El cirujano instruido : modo facil, y barato de curar casi todas las enfermedades externas con el uso de una sola medicina diferentemente modificada /

Mode of access: Internet.

El cirujano instruido : modo f��cil y barato de curar casi todas las enfermedades externas con el uso de una sola medicina diferentemente modificada /

Mode of access: Internet.

S��ntese e caracteriza����o de catalisadores baseados em vermiculita modificada com ferro: aplica����o em processos do tipo foto-fenton

Clays are materials with specific properties that make them promising for various studies. In this work we used the vermiculite clay as support for iron compounds, in order to obtain promising materials for application in the heterogeneous type photo-Fenton process. In all, the study included six solid, starting from the vermiculite (V0) was obtained calcined vermiculite (V0-C), the mixed material (V0/��-FeOOH) formed by vermiculite more akaganeite, exchanged vermiculite (v0t-C), vermiculite impregnated Wet (V0u-C) and V0u-CL that is the solid obtained by impregnating with a back washing. The solids of the study had their physical and chemical characteristics investigated by the following characterization techniques: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), UV-Vis by Diffuse Reflectance (DR UV-Vis), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The V0 material showed three distinct phases, which are the very vermiculite, hidrobiotite and biotite, the last two phases are part of the geological of formation process vermiculite. The solids obtained after the modification showed an increase in the amount of iron present in the clay, these being quantities important for application in photocatalysis. The micrographs and EDS data, show that after treatment of addition of the metal , the iron was intercalary in structure of vermiculite for solid V0t-C and V0u-C, however, this did not occur with mixed material. In the photoFenton process, was observed a maximum removal of 88.8% of the dye methylene blue coloring for the catalyst V0/��-FeOOH, while for the other solids was obtained values between 76.8 and 62.6%, compared to 37.8% of discoloration without the presence of catalyst. Therefore, it is concluded that the vermiculite clay presents as a good catalyst and iron support for the, beyond of presenting a low cost because of its high abundance.

Aplica����o da perlita expandida modificada com ortofenantrolina na remo����o do negro de eriocromo T em ��guas residuais geradas em laborat��rios de ensino de qu��mica

In this study, we carried out the study of Eriochrome black T removal using expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline by adsorption technique. The study of the adsorption process was performed by investigating the effect of the initial dye concentration, contact time and pH range of the solution (acidic and alkaline) in the adsorption process, for a so-called synthetic effluent (aqueous solution of black eriochrome T) and a real effluent (generated from the test for determining the water hardness, by complexation titration). The materials were characterized by Thermogravimetry / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG / DTA), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By analysis of XRD observed thinking on orthophenanthroline the modified expanded perlite. And by IR analysis showed an increase in intensity and a detailed enlargement of the absorption band related to the axial deformation of the OH bond of silanol groups of perlite (Si-OH). In the equilibration time of the study, in the evaluated time range (5-230 min) was not possible to observe the existence of a balance of time, probably attributed to the type of interaction between the Eriochrome black-T and the expanded perlite modified orthophenanthroline, being an interaction of surface origin. In the study effect of the initial concentration of the adsorbate in the case 2,0x10-4 mol / L natural pH (pH 5) gave the highest removal percentage value of eriochrome T black color with 63.74 % removal in 20 minutes of contact. In evaluating the effect of varying the pH of Eriochrome black T solution in the adsorption process, it was found that the more acidic the environment, the greater the percentage stain removal, being a result of acid-base interaction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. In T Eriochrome black removal study in real effluent we used the optimized conditions by studying with synthetic sewage. The dye removal at pH 10, natural pH of the effluent was no significant reaching the maximum amount of color removal percentage of 8.12%, obtained already at pH 3 with maximum color removal 100.00% of color, once more proving that eriochrome black T and effectively interact better with the adsorbent at acid pH values (pH 5 or 3), and most efficiently at pH 3. thus one can mention that the perlite expanded (an amorphous aluminosilicate naturally acid) modified with orthophenanthroline (one Bronsted base) consists of a master and effective removal of coloring material in the acid-type aqueous solution, the conditions expressed in this study, can be applied as an adsorbent of this dye also mums real effluent.

Micropart��culas contendo nanopart��culas de quitosana usando sulfato e genipina para libera����o modificada da triancinolona: obten����o, caracteriza����o e estudo em c��lulas tumorais

Chitosan is a polymer biocompatibility and biodegradability widely used in drug delivery systems. The co-crosslinking of chitosan with sodium sulfate and genipin, to form particulate systems is related of making them more resistant to acidic pH and to modulate the release kinetics for the oral route. Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. The nanoparticles were prepared by co-crosslinking and characterized for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, crosslinking degree, encapsulation rate, morphology, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, release kinetics and cells studies. The nanoparticles were prepared initially without genipin with sodium sulphate and the particles parameters were monitored in function of different ratio of drug / polymer, different concentrations of sodium sulfate and polysorbate 80 and the drip mode of crosslinkers on polymers. After optimizing conditions, the chosen system parameters without genipin included mean diameter of 312.20 �� 5.70 nm, PDI 0.342 �� 0.013 and zeta potential of 20.18 �� 2.28 mV. The genipin was introduced into the system analyzing different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) and crosslinking times (3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Evaluating crosslinking time with genipin (0.5 mM) it was showed that varying the genipin reaction time the systems size ranged from 235.1 to 334.4 nm, the PDI from 0.321 to 0.392 and zeta potential 20.92 to 30.39 mV. The crosslinking degree that coud vary from 14 to 30 %. Nanoparticles without genipina, 6 h and 24 h crosslinking time were dried by spray-drying method. Analysis by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the microparticles showed spherical morphology. The encapsulation rate was 75 �� 2.3 % using validated HPLC methodology. The infrared analysis showed chemical interactions between the components of the formulation. Thermal analysis showed that systems with a higher degree of crosslinking had a higher thermal stability. On release kinetics, increasing the degree of crosslinking was able to decrease the concentration and rate of release of triamcinolone. In studies with liver cancer cells (HepG2) and colon (HT-29), the microparticulate prepared with triamcinolone and 24 h of crosslinking with genipin showed a potential for antitumor activity in hepatic cell line HepG2. Therefore, a new delivery system for triamcinolone on polymeric nanoparticles of chitosan cocrosslinked with genipin and sodium sulfate was obtained with hepatic antitumor potential.

Avalia����o do desempenho da paligorsquita modificada e do carv��o da pir��lise do lodo de esgoto no processo de degrada����o fotocatal��tica do fenol

The uncontrolled disposal of wastewaters containing phenolic compounds by the industry has caused irreversible damage to the environment. Because of this, it is now mandatory to develop new methods to treat these effluents before they are disposed of. One of the most promising and low cost approaches is the degradation of phenolic compounds via photocatalysis. This work, in particular, has as the main goal, the customization of a bench scale photoreactor and the preparation of catalysts via utilization of char originated from the fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature (50��C) under oxygen (410, 515, 650 and 750 ml min-1). The reaction took place in the liquid phase (3.4 liters), where the catalyst concentration was 1g L-1 and the initial concentration of phenol was 500 mg L-1 and the reaction time was set to 3 hours. A 400 W lamp was adapted to the reactor. The flow of oxygen was optimized to 650 ml min-1. The pH of the liquid and the nature of the catalyst (acidified and calcined palygorskite, palygorskite impregnated with 3.8% Fe and the pyrolysis char) were investigated. The catalytic materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, and BET. In the process of photocatalytic degradation of phenol, the results showed that the pH has a significant influence on the phenol conversion, with best results for pH equal to 5.5. The phenol conversion ranged from 51.78% for the char sewage sludge to 58.02% (for palygorskite acidified calcined). Liquid samples analyzed by liquid chromatography and the following compounds were identified: hydroquinone, catechol and maleic acid. A mechanism of the reaction was proposed, whereas the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. For the latter, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied, whose mass balances led to a system of differential equations and these were solved using numerical methods in order to get estimates for the kinetic and adsorption parameters. The model was adjusted satisfactorily to the experimental results. From the proposed mechanism and the operating conditions used in this study, the most favored step, regardless of the catalyst, was the acid group (originated from quinone compounds), being transformed into CO2 and water, whose rate constant k4 presented value of 0.578 mol L-1 min-1 for acidified calcined palygorskite, 0.472 mol L-1 min-1 for Fe2O3/palygorskite and 1.276 mol L-1 min-1 for the sludge to char, the latter being the best catalyst for mineralization of acid to CO2 and water. The quinones were adsorbed to the acidic sites of the calcined palygorskite and Fe2O3/palygorskite whose adsorption constants were similar (~ 4.45 L mol-1) and higher than that of the sewage sludge char (3.77 L mol-1).

Avalia����o do desempenho da paligorsquita modificada e do carv��o da pir��lise do lodo de esgoto no processo de degrada����o fotocatal��tica do fenol

The uncontrolled disposal of wastewaters containing phenolic compounds by the industry has caused irreversible damage to the environment. Because of this, it is now mandatory to develop new methods to treat these effluents before they are disposed of. One of the most promising and low cost approaches is the degradation of phenolic compounds via photocatalysis. This work, in particular, has as the main goal, the customization of a bench scale photoreactor and the preparation of catalysts via utilization of char originated from the fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature (50��C) under oxygen (410, 515, 650 and 750 ml min-1). The reaction took place in the liquid phase (3.4 liters), where the catalyst concentration was 1g L-1 and the initial concentration of phenol was 500 mg L-1 and the reaction time was set to 3 hours. A 400 W lamp was adapted to the reactor. The flow of oxygen was optimized to 650 ml min-1. The pH of the liquid and the nature of the catalyst (acidified and calcined palygorskite, palygorskite impregnated with 3.8% Fe and the pyrolysis char) were investigated. The catalytic materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, and BET. In the process of photocatalytic degradation of phenol, the results showed that the pH has a significant influence on the phenol conversion, with best results for pH equal to 5.5. The phenol conversion ranged from 51.78% for the char sewage sludge to 58.02% (for palygorskite acidified calcined). Liquid samples analyzed by liquid chromatography and the following compounds were identified: hydroquinone, catechol and maleic acid. A mechanism of the reaction was proposed, whereas the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. For the latter, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied, whose mass balances led to a system of differential equations and these were solved using numerical methods in order to get estimates for the kinetic and adsorption parameters. The model was adjusted satisfactorily to the experimental results. From the proposed mechanism and the operating conditions used in this study, the most favored step, regardless of the catalyst, was the acid group (originated from quinone compounds), being transformed into CO2 and water, whose rate constant k4 presented value of 0.578 mol L-1 min-1 for acidified calcined palygorskite, 0.472 mol L-1 min-1 for Fe2O3/palygorskite and 1.276 mol L-1 min-1 for the sludge to char, the latter being the best catalyst for mineralization of acid to CO2 and water. The quinones were adsorbed to the acidic sites of the calcined palygorskite and Fe2O3/palygorskite whose adsorption constants were similar (~ 4.45 L mol-1) and higher than that of the sewage sludge char (3.77 L mol-1).

Nanopart��culas cati��nicas de poli (��cido l��tico) para libera����o modificada de pept��dios da pe��onha do escorpi��o Tityus serrulatus

Reported accidents involving the poisoning scorpions are still frequent in Brazil, mainly caused by Tityus serrulatus, known as yellow scorpion. Although antivenom sera are produced routinely by various government laboratories, the effectiveness of its use depends on how quickly treatment is initiated and efficiency in the production of antibodies by the immunized animals. In this study, the development of cationic polymeric nanoparticles of poly(lactic acid) aimed to create a modified delivery system for peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, able to enhance the production of serum antibodies against the scorpion toxins. The cationic nanoparticles were obtained by a low energy nanoprecipitation, after study of the parameters��� variations effects over the physicochemical properties of the particles. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine was proved by zeta potential analysis and enabled the adsorption by electrostatic interaction of different types of proteins. The protein loading efficiency of 40-80 % to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 100 % to scorpion venom peptides evaluated by spectrophotometry and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the success of the selected parameters established for obtainment of nanoparticles, produced with size between 100 to 250 nm. The atomic force microscopy analysis and in vitro release showed that the spherical nanoparticles provided a sustained release profile of proteins by diffusion mechanism, demonstrating the potential for application of the nanoparticles in vivo.

Nanopart��culas cati��nicas de poli (��cido l��tico) para libera����o modificada de pept��dios da pe��onha do escorpi��o Tityus serrulatus

Reported accidents involving the poisoning scorpions are still frequent in Brazil, mainly caused by Tityus serrulatus, known as yellow scorpion. Although antivenom sera are produced routinely by various government laboratories, the effectiveness of its use depends on how quickly treatment is initiated and efficiency in the production of antibodies by the immunized animals. In this study, the development of cationic polymeric nanoparticles of poly(lactic acid) aimed to create a modified delivery system for peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, able to enhance the production of serum antibodies against the scorpion toxins. The cationic nanoparticles were obtained by a low energy nanoprecipitation, after study of the parameters��� variations effects over the physicochemical properties of the particles. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine was proved by zeta potential analysis and enabled the adsorption by electrostatic interaction of different types of proteins. The protein loading efficiency of 40-80 % to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 100 % to scorpion venom peptides evaluated by spectrophotometry and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the success of the selected parameters established for obtainment of nanoparticles, produced with size between 100 to 250 nm. The atomic force microscopy analysis and in vitro release showed that the spherical nanoparticles provided a sustained release profile of proteins by diffusion mechanism, demonstrating the potential for application of the nanoparticles in vivo.

FIABILIDAD DE LA PRUEBA DE MEDICI��N OBJETIVA DIN��MICA DE LA AMPLITUD DE ACOMODACI��N MODIFICADA PARA DETERMINAR LA AMPLITUD DE ACOMODACI��N EN PERSONAS ENTRE 40 Y 60 A��OS DE EDAD

Tesis (Maestr��a en Ciencias de la Visi��n).-- Universidad de La Salle. Maestr��a en Ciencias de la Visi��n, 2014

Avalia����o da anchoita (engraulis anchoita) salgada maturada acondicionada em atmosfera modificada

A anchoita foi capturada e acondicionada a bordo sob-resfriamento a 0��C com gelo em escamas. Ap��s o recebimento, o pescado foi processado na forma salgado-maturado. Ap��s a matura����o foram processadas e embaladas em sacos de polietileno e armazenadas sob-refrigera����o a 5��C durante 84 dias. As amostras foram divididas grupos: (1) sob press��o atmosfera normal, (2) v��cuo, (3) atmosfera modificada com 50% CO2 + 20% O2 + 30% N2 e (4) 60% CO2 + 10% O2 + 30% N2, em embalagens de polietileno e aluminizadas, termo-seladas e armazenadas sob-refrigera����o a 5��C. Os valores de textura tiveram uma redu����o de 2277,8 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para 821,90 N (Kg.m/s2 ) para o tratamento controle. A qualidade inicial do pescado atendeu aos padr��es legais vigentes, apresentando aus��ncia Salmonella sp e enumera����es aceit��veis aos padr��es de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Clostridium sulfito redutores, coliforme totais e a 45��C. Com rela����o ao pH, houve diferen��as significativas durante o tempo de processamento (p<0,05), o valor passou de 6,3 (in��cio) para 6,4 (final). Com rela����o aos resultados correspondentes aos par��metros L*, a* e b* (cor), em todos os tratamentos e ao longo do tempo de processamento (ambas as embalagens), ocorreram diferen��as significativas (p<0,05). Os valores de L* variaram de 34,80 para 18,00 (controle) 23,00 (v��cuo), 20,21 (T3) e 22,00 (T4) embalagens de polietileno. Nas embalagens de alum��nio os valores de L* variaram de 34,00 para 25,00 (controle), 29,00(v��cuo), 22,10 (T3) e 26,00 (T4).

Remo����o de corantes aliment��cios em sistema aquoso bin��rio utilizando quitosana modificada com cianoguanidina como adsorvente

Os estudos de adsor����o de corantes aliment��cios de solu����es aquosas geralmente est��o voltados para a remo����o de um corante espec��fico, por��m, as misturas bin��rias s��o mais realistas para simular efluentes industriais. A adsor����o de corantes com quitosana �� considerada uma tecnologia alternativa eco amig��vel, e quando a estrutura da quitosana �� modificada quimicamente, resulta em um adsorvente mais adequado. A reticula����o da quitosana com cianoguanidina apresenta vantagens, como melhoria na estabilidade em solu����es ��cidas e diminui����o do custo do adsorvente. Nesta pesquisa, o objetivo do trabalho foi modificar a quitosana com cianoguanidina para remo����o de corantes aliment��cios em sistema aquoso bin��rio. A fim de verificar o comportamento dos adsorventes na opera����o de adsor����o, foram preparadas amostras de quitosana com diferentes graus de desacetila����o (75%, 85% e 95%), e ap��s, foram realizadas modifica����es destas amostras com cianoguanidina. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados e aplicados para a adsor����o de azul indigotina e amarelo tatrazina em sistema aquoso bin��rio e em sistema simples. O efeito do pH e do grau de desacetila����o foram verificados para a remo����o dos corantes por quitosana com e sem modifica����o em sistema simples e bin��rio. Curvas de equil��brio foram obtidas em diferentes temperaturas e o modelo estendido de Langmuir foi ajustado aos dados experimentais. O comportamento cin��tico foi avaliado atrav��s dos modelos pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem e Avrami. Os par��metros termodin��micos foram determinados e estudos de dessor����o do adsorvente foram realizados. O pH mais adequado foi 3, e o melhor grau de desacetila����o foi 95% para ambos os sistemas aquosos e adsorbatos. As capacidades de adsor����o da quitosana sem e com modifica����o n��o apresentaram diferen��a significativa. O modelo de Langmuir estendido apresentou ajuste adequado ��s curvas de equil��brio e as m��ximas capacidades de adsor����o foram 595,3 e 680,0 mg g-1, obtidas �� 25��C, para o os corantes azul indigotina e amarelo tatrazina, respectivamente. O modelo de Avrami foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados cin��ticos de adsor����o. A dessor����o do adsorvente foi poss��vel por dois ciclos, mantendo sua capacidade de adsor����o em 209,7 mg g-1 no primeiro ciclo e 200,2 mg g-1 no segundo ciclo. A quitosana modificada com cianoguanidina apresentou-se como um adsorvente promissor para a remo����o de corantes aliment��cios em sistema bin��rio.

Evaluaci?n ex-ante del impacto socioecon?mico de la potencial introducci?n de yuca gen?ticamente modificada en el departamento del Cauca (Colombia) [recurso electr?nico]

Este proyecto de investigaci?n presenta un an?lisis ex-ante del impacto socioecon?mico de introducir una yuca tolerante a herbicidas en el departamento del Cauca. Para la estimaci?n del cambio en el margen neto de ganancia de los agricultores en el primer a?o de adopci?n de la tecnolog?a (entendido como la diferencia entre el ingreso bruto y los costos totales de producci?n) se emple? un enfoque de presupuestos parciales y diferentes escenarios de an?lisis, entre ellos, un an?lisis estoc?stico que permite considerar la incertidumbre (a trav?s de la asignaci?n de distribuciones de probabilidad) en las variables de la estructura de costos de producci?n que se ven afectadas con la tecnolog?a, otorgando mayor realismo a los resultados. Por otro lado, se calcularon los potenciales beneficios sociales de esta tecnolog?a y la distribuci?n de estos entre productores y consumidores utilizando un modelo de excedentes econ?micos. Los resultados indican que una variedad de yuca tolerante a herbicida permitir? reducir, en promedio, 12,6% los costos totales de producci?n por hect?rea. Adem?s, traer? beneficios econ?micos positivos tanto a productores como a consumidores, no obstante la TIR de la inversi?n del proyecto est? apenas por encima de la tasa de descuento, indicando que la probabilidad de que una instituci?n privada est? interesada en invertir en este tipo de tecnolog?as para el cultivo de yuca no es muy alta. El an?lisis de sensibilidad de los principales par?metros del modelo de excedentes econ?micos permiti?, por un lado, obtener resultados m?s robustos y, por otro lado, aportar informaci?n para futuros an?lisis o planes de acci?n para reducir las posibles amenazas y potencializar beneficios de esta tecnolog?a.

Correla����o entre o sinal mecanomiogr��fico e a escala modificada de Ashworth durante avalia����o cl��nica da espasticidade

Spasticity is a common disorder in people who have upper motor neuron injury. The involvement may occur at different levels. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is the most used method to measure involvement levels. But it corresponds to a subjective evaluation. Mechanomyography (MMG) is an objective technique that quantifies the muscle vibration during the contraction and stretching events. So, it may assess the level of spasticity accurately. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between spasticity levels determined by MAS with MMG signal in spastic and not spastic muscles. In the experimental protocol, we evaluated 34 members of 22 volunteers, of both genders, with a mean age of 39.91 �� 13.77 years. We evaluated the levels of spasticity by MAS in flexor and extensor muscle groups of the knee and/or elbow, where one muscle group was the agonist and one antagonist. Simultaneously the assessment by the MAS, caught up the MMG signals. We used a custom MMG equipment to register and record the signals, configured in LabView platform. Using the MatLab computer program, it was processed the MMG signals in the time domain (median energy) and spectral domain (median frequency) for the three motion axes: X (transversal), Y (longitudinal) and Z (perpendicular). For bandwidth delimitation, we used a 3rd order Butterworth filter, acting in the range of 5-50 Hz. Statistical tests as Spearman's correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test and linear correlation test were applied. As results in the time domain, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed differences in median energy (MMGME) between MAS groups. The linear correlation test showed high linear correlation between MAS and MMGME for the agonist muscle as well as for the antagonist group. The largest linear correlation occurred between the MAS and MMG ME for the Z axis of the agonist muscle group (R2 = 0.9557) and the lowest correlation occurred in the X axis, for the antagonist muscle group (R2 = 0.8862). The Spearman correlation test also confirmed high correlation for all axes in the time domain analysis. In the spectral domain, the analysis showed an increase in the median frequency (MMGMF) in MAS��� greater levels. The highest correlation coefficient between MAS and MMGMF signal occurred in the Z axis for the agonist muscle group (R2 = 0.4883), and the lowest value occurred on the Y axis for the antagonist group (R2 = 0.1657). By means of the Spearman correlation test, the highest correlation occurred between the Y axis of the agonist group (0.6951; p <0.001) and the lowest value on the X axis of the antagonist group (0.3592; p <0.001). We conclude that there was a significantly high correlation between the MMGME and MAS in both muscle groups. Also between MMG and MAS occurred a significant correlation, however moderate for the agonist group, and low for the antagonist group. So, the MMGME proved to be more an appropriate descriptor to correlate with the degree of spasticity defined by the MAS.

Determinaci��n del m��dulo resiliente de una arcilla blanda modificada con cascarilla de arroz como residuo agroindustrial

Bogot�� (Colombia): Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ingenier��a. Programa de Ingenier��a Civil