Evaluation of primary epidermal lamellar density in the forefeet of near-term fetal Australian feral and domesticated horses

Objective: To investigate the density of the primary epidermal lamellae (PEL) around the solar circumference of the forefeet of near-term fetal feral and nonferal (ie, domesticated) horses. Sample: Left forefeet from near-term Australian feral (n = 14) and domesticated (4) horse fetuses. Procedures: Near-term feral horse fetuses were obtained from culled mares within 10 minutes of death; fetuses that had died in utero 2 weeks prior to anticipated birth date and were delivered from live Thoroughbred mares were also obtained. Following disarticulation at the carpus, the left forefoot of each fetus was frozen during dissection and data collection. In a standard section of each hoof, the stratum internum PEL density was calculated at the midline center (12 o'clock) and the medial and lateral break-over points (11 and 1 o'clock), toe quarters (10 and 2 o'clock), and quarters (4 and 6 o'clock). Values for matching lateral and medial zones were averaged and expressed as 1 density. Density differences at the 4 locations between the feral and domesticated horse feet were assessed by use of imaging software analysis. Results: In fetal domesticated horse feet, PEL density did not differ among the 4 locations. In fetal feral horse feet, PEL density differed significantly among locations, with a pattern of gradual reduction from the dorsal to the palmar aspect of the foot. The PEL density distribution differed significantly between fetal domesticated and feral horse feet. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results indicated that PEL density distribution differs between fetal feral and domesticated horse feet, suggestive of an adaptation of feral horses to environment challenges.

An objective measure of reactive behaviour in horses

Several tests have been devised in an attempt to detect behaviour modification due to training, supplements or diet in horses. These tests rely on subjective observations in combination with physiological measures, such as heart rate (HR) and plasma cortisol concentrations, but these measures do not definitively identify behavioural changes. The aim of the present studies was to develop an objective and relevant measure of horse reactivity. In Study 1, HR responses to auditory stimuli, delivered over 6 days, designed to safely startle six geldings confined to individual stalls was studied to determine if peak HR, unconfounded by physical exertion, was a reliable measure of reactivity. Both mean (±SEM) resting HR (39.5 ± 1.9 bpm) and peak HR (82 ± 5.5 bpm) in response to being startled in all horses were found to be consistent over the 6 days. In Study 2, HR, plasma cortisol concentrations and speed of departure from an enclosure (reaction speed (RS)) in response to a single stimulus of six mares were measured when presented daily over 6 days. Peak HR response (133 ± 4 bpm) was consistent over days for all horses, but RS increased (3.02 ± 0.72 m/s on Day 1 increasing to 4.45 ± 0.53 m/s on Day 6; P = 0.005). There was no effect on plasma cortisol, so this variable was not studied further. In Study 3, using the six geldings from Study 1, the RS test was refined and a different startle stimulus was used each day. Again, there was no change in peak HR (97.2 ± 5.8 bpm) or RS (2.9 ± 0.2 m/s on Day 1 versus 3.0 ± 0.7 m/s on Day 6) over time. In the final study, mild sedation using acepromazine maleate (0.04 mg/kg BW i.v.) decreased peak HR in response to a startle stimulus when the horses (n = 8) were confined to a stall (P = 0.006), but not in an outdoor environment when the RS test was performed. However, RS was reduced by the mild sedation (P = 0.02). In conclusion, RS may be used as a practical and objective test to measure both reactivity and changes in reactivity in horses.

"Secoituxesta järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa" : Perversiot, oikeuselämä ja kansankulttuuri 1700-luvun Suomessa

Bestiality was in the 18th century a more difficult problem in terms of criminal policy in Sweden and Finland than in any other Christian country in any other period. In the legal history of deviant sexuality, the phenomenon was uniquely widespread by international comparison. The number of court cases per capita in Finland was even higher than in Sweden. The authorities classified bestiality among the most serious crimes and a deadly sin. The Court of Appeal in Turku opted for an independent line and was clearly more lenient than Swedish courts of justice. Death sentences on grounds of bestiality ended in the 1730s, decades earlier than in Sweden. The sources for the present dissertation include judgment books and Court of Appeal decisions in 253 cases, which show that the persecution of those engaging in bestial acts in 18th century Finland was not organised by the centralised power of Stockholm. There is little evidence of local campaigns that would have been led by authorities. The church in its orthodoxy was losing ground and the clergy governed their parishes with more pragmatism than the Old Testament sanctioned. When exposing bestiality, the legal system was compelled to rely on the initiative of the public. In cases of illicit intercourse or adultery the authorities were even more dependent on the activeness of the local community. Bestiality left no tangible evidence, illegitimate children, to betray the crime to the clergy or secular authorities. The moral views of the church and the local community were not on a collision course. It was a common view that bestiality was a heinous act. Yet nowhere near all crimes came to the authorities' knowledge. Because of the heavy burden of proof, the legal position of the informer was difficult. Passiveness in reporting the crime was partly because most Finns felt it was not their place to intervene in their neighbours' private lives, as long as that privacy posed no serious threat to the neighbourhood. Hidden crime was at least as common as crime more easily exposed and proven. A typical Finnish perpetrator of bestiality was a young unmarried man with no criminal background or mental illness. The suspects were not members of ethnic minorities or marginal social groups. In trials, farmhands were more likely to be sentenced than their masters, but a more salient common denominator than social and economical status was the suspects' young age. For most of the defendants bestiality was a deep-rooted habit, which had been adopted in early youth. This form of subculture spread among the youth, and the most susceptible to experiment with the act were shepherds. The difference between man and animal was not clear-cut or self-evident. The difficulty in drawing the line is evident both in legal sources and Finnish folklore. The law that required that the animal partners be slaughtered led to the killing of thousands of cows and mares, and thereby to substantial material losses to their owners. Regarding bestiality as a crime against property motivated people to report it. The belief that the act would produce human-animal mongrels or that it would poison the milk and the meat horrified the public more than the teachings of the church ever could. Among the most significant aspects in the problems regarding the animals is how profoundly different the worldview of 18th century people was from that of today.

Pimelea trichostachya poisoning (St George disease) in horses

A dense population of Pimelea trichostachya plants (Family Thymelaeaceae) in pasture poisoned a horse herd in southern inland Queensland in October-November 2005. Plant density was 2 to 45 g wet weight/m2 (mean 16 g/m2) from 5 to 69 plants/m2 (mean 38 plants/m2) representing 3 to 20% (mean 9%) of the volume of pasture on offer. Ten of 35 mares, fillies and geldings were affected. Clinical signs were loss of body weight, profound lethargy, serous nasal discharge, severe watery diarrhoea and subcutaneous oedema of the intermandibular space, chest and ventral midline. Pathological findings were anaemia, leucocytopenia, hypoproteinaemia, dilatation of the right ventricle of the heart, dilated hepatic portal veins and periportal hepatic sinusoids (peliosis hepatis), alimentary mucosal hyperaemia and oedema of mesenteric lymph nodes. Cattle grazing the same pasture were affected by Pimelea poisoning simultaneously. Removal of the horses to Pimelea-free pasture initiated recovery. The one other incident of this syndrome, previously only recognised in cattle in Australia, occurred in horses, in South Australia in 2002, with access to a dense Pimelea simplex population.

Effect of the puroindoline locus and environment on Chinese fresh noodle texture

Grain produced from doubled-haploid (DH) wheat lines, developed from a hard- and a soft-grained wheat cultivar, were bulked according to Pinb (puroindoline b) genotypes for an assessment of Chinese fresh noodle texture by a trained taste panel. Each DH line was designated as 'soft' or 'hard' grained, based on a PCR amplification of the wildtype, soft allele, or the mutant, hard allele. Theoretically, the soft and hard grain bulks represented respective Pinb alleles and an independent assortment of unlinked alleles from the parents, Sunco and Chuanyu 12. Grains from the parents and DH lines were grown at 2 locations in Queensland, Australia, and one in Sichuan, China. The grains were milled and processed for a taste panel evaluation in Chengdu, Sichuan. Results suggest the Pinb alleles had a significant effect on noodle softness and explained 30% of the variation; the 'soft' Pinb allele conferred a softer noodle texture. Location had a significant effect on noodle smoothness; wheat grain grown at Biloela, Queensland, produced a smoother noodle texture than grain grown in Sichuan. The effect of location confirms the importance of environment as a variable for this quality character. This investigation exemplifies the utility of Pinb markers for specifically altering Chinese Fresh Noodle texture.

Portrait of Walter Reiss in uniform Portraits Men

Walter Reiss, 1908-1937

Portrait of Walter Reiss in uniform Portraits Men

Walter Reiss, 1908-1937

A field investigation into a suspected outbreak of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis in horses in western Queensland

A disease outbreak investigation was conducted in western Queensland to investigate a rare suspected outbreak of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) toxicosis in horses. Thirty five of 132 horses depastured on five properties on the Mitchell grass plains of western Queensland died in the first six months of 2010. Clinical–pathological findings were consistent with PA toxicosis. A local variety of Crotalaria medicaginea was the only hepatotoxic plant found growing on affected properties. Pathology reports and departure and arrival dates of two brood mares provided evidence of a pre wet season exposure period. All five affected properties experienced a very dry spring and early summer preceded by a large summer wet season. The outbreak was characterised as a point epidemic with a sudden peak of deaths in March followed by mortalities steadily declining until the end of June. The estimated morbidity (serum IGG > 50 IU/L) rate was 76%. Average crude mortality was 27% but higher in young horses (67%) and brood mares (44%). Logistic regression analysis showed that young horses and brood mares and those grazing denuded pastures in December were most strongly associated with dying whereas those fed hay and/or grain based supplements were less likely to die. This is the first detailed study of an outbreak of PA toxicosis in central western Queensland and the first to provide evidence that environmental determinants were associated with mortality, that the critical exposure period was towards the end of the dry season, that supplementary feeding is protective and that denuded pastures and the horses physiological protein requirement are risk factors.

Use of a specific aromatase inhibitor for determining whether there is a role for oestrogen in follicle/oocyte maturation, ovulation and preimplantation embryo development

The specific role of oestrogen in follicular maturation, ovulation and early embryonic development was investigated using Fadrozole (CGS 16949A), a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, to block oestrogen synthesis specifically and effectively in experimental animals. Induced and normal cyclical follicular maturation as well as normal and hCG/LH-induced ovulation were relatively unaffected by significantly depleting oestrogen in all animals (hamsters, rabbits, monkeys) studied other than rats. Fadrozole treatment significantly reduced the number of healthy antral follicles produced and the ovulatory response to exogenous hCG of immature rats primed with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin. The effect was specific, in that exogenously administered oestrogen reversed the blockade. Depletion of oestrogen, starting early in pro-oestrus in hamsters, had no effect on ovulation, oocyte maturation and fertilization, as normal implantation sites were seen on day 6 after coitus. In rabbits, oestrogen depletion during the periovulatory phase affected oviductal morphology and function. Although fertilization was not impaired, early embryo development did not appear to be normal. In monkeys, oestrogen depletion during the follicular phase did not lead to a block of follicular maturation or ovulation but resulted in a significant reduction in secretion of cervical mucus. Administration of either Fadrozole or Tamoxifen during the early luteal phase in cyclic monkeys that were allowed to mate prevented implantation and this appears to be due to impaired fertilization or faulty embryo development. These results suggest that, although there is a clear requirement for oestrogen to support the reproductive cycle in the female, the need for oestrogen in regulating specific events is species dependent.

La merluza del Mar Argentino (Biología y Taxonomía).

la Sección Ictiología del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" de Buenos Aires, comenzó desde principios del año 1952 el estudio de la merluza del sector bonaerense. Las investigaciones se limitaron a la obtención de datos biológicos de pequeñas muestras, seleccionadas de los lances de los buques pesqueros de altura, que actuaban en las áreas de pesca ubicadas hacia el sur de la latitud de Mar del Plata. Para llegar a un estudio completo biológico-pesquero de esta especie, se hizo imperiosa la necesidad de realizar investigaciones tanto sobre las particularidades merísticas y estadísticas de las poblaciones, como también de las condiciones hidrológicas del ambiente en el cual viven, abarcando áreas más extensas y manteniendo una continuidad en el tiempo. Pero, todo ello estaba supeditado a la existencia y utilización de un buque oceanográfico y de pesca experimental, como es de práctica en los países del litoral marítimo del hemisferio norte, en los cuales las investigaciones pesqueras se hallan grandemente desarrolladas. Entretanto el Servicio de Hidrografía Naval de la Secretaría de Marina, por intermedio del Departamento de Oceanografía, planeó el estudio oceanográfico sistemático del Mar Epicontinental Argentino según distintas regiones geográficas, con el fin de lograr un conocimiento más completo de la dinámica de sus aguas. Como el mundo biológico está íntimamente relacionado con la dinámica de las masas de agua, para complementar los datos hidrográficos con algunos biológicos que podrían ser de utilidad para la pesca marítima del país, se incluyó en el mencionado plan el estudio de la merluza. A tal ppropósito en las campañas efectuadas bajo la denominación de "Operación Merluza", durante el período de mayo de 1954 a febrero de 1956. ha participado en lo que a trabajos de biología pesquera se refiere, personal de la Sección Ictiología del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "B. Rivadavia" y del Departamento de Investigaciones Pesqueras del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Nación. A los efectos de la correlación de las observaciones biológicas con las fisicoquímicas del ambiente, se procuró realizar salidas coordinadas a bordo de algunos barcos pesqueros que actuaban en la misma región de los cruceros oceanográficos, buscando la posibilidad de coincidencia en tiempo y espacio. Conforme a este planteamiento se efectuaron varias salidas a las áreas de pesca de altura del sector bonaerense, principalmente a bordo del barco pesquero "Presidente Mitre" de la compañía "Pesquería Argentina de los Mares del Sud" de Buenos Aires. De acuerdo con el plan general de las campañas oceanográficas de la "Operación Merluza" (ver Capurro, 1955), los estudios de biología pesquera tuvieron los siguientes objetivos: 1o) Conocer la composición faunística, por distintos grupos de organismos, de los lances efectuados en la zona de pesca de altura del sector bonaerense y el grado de abundancia aparente de las especies de peces de importancia comercial; 2o) Determinar desde el punto de vista taxonómico las especies de peces extraídas, en particular las de la familia Merlucciidae, tratando de dilucidar si la merluza del Mar Argentino pertenece o no a una sola especie y si dentro de la misma existen entidades menores; 3o) Estudiar la estadística biológica de la población de merluza, según la distribución de las frecuencias por clases de largo total, y al mismo tiempo establecer el porcentaje de las clases comerciales y el estado del efectivo de la población;4o) Determinar las clases de edad, el ritmo de crecimiento y las relaciones entre la longitud y el peso total del cuerpo; 5o) Obtener un conocimiento más exacto acerca de la proporción de los sexos y el estado fisiológico de las gonadas a través del ciclo sexual; 6o) Determinar los componentes faunísticos que constituyen el alimento principal de la merluza, la cadena alimentaria, las variaciones individuales, estacionales y regionales del régimen nutritivo; 7o) Establecer las relaciones entre la dinámica de la población de merluza y las condiciones hidrológicas del ambiente; y 8o) Calcular el rendimiento de captura por unidad de esfuerzo en la zona de pesca de altura y relacionar los valores promedios con el fin de lograr alguna información acerca de los desplazamientos estacionales de la merluza. El presente trabajo se refiere a los tóptópicos mencionados y contiene los resultados obtenidos durante un período de 22 meses, es decir desde mayo de 1954 a febrero de 1956. Las conclusiones a las cuales se arribó tienen validez para la zona de pesca de altura del sector bonaerense y en especial para las condiciones de captura del buque "Presidente Mitre" en lo que a la estadística biológica se refiere. Además, uno de los fines de aplicación práctica de este trabajo fué el de verificar en qué medida las muestras biológicas obtenidas de los lances de la pesca comercial de altura, pueden servir de base para el estudio estadístico de la población de una determinada especie que se captura en gran cantidad. También merece destacarse que el presente trabajo constituye el punto de partida para el estudio biológico estadístico de la población de merluza en su dinámica a través del factor tiempo para un período mayor que debe sobrepasar el lapso normal del ciclo vital de esta especie. La finalidad de todo esto es la de obtener una base de comparación científica y estadística para un futuro control racional de la pesca de merluza en el Mar Argentino. Por último, los resultados del estudio de la merluza — en conexión con los de las campañas oceanográficas efectuadas en el sector bonaerense — podrían constituir los fundamentos iniciales para la confección de la carta pesquera del Mar Argentino. (PDF tiene 223 paginas.)

O trafico da escravatura, e o Bill de Lord Palmerston

Ex-secretário de Estado dos Negócios Estrangeiros de Portugal, o autor analisa as medidas tomadas por Portugal e Inglaterra em relação à abolição do tráfico de escravos. O Parlamento britânico adotou, em 1840, uma lei proposta por Lord Palmerston, autorizando os navios de guerra britânicos a "capturar, em todos os mares, as embarcações que, com bandeira portuguesa, se empreguem ou sejam suspeitas de empregar-se no tráfico da escravatura. O visconde de Sá da Bandeira, que havia negociado com o governo inglês vários acordos e projetos de tratados, escreveu um livro sobre o assunto, onde há informações históricas importantes não só a respeito da escravidão nas colônias portuguesas como nas inglesas, nas dinamarquesas, francesas, espanholas e nos Estados Unidos

Documentos officiaes relativos à negociação do tractado entre Portugal e a Gram Bretanha para a supressão do trafico da escravatura : mandados imprimir por ordem da Camara dos Senadores

O Parlamento Britânico adotou, em 1840, uma lei proposta por Lord Palmerston, autorizando os navios de guerra britânica a "capturar, em todos os mares as embarcações que, com bandeira portuguesa, se empreguem ou sejam suspeitas de empregar-se no tráfico da escravatura". O Visconde de Sá Bandeira, que havia negociado com o governo inglês vários acordos e projetos de tratados, escreveu um livro sobre o assunto, onde há informações históricas importantes não só a respeito da escravidão nas colônias portuguesas como nas inglesas, nas dinamarquesas, francesas, espanholas e nos Estados Unidos. O presente exemplar é autografado pelo autor.

Análise das mudanças na extensão do gelo marinho antártico e ártico entre 1979 e 2007 e sua relação com a variabilidade climática global.

Recentes observações satelitais têm demonstrado um aumento na extensão total do gelo marinho Antártico e redução do gelo marinho no Ártico. Apesar destas constatações, no Oceano Sul análises regionais apontam tendências negativas nos mares de Bellingshausen-Amundsen e positivas no mar de Ross, enquanto que para o Ártico ocorrer uma redução uniforme do gelo marinho. Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise multivariada para identificar as mudanças na extensão do gelo marinho Antártico e Ártico em resposta à variabilidade de um conjunto de forçantes/parâmetros/índices climáticos de reconhecida importância em escala global. Especificamente, as associações entre o gelo marinho e os parâmetros e forçantes climáticos foram examinadas através da correlação linear e da análise de agrupamento. Diferentes respostas em diferentes setores foram examinadas e discutidas. Os resultados indicam que a variabilidade do gelo marinho Antártico e Ártico é um fenômeno multivariado e que a extensão de gelo marinho mínima, média e máxima podem apresentar diferentes padrões espaciais e responderem a diferentes conjuntos de parâmetros e forçantes climáticos. Foi identificado um significativo impacto de forçantes/parâmetros/índices climáticos sobre o gelo marinho no Oeste Antártico. No hemisfério Norte o aumento da temperatura média global e do CO2 atmosférico são os principais responsáveis pela redução na extensão do gelo marinho.

Producción de hidrogeno a partir de plasticos mediante pirólisis y reformado catalítico en línea

Los plásticos proporcionan claros beneficios a la sociedad, es un material de innegable utilidad presente en infinidad de productos de uso cotidiano . No obstante, p ese a no ser considerados resi duos peligrosos, los res i duos plásticos representan un problema ambiental global de creciente preocupación ya que la cultura del uso y desecho que prevalece hoy en día hac e que la generación de res i duos ocurra de manera masiva y conti nua . Además, e l plástico es un material inorgánico que tiene alta durabilidad. Se calcula que puede tardar entre 100 y 1000 años en degradarse d ependiendo del tipo de plástico, lo que supone que no se reincorpore fácilmente a los ciclos naturales, permaneciendo por largos periodos y afectando de diferentes maneras los lugares donde queda dispuesto. Por lo tanto, los impactos ambientales son acumulativos, de largo plazo y lejanos. El interés de reciclar los plá sticos surge por la necesidad de eliminar su dep ó sito en vertederos, donde dada su baja degradabilidad solo originan problemas medioambientales y de deterioro del paisaje. A nivel mundial , el principal impacto ambiental de los res i duos p lásticos es la contaminación de los océanos y mares. Es un impacto acumulativo que se presenta a largo plazo y cubre gran cantidad de espacios de todo el planeta. Se han encontrado cantidades substanciales de residuos contaminando los hábitats marinos desde los polos hasta el ecuador, desde costas remotas inhabitadas hasta costas altamente pobladas y áreas profundas del océano (Barnes y cols., 2009 ) . El bajo peso del plástico, que es una ventaja en las etapas de distri bución y consumo del producto plástico, se convierte en una problemática ambiental cuando los residuos plásticos navegan por corrientes subterráneas, ríos, mares y océanos.

Itinerário da paternidade: a construção social da integralidade do cuidado ao recém-nascido e família na UTI- Neonatal

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o itinerário da paternidade como uma construção social, a partir das relações estabelecidas entre os pais com os membros da instituição de saúde e as redes sociais em que se inserem. Tal construção se configurou na busca, pelo pai, de reconhecimento do exercício da paternidade, bem como suas repercussões na integralidade do cuidado ao recém-nascido de risco e sua família. Utilizamos como pressupostos conceituais para definição do itinerário da paternidade as teorias da integralidade (desenvolvidas pelo grupo LAPPIS), a teoria do reconhecimento (de Axel Honneth) e de redes sociais (de Paulo Henrique Martins). O cenário da pesquisa foi o Hospital Sofia Feldman, instituição filantrópica de direito privado localizada na periferia de Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais. Participaram do estudo três pais que tiveram filhos internados na UTIN e seus familiares, além de profissionais, voluntários e gestores que atuam na instituição. A partir da abordagem da fenomenologia sociológica, realizaram-se entrevistas, observação dos espaços institucionais e dois grupos focais com familiares, adotando-se a Metodologia de Análise de Redes no Cotidiano (MARES) como técnica de coleta de dados. A análise dos itinerários da paternidade nos permitiu discutir as repercussões da trajetória desses pais nas dimensões da integralidade (políticas e organização dos serviços e saberes e práticas dos profissionais). Verificamos que a alta da companheira e internação do filho na neonatologia constituem uma inflexão no percurso dos pais no que concerne à questão do reconhecimento como usuário no serviço e a integralidade do cuidado à família. Além disso, identificamos que as relações estabelecidas no acolhimento desses pais pelos profissionais envolveram a negociação de saberes entre os profissionais, e destes com os usuários, que repercutiram na construção e reconstrução das práticas de cuidado na UTIN. Tais repercussões significaram, na prática, formas de inclusão do pai, que passa de uma situação de observador privilegiado do cuidado com o filho para um mediador colaborador na efetivação da integralidade da assistência do filho na UTIN. Vislumbramos o itinerário da paternidade como uma ferramenta de prática avaliativa na perspectiva do usuário amistosa à integralidade, que possibilita a revalorização da experiência e das relações entre os sujeitos, e que tem no agir em saúde o catalisador para as transformações do cuidado como exercício de cidadania.