963 resultados para resina epossidica green chemistry hardener caratterizzazione


Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

New biologically active β-lactams were designed and synthesized, developing novel antibiotics and enzymatic inhibitors directed toward specific targets. Within a work directed to the synthesis of mimetics for RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence able to interact with αvβ3 and α5β1-type integrins, new activators were developed and their Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) analysis deepened, enhancing their activity range towards the α4β1 isoform. Moreover, to synthesize novel compounds active both against bacterial infections and pulmonary conditions of cystic fibrosis patients, new β-lactam candidates were studied. Among the abundant library of β-lactams prepared, mainly with antioxidant and antibacterial double activities, it was identified a single lead to be pharmacologically tested in vivo. Its synthesis was optimized up to the gram-scale, and pretreatment method and HPLC-MS/MS analytical protocol for sub-nanomolar quantifications were developed. Furthermore, replacement of acetoxy group in 4-acetoxy-azetidinone derivatives was studied with different nucleophiles and in aqueous media. A phosphate group was introduced and the reactivity exploited using different hydroxyapatites, obtaining biomaterials with multiple biological activities. Following the same kind of reactivity, a small series of molecules with a β-lactam and retinoic hybrid structure was synthesized as epigenetic regulators. Interacting with HDACs, two compounds were respectively identified as an inhibitor of cell proliferation and a differentiating agent on steam cells. Additionally, in collaboration with Professor L. De Cola at ISIS, University of Strasbourg, some new photochemically active β-lactam Pt (II) complexes were designed and synthesized to be used as bioprobes or theranostics. Finally, it was set up and optimized the preparation of new chiral proline-derived α-aminonitriles through an enantioselective Strecker reaction, and it was developed a chemo-enzymatic oxidative method for converting alcohols to aldehydes or acid in a selective manner, and amines to relative aldehydes, amides or imines. Moreover, enzymes and other green chemistry methodologies were used to prepare Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The research work has dealt with the study of new catalytic processes for the synthesis of fine chemicals belonging to the class of phenolics, namely 2-phenoxyethanol and hydroxytyrosol. The two synthetic procedures investigated have the advantages of being much closer to the Green Chemistry principles than those currently used industrially. In both cases, the challenge was that of finding catalysts and methods which led to the production of less waste, and used less hazardous chemicals, safer solvents, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts. In the case of 2-phenoxyethanol, the process investigated involves the use of ethylene carbonate (EC) as the reactant for phenol O-hydroxyethylation, in place of ethylene oxide. Besides being a safer reactant, the major advantage of using EC in the new synthesis is the better selectivity to the desired product achieved. Moreover, the solid catalyst based on Na-mordenite was fully recyclable. The reaction mechanism and the effect of the Si/Al ratio in the mordenite were investigated. In the case of hydroxytyrosol, which is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, a new synthetic procedure was investigated; in fact, the method currently employed, the hydrolysis of oleuropein, an ester extracted from the waste water processing of the olive, makes use of large amounts of organic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate), and involves several expensive steps of purification. The synthesis procedure set up involves first the reaction between catechol and 2,2-dimethoxyacetaldehyde, followed by the one-pot reduction of the intermediate to give the desired product. Both steps were optimized, in terms of catalyst used, and of reaction conditions, that allowed to reach ca 70% yield in each step. The reaction mechanism was investigated and elucidated. During a 3-month period spent at the University of Valencia (with Prof. A. Corma’s group), a process for the production of diesel additives (2,5-bis(propoxymethyl)furan) from fructose has been investigated.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Biomass transformation into high-value chemicals has attracted attention according to the “green chemistry” principles. Low price and high availability make biomass one of the most interesting renewable resources as it provides the means to create sustainable alternatives to the oil-derived building blocks of the chemical industry In recent year, the need for alternative environmentally friendly routes to drive chemical reactions has in photocatalytic processes an interesting way to obtain valuable chemicals from various sources using the solar light as energy source. The purpose of this work was to use supported noble metal nanoparticles in the selective photo-oxidation of glucose through using visible light. Glucose was chosen as model molecule because it is the cheapest and the most common monosaccharide. Few studies about glucose photo oxidation have been conducted so far, and reaction mechanism is still not totally explained. The aim of this work was to systematically analyze and assess the impact of several parameters (eg. catalyst/substrate ratio, reaction time, effect of the solvent and light source) on the reaction pathway and to monitor the product distribution in order to draw a general reaction scheme for the photo oxidation of glucose under visible light. This study regards the reaction mechanism and the influence of several parameters, such as solvent, light power and substrate concentration. Furthermore, the work focuses on the influence of gold and silver nanoparticles and on the influence of metal loading. The glucose oxidation was monitored through the mass balance and the products selectivity. Reactions were evaluated in terms of glucose conversion, mass balance and selectivities towards arabinose and gluconic acid. In conclusion, this study is able to demonstrate that the photo oxidation of glucose under visible light is feasible; the full identification of the main products allows, for the first time, a comprehensive reaction mechanism scheme.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Sono state realizzate prove per verificare l'influenza della pressione di compattazione usata in autoclave sulle proprietà meccaniche di un laminato in fibra di carbonio e resina epossidica. Sono stati analizzati spessori e ILSS di rottura e, tramite un modello FEM, sono stati determinati i moduli di elasticità del laminato per i vari livelli di pressione indagati; inoltre sono state verificate le ILSS del modello con quelle risultate dalle prove realizzate.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The environmental problems associated to the disposal of the olive oil wastewater (OMW, Olive Mill Wastewaters), and the difficulty in the recycling because of their polyphenolic content, led to propose the separation of their polyphenols. The recovery of polyphenols from olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) provides the double opportunity to obtain high-added value biomolecules and to reduce the phytotoxicity of the effluent. The separation can be obtained by a continuous flow extraction process of adsorption and desorption, this process is characterized by the possibility to recycling the adsorbing phase and the extraction solvent. The present work is part of a project aimed to the development of pilot scale process based on the use of the AMBERLITE XAD16 as adsorption resin. The adsorption stage is preceded by a wastewater filtration pretreatment, and a final desorption process is added to recover the polyphenols using acidified ethanol as the solvent.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Nel campo dell’industria chimica la ricerca si è mossa in direzione di rendere i processi più sostenibili. Ciò viene effettuato considerando le linee guida della green chemistry. In questo contesto si colloca la metodologia LCA che valuta l’impatto ambientale associato ad un processo o un prodotto, comprendendo tutto il suo ciclo di vita. Nel presente lavoro di tesi si studia l’applicazione della LCA alla sintesi industriale di anidride maleica (AM), che viene ottenuta tramite reazione di ossidazione del benzene o dell’n-butano. Nello studio si sono modellate tre diverse vie di sintesi dell’AM considerando il processo di produzione che parte da benzene e il processo di produzione da butano con due diversi tipi di reattore: il letto fisso e il letto fluido (processo ALMA). Negli scenari si considerano le fasi di produzione dei reagenti e si è modellata la fase della reazione di ossidazione e l’incenerimento dei sottoprodotti e del reagente non convertito. Confrontando i tre processi, emerge che al processo che parte da benzene sono associati gli impatti globali maggiori mentre il processo ALMA ha un minore carico ambientale. Il processo da benzene risulta avere maggiori impatti per le categorie Cambiamento climatico, Formazione di particolato e Consumo dei metalli. Il processo da butano a tecnologia a letto fisso presenta invece maggiori impatti per le categorie Tossicità umana e Consumo di combustibili fossili, dovuti alla maggiore richiesta energetica effettuata dal processo di ossidazione del butano con tecnologia a letto fisso e alla richiesta di combustibile ausiliario per la fase di incenerimento. Tale risultato emerge anche dall’analisi effettuata con il Cumulative Energy Demand. Al processo ALMA sono associati gli impatti inferiori in assoluto, nonostante abbia una resa inferiore al processo che utilizza il letto fisso. I risultati dell’analisi LCA sono stati confermati dall’analisi delle incertezze, realizzata con il metodo statistico Monte Carlo.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Attività sperimentale riguardante lo studio dei materiali compositi, nell’ambito della progettazione a crashworthiness, svolto, tramite test dei provini realizzati nell’attività di tirocinio, presso i laboratori didattici della Scuola di ingegneria e architettura, sede di Forlì. Il lavoro di tesi, si è basato sulla valutazione dell’energia assorbita dai provini in materiale composito, tramite prove quasi-statiche; per questo tipo di prove sono stati utilizzati provini autostabilizzanti, rinforzati in fibra di carbonio e matrice in resina epossidica. Prima di procedere alla sperimentazione, sono stati studiati i risultati ottenuti da precedenti sperimentazioni eseguite da colleghi, per valutare quale fosse la configurazione migliore di provino, in termini di geometria, e trigger, che garantisse elevate energie di assorbimento. Dopo una panoramica dei materiali compositi, con riferimento alle caratteristiche e proprietà, alle diverse tipologie che si possono avere in ambito industriale, è spiegato il concetto di crashworthiness, le varie tipologie di test di impatto e le varie tipologie di rottura alla quale può essere soggetto un provino. Si è di seguito descritto come è stata valutata la scelta del tipo di geometria e del trigger, che sarebbero stati utilizzati per la progettazione del provino, e si è accennato al processo di laminazione svolta presso i laboratori della Scuola per la fabbricazione del provino. Al termine della descrizione dei tester usati per la sperimentazione sono, infine, illustrati i risultati delle prove svolte, con successivi commenti.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In questo progetto di tesi abbiamo lavorato all’ottimizzazione di un nuovo processo di sintesi di idrossitirosolo eco-compatibile e di possibile applicazione industriale. Il processo, che risulta una via molto competitiva per ottenere idrossitirosolo, si compone di due step: una prima sintesi di un intermedio acetalico e la successiva riduzione di questo al prodotto di interesse. In particolare il lavoro di tesi ha riguardato lo studio di catalizzatori e delle condizioni per le due reazioni al fine di aumentare le selettività dei prodotti target, analizzando la formazione dei sottoprodotti. Si è cercato, inoltre, di intraprendere una strada alternativa, provando la sintesi di un intermedio acetalico ciclico (possibilmente più stabile dell’altro intermedio acetalico) e, quindi, la sua riduzione, ritenendo di poter così evitare la formazione dei sottoprodotti. In this project we worked on the optimization of a new and industrially applicable process for the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol. Furthermore, we devised a process according to the principles of green chemistry. The process, that is a competitive way to obtain hydroxytyrosol, consists of two steps: first the synthesis of an acetalic precursor and then its reduction. Particularly the work was focused on the study of the catalysts and the conditions for the two reactions in order to increase the selectivity of target products, also analyzing the formation of the by-products. At last, we tried to take an alternative route with the synthesis of another acetalic precursor: a cyclic one. This because we thought that a cyclic acetal should be more stable than not cyclic one and maybe the reduction on this second precursor could not pass by the formation of the by-products already saw.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Valutazione degli effetti ambientali sulle caratteristiche meccaniche di materiali compositi avanzati. Laminati in fibra di carbonio e resina epossidica, sottoposti a cicli termici, sono stati analizzati per determinare le resistenze strutturali degli stessi. I valori ottenuti sono stati comparati con materiale non invecchiato.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

La conoscenza dell’età e della crescita dei bivalvi è un requisito fondamentale per uno studio di dinamica di popolazione e per una gestione ottimale della risorsa. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di individuare una metodologia valida per riconoscere la precisa natura dell’origine dei microincrementi di crescita nel guscio di Chamelea gallina, riconoscendo le discontinuità annuali all’interno del guscio. Sono stati prelevati gusci di individui di C. gallina provenienti da un precedente campionamento nella baia della Vallugola il 06/09/2013. Le valve sono state incluse in resina epossidica e sezionate dall’umbone al margine centrale e levigate così da poter osservare le fettine ottenute allo stereomicroscopio a luce trasmessa. Il vantaggio riscontrato di questa metodologia è rappresentato dalla inaccessibilità delle strutture di deposizione alle perturbazioni ambientali anche se risulta impossibile annullare i possibili effetti dovuti all’attività di pesca o di altri eventi stressanti. Sono stati individuati solamente organismi con uno o due anni di età. I picchi di rallentamento della crescita sincronizzati in ogni classe di taglia potrebbero indicare tassi di accrescimento costanti entro le classi di taglia. Si può notare inoltre una certa ciclicità con cui si presentano i picchi di rallentamento della crescita. Essi si presentano circa ogni 10-12 crestine corrispondenti ipoteticamente ad una annualità. Un limite di questa metodica è dato dal fatto che si riesce a leggere l’informazione contenuta nel guscio ma, senza una validazione non è possibile associarla ad un preciso periodo di vita dell’organismo. A causa delle tempistiche limitate, non è stato possibile condurre esperimenti di crescita in campo per validare la periodicità delle micro linee di accrescimento ma sarebbe auspicabile in futuro riuscire a svolgere almeno una delle diverse metodiche di validazione.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The occurrence of waste pharmaceuticals has been identified and well documented in water sources throughout North America and Europe. Many studies have been conducted which identify the occurrence of various pharmaceutical compounds in these waters. This project is an extensive review of the documented evidence of this occurrence published in the scientific literature. This review was performed to determine if this occurrence has a significant impact on the environment and public health. This project and review found that pharmaceuticals such as sex hormone drugs, antibiotic drugs and antineoplastic/cytostatic agents as well as their metabolites have been found to occur in water sources throughout the United States at levels high enough to have noticeable impacts on human health and the environment. It was determined that the primary sources of this occurrence of pharmaceuticals were waste water effluent and solid wastes from sewage treatment plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, healthcare and biomedical research facilities, as well as runoff from veterinary medicine applications (including aquaculture). ^ In addition, current public policies of US governmental agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) have been evaluated to see if they are doing a sufficient job at controlling this issue. Specific recommendations for developing these EPA, FDA, and DEA policies have been made to mitigate, prevent, or eliminate this issue.^ Other possible interventions such as implementing engineering controls were also evaluated in order to mitigate, prevent and eliminate this issue. These engineering controls include implementing improved current treatment technologies such as the advancement and improvement of waste water treatment processes utilized by conventional sewage treatment and pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. In addition, administrative controls such as the use of “green chemistry” in drug synthesis and design were also explored and evaluated as possible alternatives to mitigate, prevent, or eliminate this issue. Specific recommendations for incorporating these engineering and administrative controls into the applicable EPA, FDA, and DEA policies have also been made.^

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Agricultural wastes are a source of renewable raw materials (RRM), with structures that can be tailored for the use envisaged. Here, they have proved to be good replacement candidates for use as biomaterials for the growth of osteoblasts in bone replacement therapies. Their preparation is more cost effective than that of materials presently in use with the added bonus of converting a low-cost waste into a value-added product. Due to their origin these solids are ecomaterials. In this study, several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and bioassays, were used to compare the biocompatibility and cell growth of scaffolds produced from beer bagasse, a waste material from beer production, with a control sample used in bone and dental regenerative processes.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This PhD work deals with problems of synthetic organic chemistry with particular attention to the development of environmentally friendly processes. In particular, new synthetic strategies have been studied based on the use of low cost heterogeneous catalysts, non-toxic reagents and mild operating conditions that do not involve, when possible, the use of solvents. The catalysts examined are both basic and acids, commercial or prepared by hetereogenization of homogeneous catalysts synthesized by tethering or impregnation. In particular it will be discussed the catalytic activity of oxides (Al2O3 and TiO2), supported sulphonic acids and hydrotalcites for the reactions of selective monoesterificazion of dicarboxylic acids, dehydrogenation of butane in gas phase, esterification of levulinic acid, Friedel-Craft acylations, C-C and C-P coupling. The use of these materials has allowed the development of simple processes with low environmental impact. The operating conditions are in fact mild and reaction times short. The selectivity for the desired products is in all reported cases very high and the catalysts can be recycled maintaining their optimum performances.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O uso de pesticidas levou ao aumento da produtividade e qualidade dos produtos agrícolas, porém o seu uso acarreta na intoxicação dos seres vivos pela ingestão gradativa de seus resíduos que contaminam o solo, a água e os alimentos. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do monitoramento constante de suas concentrações nos compartimentos ambientais. Para isto, busca-se o desenvolvimento de métodos de extração e enriquecimento de forma rápida, com baixo custo, gerando um baixo volume de resíduos, contribuindo com a química verde. Dentre estes métodos destacam-se a extração por banho de ultrassom e a extração por ponto nuvem. Após o procedimento de extração, o extrato obtido pode ser analisado por técnicas de Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) e a Cromatografia por Injeção Sequencial (SIC), empregando fases estacionárias modernas, tais como as monolíticas e as partículas superficialmente porosas. O emprego de SIC com coluna monolítica (C18, 50 x 4,6 mm) e empacotada com partículas superficialmente porosas (C18, 30 x 4,6 mm, tamanho de partícula 2,7 µm) foi estudado para separação de simazina (SIM) e atrazina (ATR), e seus metabólitos, desetilatrazina (DEA), desisopropilatrazina (DIA) e hidroxiatrazina (HAT). A separação foi obtida por eluição passo-a-passo, com fases móveis compostas de acetonitrila (ACN) e tampão Acetato de Amônio/Ácido acético (NH4Ac/HAc) 2,5 mM pH 4,2. A separação na coluna monolítica foi realizada com duas fases móveis: MP1= 15:85 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc a uma vazão de 35 µL s-1. A separação na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas foi efetivada com as fases móveis MP1= 13:87 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc à vazão de 8 µL s-1. A extração por banho de ultrassom em solo fortificado com os herbicidas (100 e 1000 µg kg-1) resultou em recuperações entre 42 e 160%. A separação de DEA, DIA, HAT, SIM e ATR empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 35% para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 35% ACN na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas, sendo a fase aquosa constituída por tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 15 min. A extração por banho de ultrassom das amostras de solo com presença de ATR, fortificadas com concentrações de 250 a 1000 µg kg-1, proporcionou recuperações entre 40 e 86%. A presença de ATR foi confirmada por espectrometria de massas. Foram realizados estudos de fortificação com ATR e SIM em amostras de água empregando a extração por ponto nuvem com o surfactante Triton-X114. A separação empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 90% de ACN para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 90% de ACN para a coluna empacotada, sempre em tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 16 min. Fortificações entre 1 e 50 µg L-1 resultaram em recuperações entre 65 e 132%.