes cuando se pretende su definición. La dificultad estriba en que puede ponerse en discusión tanto su carácter de lengua diferenciada como su atribución al 'gaucho', en tanto este colectivo no es unívoco, sino responde a diferentes perfiles sociales, diversamente evaluados a lo largo de la historia colonial y poscolonial rioplatense. El presente trabajo intenta probar que la lengua gauchesca es un constructo literario, lingüísticamente basado en la variedad rural rioplatense, a partir de la cual los autores del género sintetizaron un nuevo código, elaborado desde un vocabulario inicial hasta la formación de una variedad secundaria estandarizada
Resumo:
En el marco de las políticas lingüísticas, el trabajo analiza los discursos sobre el español como lengua estándar subyacentes en los diversos instrumentos de gramatización (Auroux, 1992) destinados a regular los usos lingüísticos en el ámbito hispanoamericano. Postula la hipótesis de que las políticas lingüísticas alentadas desde las Academias de la Lengua y las diversas instancias de difusión del estándar llamado panhispánico acuden al espíritu de unidad y homogeneidad lingüística presente desde los inicios de los discursos sobre el español afectando el prestigio de los estándares regionales. A partir de esta hipótesis, sostiene que las actuales expectativas de homogeneidad e intercomprensibilidad lingüística expresadas tanto en diccionarios, manuales de estilo o gramáticas como en los medios de comunicación olvidan que los estándares regionales paralelos a ese español globalizado no siempre cuentan con una vía de enseñanza formal que los valide y los prestigie frente a la variedad transnacional. Para verificar la plausibilidad de esta hipótesis, analizamos diccionarios de la RAE y Panhispánico de Dudas y manuales escolares de enseñanza de español, entre otros instrumentos; allí identificamos la construcción de las nociones de norma estándar, español transnacional y dialecto
Resumo:
La llamada 'lengua gauchesca' presenta serios inconvenientes cuando se pretende su definición. La dificultad estriba en que puede ponerse en discusión tanto su carácter de lengua diferenciada como su atribución al 'gaucho', en tanto este colectivo no es unívoco, sino responde a diferentes perfiles sociales, diversamente evaluados a lo largo de la historia colonial y poscolonial rioplatense. El presente trabajo intenta probar que la lengua gauchesca es un constructo literario, lingüísticamente basado en la variedad rural rioplatense, a partir de la cual los autores del género sintetizaron un nuevo código, elaborado desde un vocabulario inicial hasta la formación de una variedad secundaria estandarizada
Resumo:
En el marco de las políticas lingüísticas, el trabajo analiza los discursos sobre el español como lengua estándar subyacentes en los diversos instrumentos de gramatización (Auroux, 1992) destinados a regular los usos lingüísticos en el ámbito hispanoamericano. Postula la hipótesis de que las políticas lingüísticas alentadas desde las Academias de la Lengua y las diversas instancias de difusión del estándar llamado panhispánico acuden al espíritu de unidad y homogeneidad lingüística presente desde los inicios de los discursos sobre el español afectando el prestigio de los estándares regionales. A partir de esta hipótesis, sostiene que las actuales expectativas de homogeneidad e intercomprensibilidad lingüística expresadas tanto en diccionarios, manuales de estilo o gramáticas como en los medios de comunicación olvidan que los estándares regionales paralelos a ese español globalizado no siempre cuentan con una vía de enseñanza formal que los valide y los prestigie frente a la variedad transnacional. Para verificar la plausibilidad de esta hipótesis, analizamos diccionarios de la RAE y Panhispánico de Dudas y manuales escolares de enseñanza de español, entre otros instrumentos; allí identificamos la construcción de las nociones de norma estándar, español transnacional y dialecto
Resumo:
Abstract interpretation-based data-flow analysis of logic programs is, at this point, relatively well understood from the point of view of general frameworks and abstract domains. On the other hand, comparatively little attention has been given to the problems which arise when analysis of a full, practical dialect of the Prolog language is attempted, and only few solutions to these problems have been proposed to date. Existing proposals generally restrict in one way or another the classes of programs which can be analyzed. This paper attempts to fill this gap by considering a full dialect of Prolog, essentially the recent ISO standard, pointing out the problems that may arise in the analysis of such a dialect, and proposing a combination of known and novel solutions that together allow the correct analysis of arbitrary programs which use the full power of the language.
Resumo:
Abstract interpretation-based data-flow analysis of logic programs is at this point relatively well understood from the point of view of general frameworks and abstract domains. On the other hand, comparatively little attention has been given to the problems which arise when analysis of a full, practical dialect of the Prolog language is attempted, and only few solutions to these problems have been proposed to date. Such problems relate to dealing correctly with all builtins, including meta-logical and extra-logical predicates, with dynamic predicates (where the program is modified during execution), and with the absence of certain program text during compilation. Existing proposals for dealing with such issues generally restrict in one way or another the classes of programs which can be analyzed if the information from analysis is to be used for program optimization. This paper attempts to fill this gap by considering a full dialect of Prolog, essentially following the recently proposed ISO standard, pointing out the problems that may arise in the analysis of such a dialect, and proposing a combination of known and novel solutions that together allow the correct analysis of arbitrary programs using the full power of the language.
Resumo:
Se presenta un trabajo de investigación toponímica en La Rioja con enfoque geobotánico. La premisa de partida es que la toponimia relacionada con especies y agrupaciones vegetales, productos forestales y usos del suelo proporciona información valiosa sobre la corología y la dinámica de la vegetación al ser clasificada y analizada con criterios biogeográficos y ecológicos. Se ha elegido la región riojana como zona piloto, al concurrir distintos tipos fisonómicos de vegetación y un conjunto muy diverso de comunidades vegetales representativas del paisaje peninsular. Se añade una larga historia de usos agrícolas en la llanura del Ebro que contrasta con la predominante actividad forestal en las zonas montañosas, en particular la potenciación de los pastos para ganadería trashumante. La Rioja tiene carácter de encrucijada no sólo fitocorológica: es también tierra de fronteras políticas y transiciones lingüísticas. En el léxico y la toponimia conviven variantes puras del castellano, rasgos del romance navarro-aragonés, elementos genuinos de una variante medieval riojana, palabras mozárabes y un numeroso y significativo elenco de topónimos de origen vasco. El trabajo se inicia con unas consideraciones epistemológicas. Se establece un planteamiento de la Toponimia como ciencia interdisciplinar, la etiología de los nombres geográficos, así como su valor apelativo descriptor de los atributos del paisaje. Se enumeran los condicionantes metodológicos de la investigación toponímica y se desarrolla una reflexión sobre las particularidades de la toponimia geobotánica. Se dedica un epígrafe a reseñar estudios precedentes de toponimia botánica y ecológica y el estado actual de conocimientos sobre la toponimia de La Rioja. La delimitación superficial de los parajes designados por los nombres geográficos es clave para un análisis orientado a detectar la correspondencia entre los elementos aludidos por el topónimo y las especies y comunidades vegetales. Las áreas de distribución y presencia, así como las transformaciones del paisaje, quedan definidas en superficies acotadas territorialmente. La metodología seguida se basa en la revisión exhaustiva de fuentes toponímicas ya existentes; destacadamente, los datos procedentes de la cartografía del Castro de Rústica, adscritos a polígonos con dimensión espacial. Las denominaciones de las parcelas catastrales se han complementado con los nombres geográficos del Diccionario de Toponimia Actual de La Rioja (DTALR) (González Blanco, 1987), el nomenclátor NomGeo del IGN, y algunas recopilaciones toponímicas municipales. De la base de datos conjunta se han seleccionado los topónimos con significado geobotánico. Se propone una taxonomía de grupos semánticos basada en categorías de estructura (arbolado, matorral, cubiertas herbáceas y áreas de vegetación escasa o rala) y en la adscripción a tipos de vegetación potencialmente dominantes, ordenados según una escala de higrofilia decreciente). También se reseñan topónimos referentes a usos y aprovechamientos en el medio rural: dehesas, ganadería, productos forestales y algunos cultivos agrícolas. El trabajo reúne en un repertorio sistemático los datos toponímicos, acopiados por comarcas y términos municipales. Se incluye la relación de nombres geográficos encontrados por campos nocionales y se comentan los nombres vernáculos que les han dado origen y su etimología. Quedan señalados los topónimos georreferenciados y asignados a entidades superficiales en la cartografía digital catastral, que se ha superpuesto a mapas forestales a escalas 1:200.000 y 1:50.000, en cuya elaboración participamos. El análisis ha permitido definir “topónimo externo” como el recinto catastral en que la especie o agrupación aludida no tiene presencia en la vegetación actual, al menos como dominante. Los topónimos externos más significativos de cada grupo han sido analizados describiendo la cubierta vegetal actual correspondiente, lo que permite interpretar, junto con las características fisiográficas del paraje, las causas posibles de ausencia del elemento aludido, teniendo en cuenta criterios generales de mesología, de dinámica de la vegetación y de la historia de la acción humana. El trabajo se cierra con un capítulo de conclusiones generales, conceptuales y metodológicas, así como una relación de líneas de profundización de la investigación que quedan apuntadas. Se completa con una relación de fuentes y referencias bibliográficas fundamentales. ABSTRACT This paper presents a study of the toponymy of La Rioja with a specific focus on place names reflecting the region’s geobotany. Its underlying premise is that the toponymy associated with plant species and communities, forest products and land uses can provide valuable information about the chorology and vegetation dynamics when classified and analysed using biogeographical and ecological criteria. La Rioja has been chosen for this pilot study because it concentrates vegetation types of distinct physiognomy and a highly diverse set of plant communities that can be considered representative of the vegetation of the peninsula’s landscapes. This combines with a long history of different agricultural uses on the Ebro plain that contrast with the predominance of forestry activity in the more mountainous areas, in particular the promotion of pasture for livestock transhumance. Indeed, La Rioja is not only a crossroads in terms of its phytochorology, but it is also a land of political boundaries and language transitions. Coexisting in its lexicon and toponymy, we find pure Castilian variants, features from the Romance language of Navarro-Aragonese, genuine elements of the medieval variant of the Riojan dialect, words of Mozarabic and a large and significant list of place names of Basque origin. The paper begins by outlining a number of epistemological considerations and establishes an interdisciplinary approach to toponymy, the aetiology of geographical names, and their value in the descriptive naming of the features of a landscape. It continues by enumerating the methodological determinants of toponymic research and reflects on the specific characteristics of geobotanical toponyms. The next section is dedicated to examining previous studies of botanical and ecological place names and providing a state-of-the-art review of the toponymy of La Rioja. Delimiting the sites designated by the geographical names is essential to any analysis designed to detect the correspondence between the elements alluded to by the toponyms and plant species and communities. These areas of distribution and presence, as well as the landscape changes, are defined in terms of spatially delimited surface areas. The methodology adopted involves an exhaustive review of existing toponymic sources; in particular, data obtained from the maps of the Rustic Cadastre, assigned to spatial polygons. The names of these cadastral parcels are complemented by the geographical names taken from the Diccionario de Toponimia Actual de La Rioja (DTALR) (González Blanco, 1987); the gazetteer – NomGeo, published by Spain’s Instituto Geográfico Nacional; and, various municipal list of toponyms. Place names with a geobotanical meaning were then selected from this joint database. The paper proposes a taxonomy of semantic groups based on structural categories (namely wooded areas, brushland, grassy areas and areas of scanty or sparse vegetation) and assignment to the potentially dominant type of vegetation (ordered on a scale of decreasing hygrophilic trends). Place names referring to land uses and practices in rural areas – including, pasture, livestock, forest products and some agricultural crops – are also described. The study produces a systematic list of toponyms ordered by counties and municipalities. The geographical names are organised by notional fields and the vernacular names that have given rise to them and their etymology are discussed. The toponyms are georeferenced and assigned to surface elements on the digital cadastral map, superimposed on forest maps at scales of 1:200,000 and 1:50,000, in the production of which the authors participated. The analysis has allowed us to define “external toponyms” as those cadastral parcels in which the plant species or group alluded to is no longer present in the vegetation, at least as the dominant type. The most significant external toponyms in each group have been analysed by describing the corresponding, present-day vegetation cover, which allows us to interpret, along with the physiographic features of the site, the possible causes of the absence of the aforementioned element, bearing in mind general criteria of mesology, vegetation dynamics and the history of human action. The paper finishes by offering a number of general conceptual and methodological conclusions, and a list of areas that future research can usefully examine. The study is supplemented with a list of sources and key references.