Caracterización de la resistencia a metales pesados de cepas de Rhizobium aisladas de suelos ultramáficos y contaminados

- Caracterización de la resistencia a altas concentraciones de metales, y en especial a níquel y cobalto en las cepas objeto de estudio. - Determinar si existe una posible correlación entre la presencia del sistema hidrogenasa y la resistencia a altas concentraciones de níquel. - Determinar los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la resistencia a níquel en la cepa de Rhizobium leguminosarum más resistente identificada en este estudio.

Pions to quarks : particle physics in the 1950s : based on a Fermilab symposium /

Mode of access: Internet.

Aplicação da tecnologia eletroquímica para a remoção e monitoramento de metais pesados em efluentes aquosos

Heavy metals are present in industrial waste. These metals can generate a large environmental impact contaminating water, soil and plants. The chemical action of heavy metals has attracted environmental interest. In this context, this study aimed to test t he performance of electrochemical technologies for removing and quantifying heavy metals. First ly , the electroanalytical technique of stripping voltammetry with glassy carbon electrode (GC) was standardized in order to use this method for the quantificatio n of metals during their removal by electrocoagulation process (EC). A nalytical curves were evaluated to obtain reliability of the determin ation and quantification of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ separately or in a mixture. Meanwhile , EC process was developed using an el ectrochemical cell in a continuous flow (EFC) for removing Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ . The se experiments were performed using Al parallel plates with 10 cm of diameter (  63.5 cm 2 ) . The optimization of conditions for removing Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ , dissolved in 2 L of solution at 151 L h - 1 , were studied by applying different values of current for 30 min. Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ concentrations were monitored during electrolysis using stripping voltammetry. The results showed that the removal of Pb 2 + was effective when the EC pro cess is used, obtaining removals of 98% in 30 min. This behavior is dependent on the applied current, which implies an increase in power consumption. From the results also verified that the stripping voltammetry technique is quite reliable deter mining Pb 2+ concentration , when compared with the measurements obtained by atomic absorption method (AA). In view of this, t he second objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ (mixture solution) by EC . Removal efficiency increasing current was confirmed when 93% and 100% of Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ was removed after 30 min . The increase in the current promotes the oxidation of sacrificial electrodes, and consequently increased amount of coagulant, which influences the removal of heavy metals in solution. Adsortive voltammetry is a fast, reliable, economical and simple way to determine Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ during their removal. I t is more economical than those normally used, which require the use of toxic and expensive reagents. Our results demonstrated the potential use of electroanalytical techniques to monitor the course of environmental interventions. Thus, the application of the two techniques associated can be a reliable way to monitor environmental impacts due to the pollution of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.

Recuperação avançada de óleos pesados em poços fraturados utilizando aquecimento eletromagnético indutivo

The success achieved by thermal methods of recovery, in heavy oils, prompted the emergence of studies on the use of electromagnetic waves as heat generating sources in oil reservoirs. Thus, this generation is achieved by three types of different processes according to the frequency range used. They are: the electromagnetic induction heating, the resistive and the dielectric, also known as radiation. This study was based on computer simulations in oil reservoirs with characteristics similar to those found in the sedimentary basins of the Brazilian Northeast. All cases studied were simulated using the software STARS, CMG (Computer Group, version 2012.10 Modeling). Some simulations took into account the inclusion of electrically sensitive particles in certain sectors of the reservoir model studied by fracturing. The purpose of this work is the use of the electromagnetic induction heating as a recovery method of heavy oil, to check the influence of these aforementioned particles on the reservoir model used. Comparative analyses were made involving electromagnetic induction heating, the operation of hydraulic fracturing and the injection of water to the different situations of the reservoir model studied. It was found that fracturing the injection well in order that the electromagnetic heating occurs in the same well where there is water injection, there was a considerable increase in the recovery factor and in the cumulative oil production in relation to the models in which hydraulic fracturing occurred in the production well and water injection in the injection well. This is due to the generation of steam in situ in the reservoir.

Higgs production in association with top quarks at the LHC

Since it has been found that the MadGraph Monte Carlo generator offers superior flavour-matching capability as compared to Alpgen, the suitability of MadGraph for the generation of ttb¯ ¯b events is explored, with a view to simulating this background in searches for the Standard Model Higgs production and decay process ttH, H ¯ → b ¯b. Comparisons are performed between the output of MadGraph and that of Alpgen, showing that satisfactory agreement in their predictions can be obtained with the appropriate generator settings. A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson, produced in association with the top quark and decaying into a b ¯b pair, using 20.3 fb−1 of 8 TeV collision data collected in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, is presented. The GlaNtp analysis framework, together with the RooFit package and associated software, are used to obtain an expected 95% confidence-level limit of 4.2 +4.1 −2.0 times the Standard Model expectation, and the corresponding observed limit is found to be 5.9; this is within experimental uncertainty of the published result of the analysis performed by the ATLAS collaboration. A search for a heavy charged Higgs boson of mass mH± in the range 200 ≤ mH± /GeV ≤ 600, where the Higgs mediates the five-flavour beyond-theStandard-Model physics process gb → tH± → ttb, with one top quark decaying leptonically and the other decaying hadronically, is presented, using the 20.3 fb−1 8 TeV ATLAS data set. Upper limits on the product of the production cross-section and the branching ratio of the H± boson are computed for six mass points, and these are found to be compatible within experimental uncertainty with those obtained by the corresponding published ATLAS analysis.

Adição do resíduo de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar em pastas para cimentação de poços petrolíferos produtores de óleos pesados

The Potiguar basin has large fields of viscous oil where the used method for recovering is based on vapor injection; this operation is carried out by injecting vapor in the oilwell directly, without the protection of a revetment through thermal insulation, what causes its dilation and, consequently, cracks in the cement placed on the annular, and lost of hydraulic insulation; this crack is occasioned by the phenomenon of retrogression of the compressive resistance due to the conversion of the hydrated calcium silicate in phases calcium-rich, caused by the high temperatures in the wells, subjected to thermal recuperation. This work has evaluated the application of composite pastes with addition of residue of biomass of ground sugar-cane bagasse as anti-retrogression mineral admixture for cementation of oil-wells subjected to thermal recuperation. The addition of the mineral residue was carried out considering a relative amount of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 59% in relation to cement mass, trying to improve the microstructure of the paste, still being developed a reference paste only with cement and a paste with addition of 40% of silica flour - renowned material in the oil industry as anti-retrogression additive. Pozzolanic activity of the ash was evaluated through XRD, TG/DTG, as the resistance to compression, and it was also determined the physical and mechanical behavior of the pastes when submitted to cure at low temperatures (22 and 38º C); besides it was evaluated the behavior of the pastes when submitted to two cycles of cure at high temperature (280ºC) and pressure (7 MPa). It was verified that the ash of the sugar-cane biomass presents pozzolanic reaction and has great efficiency in decrease the permeability of the paste by filler effect, as well as that addition of ash in a relative amount of 10, 20 e 30% increases cured compressive resistance at low temperatures. It was also showed that the ash in a relative amount of 40% and 59% has very significant efficiency as anti-retrogression additive, since it prevents the decrease of compressive resistance and forms hydrated calcium silicate type xenotlita and tobermorita which have more resistance and stability in high temperatures

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Torta de filtro e turfa na mitigação de solo contaminado por metais pesados e Boro e o uso do girassol como fitoextrator.

A maioria das plantas testadas para remediar áreas contaminadas tem sido para fins alimentares ou florestais. Hoje, o interesse aumentou para culturas energéticas, cuja biomassa poderá ser utilizada para biodiesel, biogás ou calor. Os objetivos deste experimento foram avaliar o potencial remediador de plantas de girassol cultivadas em um Neossolo Litólico contaminado com metais pesados e boro e o efeito da aplicação de compostos orgânicos na fitodisponibilidade de metais e de boro. As doses de compostos orgânicos, torta de filtro e turfa, foram de 0,0, 20; 40 e 80 t ha -1 de C orgânico equivalente em, g por vaso, a: 0,0, 37,4, 74,8 e 112,2 para a torta e 0,0, 60,5, 121,0 e 181,5 para a turfa. Plantas de girassol foram crescidas até o estádio de florescimento. Amostras de solo bem como as da parte aérea (caule e flor) e raízes das plantas de girassol foram submetidas às análises químicas para determinação de macro e micronutrientes e metais pesados. As plantas não apresentaram sintomas de toxidez. A produção de massa seca de todas as partes da planta aumentou com o aumento da adição de matéria orgânica, sendo que a adição de torta de filtro foi o tratamento mais efetivo. A aplicação de matéria orgânica não influenciou a concentração de B e de metais pesados disponíveis no solo, mas os valores estavam altos. Concluiu-se que o girassol tem potencial para ser cultivado na área contaminada estudada, além de ser considerado fitoextrator de B.

Remoción de metales pesados con carbón activado como soporte de biomasa

El incremento en los niveles de contaminación del agua por metales pesados ha resultado en un aumento en la investigación y el desarrollo de métodos más efectivos para su eliminación

Determinación de metales pesados y evaluación de la biotransferencia de especies inorgánicas de arsénico en leche bovina cruda

Propósito y método de estudio: En el presente estudio se evaluó el factor de biotransferencia (FBT) de arsénico (As) inorgánico en leche bovina cruda a través de agua de consumo en zonas contaminadas con este metaloide en México. Las muestras de leche y agua fueron colectadas en municipios de Durango, San Luis Potosí y Zacatecas zonas lugares donde se lleva a cabo la minería y con antecedente de contaminación por As. Para el análisis de As total fue empleado el método de digestión acida asistido por microondas (EPA 3052). La extracción de especies inorgánicas de As fue asistida por microondas empleando H3PO4 0.3 M a 90 °C durante 30 min, para su posterior separación en una resina de intercambio aniónico fuerte (SAX). La determinación de As total y de especies de arsénico se llevó a cabo por Espectrometría de Masas con Fuente de Plasma de Acoplamiento Inductivo (ICP-MS). Adicionalmente en las muestras leche previamente digeridas se analizó el contenido total de Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn y Fe por ICP-MS con la finalidad de evaluar el grado de contaminación por estos metales y establecer una correlación con la concentración de As en leche y el posible origen de la contaminación. Contribuciones y conclusiones La concentración de As total en el agua de la mayoría de las zonas de estudio superó el límite permisible para agua de consumo según la norma oficial NOM-127-SSA1-1994-2000 (25 μg/L). En cuanto a las muestras de leche, las concentraciones de As se encontraron entre el límite de detección y 472.80 μg/kg, siendo los estados de Durango y San Luis Potosí los que presentaron las concentraciones mayores. Las concentraciones de los otros metales analizados en leche mostraron que el promedio de Pb en leche en Zacatecas y San Luis Potosí, superó el límite permisible de acuerdo a la Comisión Europea. Así mismo para el caso del Cd la concentración media en el estado de San Luis Potosí superó los niveles ya reportados. Las zonas de San Luis Potosí, Durango y Zacatecas presentaron niveles altos de metales esenciales (Zn, Cu y Fe). Además se encontró que para los metales analizados (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn y Fe) se presentó una correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) con As en leche, lo cual sugiere una fuente de contaminación común la minera que se realiza en los sitios de estudio. En cuanto a la concentración de especies de As inorgánico en leche, las concentraciones para la especie de As (V) fueron mayores (79.60-242.20 μg/kg) que las de As (III) (31.00-96.81 μg/kg); dado que la especie de As (V) presenta un menor grado de toxicidad podría indicar menor riesgo para la población que ingiere este alimento. Por último, se determinó el FBT de especies de As inorgánicas a través del agua de consumo, obteniéndose valores superiores a los ya reportados para As total (2.6 x 10-6 a 6 x 10-4); sin embargo, no se encontró una correlación significativa entre As en leche y arsénico en agua (p ˃0.05), lo cual sugiere que el agua no es la única vía de exposición de este metaloide. Para una posterior evaluación del factor de biotransferencia se sugiere el analizar el contenido de As en alimento y el suelo donde habita el organismo e incorporar estas fuentes de contaminación al modelo del FBT.

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Estudo paramétrico do processo de injeção de solventes em poços horizontais para reservatórios de óleos pesados

The world has many types of oil that have a range of values of density and viscosity, these are characteristics to identify whether an oil is light, heavy or even ultraheavy. The occurrence of heavy oil has increased significantly and pointing to a need for greater investment in the exploitation of deposits and therefore new methods to recover that oil. There are economic forecasts that by 2025, the heavy oil will be the main source of fossil energy in the world. One such method is the use of solvent vaporized VAPEX which is known as a recovery method which consists of two horizontal wells parallel to each other, with a gun and another producer, which uses as an injection solvent that is vaporized in order to reduce the viscosity of oil or bitumen, facilitating the flow to the producing well. This method was proposed by Dr. Roger Butler, in 1991. The importance of this study is to analyze how the influence some operational reservoir and parameters are important in the process VAPEX, such as accumulation of oil produced in the recovery factor in flow injection and production rate. Parameters such as flow injection, spacing between wells, type of solvent to be injected, vertical permeability and oil viscosity were addressed in this study. The results showed that the oil viscosity is the parameter that showed statistically significant influence, then the choice of Heptane solvent to be injected showed a greater recovery of oil compared to other solvents chosen, considering the spacing between the wells was shown that for a greater distance between the wells to produce more oil