Noble gas concentrations of oceanic crust and sediments from the Ninety East Ridge in the Indian Ocean

We have determined the concentrations and isotopic composition of noble gases in old oceanic crust and oceanic sediments and the isotopic composition of noble gases in emanations from subduction volcanoes. Comparison with the noble gas signature of the upper mantle and a simple model allow us to conclude that at least 98% of the noble gases and water in the subducted slab returns back into the atmosphere through subduction volcanism before they can be admixed into the earth's mantle. It seems that the upper mantle is inaccessible to atmospheric noble gases due to an efficient subduction barrier for volatiles.

(Table 1) Downhole variation of potassium, apparent K-Ar age, and inert gas abundances at DSDP Holes 69-504B, 70-504B and 83-504B

Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and K2O were measured in representative samples of holocrystalline basalt from DSDP Hole 504B. No hiatus in inert gas abundance is recognized at the base of the "oxic" alteration zone and the extent rather than the nature of alteration appears to determine these abundances. When the inert gas abundances are separately plotted against K2O, two distinct trends of loss emerge, one for alteration involving K-gain, the other for K-loss. Apparent whole-rock K-Ar ages are anomalous in the upper 50 m of basement, and below 300 m sub-basement. In the intervening zone of basement, celadonization adds sufficient potassium and eliminates enough "primary" 40Ar early in the history of the basalts for "excess" 40Ar to become subordinate to radiogenic 40Ar in basalts showing potassium enrichment greater than 0.2%. Stratigraphically correct K-Ar ages are obtained, therefore, from K-enriched basalts of the oxic alteration zone.

Extreme-Ultraviolet-Initated High-Order Harmonic Generation: Driving Inner-Valence Electrons Using Below-Threshold-Energy Extreme-Ultraviolet Light

We propose a novel scheme for resolving the contribution of inner- and outer-valence electrons in XUV-initiated high-harmonic generation in neon. By probing the atom with a low energy (below the 2s ionisation threshold) ultrashort XUV pulse, the 2p electron is steered away from the core, while the 2s electron is enabled to describe recollision trajectories. By selectively suppressing the 2p recollision trajectories we can resolve the contribution of the 2s electron to the high-harmonic spectrum. We apply the classical trajectory model to account for the contribution of the 2s electron, which allows for an intuitive understanding of the process.

Site Machines

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-07

HATWALK/ Guerilla Millinery/ Part of the Cultural Olympiad

Stealth Visor for the Duke of Wellington Project HATWALK The 2012 Cultural Olympiad would not have been representative of London's creative industries without fashion design. Sponsored by the Mayor of London brought milliners to organise an alternative to the catwalk format , the designers brought together a Hatwalk, uniting landmark heritage statues, classical and modern, to be crowned with a new bespoke design piece each. Together forming a pedestrian navigation through the Jubilee city, the hats also invited twenty one milliners to consider the specificity of working for the great outdoors. Rigorously tested in wind tunnel laboratory to withstand hurricane wind speeds and squally shows the designs aim to bring the 'exclusive' culture of fashion accessories to the inclusive culture of international festival. Working with new technologies of engineering, such as laser measuring tools, and crane for assemblage and fitting, McLean brings new meaning to the familiar figures of national public authority. Since the storming of the Bastille in revolutionary France it has been traditional for the new order to symbolize change through attacking public statuary. In a similar vein, Hatwalk, invites spectators to reconsider the relationship between distant and lofty personages of power and the sartorial insignia through which their power is signified. Crowned with a revolutionary red ' large plexi punk neon number' the Duke of Wellington, at Wellington arch is the first in the Hatwalk exhibition. The originality of this research consists in the effects of surprise and Brechtian 'de familiarisation' resulting from the unexpected. The effects of this structural carnivalesque inversion of authorities can involve a range of reactions from the disdain of the offended to the laughter and pleasure of the surprised. This strategy of bringing the ludic element of play to the formalised authority of legitimised power is also signified through the conscious use of materials and colour in a monochrome and uniform culture of statuary. Here the difference in materials and visible surface of the design signifies the differences that need to be included within a socio political order before it may takes its place in history as being representative of the people it is entrusted to lead. This research output continues the work that led to the Hat Anthology exhibition (output 1), the Fifty Hats that Changed the World (output 2), the Jamaican Olympic team headwear design ( output 4), and is continued in the design, merchandise, accessories and avant garde artefacts of the House of Flora ( see website). The iterative process of the research brings innovation within continuity to McLean's work. It is difficult to theorise the 'rigour' that is undeniably present in a creative design praxis except in that McLean;s research outputs are always surprising and unexpected.

Development of numerical tools for the simulation, design and optimization of a Helicon Plasma Thruster

This work thesis focuses on the Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT) as a candidate for generating thrust for small satellites and CubeSats. Two main topics are addressed: the development of a Global Model (GM) and a 3D self-consistent numerical tool. The GM is suitable for preliminary analysis of HPTs with noble gases such as argon, neon, krypton, and xenon, and alternative propellants such as air and iodine. A lumping methodology is developed to reduce the computational cost when modelling the excited species in the plasma chemistry. A 3D self-consistent numerical tool is also developed that can treat discharges with a generic 3D geometry and model the actual plasma-antenna coupling. The tool consists of two main modules, an EM module and a FLUID module, which run iteratively until a steady state solution is converged. A third module is available for solving the plume with a simplified semi-analytical approach, a PIC code, or directly by integration of the fluid equations. Results obtained from both the numerical tools are benchmarked against experimental measures of HPTs or Helicon reactors, obtaining very good qualitative agreement with the experimental trend for what concerns the GM, and an excellent agreement of the physical trends predicted against the measured data for the 3D numerical strategy.

Nucleosintesi stellare e produzione di elementi chimici nelle stelle

Le stelle sono i corpi celesti fondamentali per comprendere l'evoluzione del nostro Universo. Infatti, attraverso processi di fusione nucleare che avvengono al loro interno, nel corso della loro vita le stelle producono la maggior parte dei metalli che popolano la tavola periodica, non presenti all'inizio della vita dell'Universo e la cui presenza è attribuile soltanto alla nucleosintesi stellare. In questa tesi viene trattato questo aspetto, ovvero la produzione di elementi chimici nelle stelle, seguendo in ordine cronologico le principali fasi della vita delle stelle stesse. Nel primo capitolo sono fornite delle informazioni generali sulle reazioni termonucleari, che sono alla base della vita delle stelle e della produzione di molti elementi chimici. Successivamente, vengono approfondite le catene di reazioni termonucleari che consentono la fusione dell'idrogeno in elio all'interno delle stelle, ovvero la catena protone-protone e il ciclo CNO. Nei capitoli seguenti sono state analizzate le reazioni termonucleari di fusione dell'elio in carbonio, note come processo 3-alfa, e di elementi più pesanti, quali carbonio, neon, ossigeno e silicio, che avvengono quando la stella è ormai una gigante o supergigante rossa. Infine, nell'ultimo capitolo viene descritto come, nelle fasi finali della loro vita, le stelle riescano a produrre elementi più pesanti attraverso processi di cattura neutronica, per poi rilasciarli attraverso le esplosioni di supernove, arricchendo significativamente il mezzo interstellare.

Evoluzione del colore della fesa di tacchino a fette confezionata in atmosfera ordinaria durante la conservazione refrigerata

L'obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di valutare l'evoluzione del colore e dell'aspetto visivo di fettine di fesa di tacchino confezionate in atmosfera ordinaria con il film protettivo (stretching) nel corso della conservazione refrigerata, protratta fino a 13 giorni. A tale scopo, è stato considerato un totale di 61 lotti di tacchini (femmine, alimentazione vegetale) allevati nell’anno 2021 e 2022 e macellati in condizioni commerciali. Da ciascun lotto sono state preparate in totale 30 confezioni di fesa a fettine che sono state confezionate in atmosfera ordinaria e conservate in regime di refrigerazione (0-1°C) illuminate con luce a neon. I campioni sono stati destinati a misurazione del colore e valutazione dell’aspetto visivo (brillantezza e uniformità) trascorsi tre intervalli di tempo (T1:0-5; T2:6-9; T3:10-13) considerando sia la zona a diretto contatto con il film protettivo che quella non a contatto. I risultati ottenuti sono stati elaborati mediante ANOVA ad un criterio di classificazione per verificare l’effetto esplicato dalla conservazione refrigerata sul colore delle carni. Inoltre, nell’ambito del medesimo tempo di conservazione, lo stesso modello statistico è stato applicato per verificare l’effetto determinato dal contatto o meno con il film protettivo sul colore mentre i risultati relativi ai parametri “brillantezza” e “uniformità” sono stati elaborati mediante Chi-quadro (p<0,05). Dai risultati ottenuti si evince come la conservazione refrigerata abbia determinato un aumento della luminosità e dell’indice di giallo associato ad una riduzione dell’indice di rosso. Anche per quanto concerne i parametri di “uniformità” e “brillantezza”, la conservazione refrigerata ha determinato un peggioramento dell’aspetto visivo dei campioni. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti potrebbero essere utilizzati per definire strumentalmente limiti di accettabilità per le fettine di tacchino confezionate.