'Toxic' and 'Nontoxic': confirming critical terminology concepts and context for clear communication

If 'the dose makes the poison', and if the context of an exposure to a hazard shapes the risk as much as the innate character of the hazard itself, then what is 'toxic' and what is 'nontoxic'? This article is intended to help readers and communicators: anticipate that concepts such as 'toxic' and 'nontoxic' may have different meanings to different stakeholders in different contexts of general use, commerce, science, and the law; recognize specific situations in which terms and related information could potentially be misperceived or misinterpreted; evaluate the relevance, reliability, and other attributes of information for a given situation; control actions, assumptions, interpretations, conclusions, and decisions to avoid flaws and achieve a desired outcome; and confirm that the desired outcome has been achieved. To meet those objectives, we provide some examples of differing toxicology terminology concepts and contexts; a comprehensive decision-making framework for understanding and managing risk; along with a communication and education message and audience-planning matrix to support the involvement of all relevant stakeholders; a set of CLEAR-communication assessment criteria for use by both readers and communicators; example flaws in decision-making; a suite of three tools to assign relevance vs reliability, align know vs show, and refine perception vs reality aspects of information; and four steps to foster effective community involvement and support. The framework and supporting process are generally applicable to meeting any objective.

Recovery of biological motion perception and network plasticity after cerebellar tumor removal.

Visual perception of body motion is vital for everyday activities such as social interaction, motor learning or car driving. Tumors to the left lateral cerebellum impair visual perception of body motion. However, compensatory potential after cerebellar damage and underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, visual sensitivity to point-light body motion was psychophysically assessed in patient SL with dysplastic gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease) to the left cerebellum before and after neurosurgery, and in a group of healthy matched controls. Brain activity during processing of body motion was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Alterations in underlying cerebro-cerebellar circuitry were studied by psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. Visual sensitivity to body motion in patient SL before neurosurgery was substantially lower than in controls, with significant improvement after neurosurgery. Functional MRI in patient SL revealed a similar pattern of cerebellar activation during biological motion processing as in healthy participants, but located more medially, in the left cerebellar lobules III and IX. As in normalcy, PPI analysis showed cerebellar communication with a region in the superior temporal sulcus, but located more anteriorly. The findings demonstrate a potential for recovery of visual body motion processing after cerebellar damage, likely mediated by topographic shifts within the corresponding cerebro-cerebellar circuitry induced by cerebellar reorganization. The outcome is of importance for further understanding of cerebellar plasticity and neural circuits underpinning visual social cognition.

Flood Plain Management & Hazard Mitigation Task Force Report, August 2008

The Flood Plain Management and Hazard Mitigation Task Force emphasizes the long-term benefits of mitigation and management to the entire state in preventing or reducing damages from floods and other hazards faced in Iowa. Investments in efforts to manage watershed areas and to mitigate any damages from floods or other disaster events benefit individuals, families, communities, agriculture, business and industry, and certainly public entities and infrastructure. The Task Force encourages the Rebuild Iowa Advisory Commission to balance the immediate needs for rebuilding to include the beginning of the investments required to effectively mitigate future damage and maintain effective policy in Iowa’s watersheds. The significance of the damage seen in Iowa from the tornadoes, storms, and floods of 2008 include the loss of eighteen Iowans in disaster-related events. This alone should inspire investment in mitigation efforts for all hazards. Much of the damage resulting from the disasters can be tied to floodplain management and hazard mitigation, pointing the way toward enhanced efforts and new initiatives to safeguard lives, property, and communities’ economic health. Even so, it must be recognized that the weather events throughout last winter and spring added impetus to the rains and storms that ultimately resulted in record flooding. Some perspective must be maintained as planning progresses and significant investments in mitigation are considered to meet a specific level of safety and protection from future threats. The Task Force identified a number of issues, and four were agreed-upon as those with the highest priority to be addressed by the Task Force through a set of recommendations.

Supplemental Information to the August 2008 Flood Plain Management & Hazard Mitigation Task Force Report, August 2008

The Flood Plain Management and Hazard Mitigation Task Force emphasizes the long-term benefits of mitigation and management to the entire state in preventing or reducing damages from floods and other hazards faced in Iowa. Investments in efforts to manage watershed areas and to mitigate any damages from floods or other disaster events benefit individuals, families, communities, agriculture, business and industry, and certainly public entities and infrastructure. The Task Force encourages the Rebuild Iowa Advisory Commission to balance the immediate needs for rebuilding to include the beginning of the investments required to effectively mitigate future damage and maintain effective policy in Iowa’s watersheds. The significance of the damage seen in Iowa from the tornadoes, storms, and floods of 2008 include the loss of eighteen Iowans in disaster-related events. This alone should inspire investment in mitigation efforts for all hazards. Much of the damage resulting from the disasters can be tied to floodplain management and hazard mitigation, pointing the way toward enhanced efforts and new initiatives to safeguard lives, property, and communities’ economic health. Even so, it must be recognized that the weather events throughout last winter and spring added impetus to the rains and storms that ultimately resulted in record flooding. Some perspective must be maintained as planning progresses and significant investments in mitigation are considered to meet a specific level of safety and protection from future threats. The Task Force identified a number of issues, and four were agreed-upon as those with the highest priority to be addressed by the Task Force through a set of recommendations. Supplemental Information to the August 2008

Heat perception and signalling in plants: a tortuous path to thermotolerance.

An accurate assessment of the rising ambient temperature by plant cells is crucial for the timely activation of various molecular defences before the appearance of heat damage. Recent findings have allowed a better understanding of the early cellular events that take place at the beginning of mild temperature rise, to timely express heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which will, in turn, confer thermotolerance to the plant. Here, we discuss the key components of the heat signalling pathway and suggest a model in which a primary sensory role is carried out by the plasma membrane and various secondary messengers, such as Ca(2+) ions, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ). We also describe the role of downstream components, such as calmodulins, mitogen-activated protein kinases and Hsp90, in the activation of heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs). The data gathered for land plants suggest that, following temperature elevation, the heat signal is probably transduced by several pathways that will, however, coalesce into the final activation of HSFs, the expression of HSPs and the onset of cellular thermotolerance.

Risk perception and emotional coping: a pathway for behavioural addiction?

This article summarizes current concepts of the working memory with regard to its role within emotional coping strategies. In particular, it focuses on the fact that the limited capacity of the working memory to process now-relevant information can be turned into an advantage, when the individual is occupied by dealing with unpleasant emotion. Based on a phenomenon known as dual-task interference (DTI), this emotion can be chased by intense arousal due to clearly identifiable external stressors. Thus, risk perception might be used as a 'DTI inductor' that allows avoidance of unpleasant emotion. Successful mastery of risk adds a highly relevant dopaminergic component to the overall experience. The resulting mechanism of implicit learning may contribute to the development of a behavioural addiction. Besides its putative effects in the development of a behavioural addiction, the use of DTI might be of a more general interest for the clinical practice, especially in the field of psychotherapy. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Pertinence de la trace: étude théorique et perspectives expérimentales

Pour faire évoluer la science forensique, il faut pouvoir analyser des notions élémentaires appartenant au quotidien et non se focaliser exclusivement sur le développement de nouvelles techniques. Encore non étudiée sous cette perspective, la pertinence fait partie de ces notions fondamentales forensiques pour lesquelles une telle analyse mérite d'être menée. En tenant compte du constat formulé par Inman et Rudin (2000), à savoir que la tâche la plus compliquée est de pouvoir reconnaître des traces matérielles pertinentes, s'interroger sur la pertinence de la trace soulève bien plus qu'une question. Cela met en évidence une multitude de paramètres intervenant dans les processus de raisonnement et de décision opérés sur les lieux d'investigations. Du reste trois facteurs susceptibles d'avoir une influence notable sur la recherche de traces apparaissent : Savoir, Formation et Expérience ou S.F.E. Ils forment, en étant regroupés, un bagage spécifique au spécialiste, composant sa connaissance dans le domaine et à même de jouer un rôle d'importance dans son travail opéré sur les lieux. Afin de déterminer l'influence de ce bagage sur le concept de pertinence, la démarche expérimentale se conduit en deux temps. Dans une première phase, l'approche se veut exploratoire au travers d'un stage réalisé dans une unité d'interventions, permettant de poser des bases statistiques et de dresser une réalité du travail sur le terrain. Puis au cours de la phase expérimentale, la conduite d'entretiens semi-directifs, couplés à un sondage, vise à déterminer quelle perception du concept de pertinence ressort parmi les volontaires interrogés. Ces derniers sont issus de groupes composés de futurs criminalistes, qui suivent une formation forensique à l'Université de Lausanne, et de praticiens expérimentés de formation police et / ou scientifique. En tentant de clarifier le concept de pertinence, l'objectif est de fournir des outils pour renforcer ou orienter la formation de spécialistes sur le terrain, en ayant permis d'amorcer une démarche de réflexion logique face aux champs d'investigations. En se voulant utile pour mieux formaliser la détection et la collecte des traces pertinentes sur les lieux, cela constitue une aide à la gestion : un atout non négligeable à l'heure où les contrôles qualité et les standards ne sont plus seulement une tendance mais une réalité qui s'impose.

Context- and Prosody-Driven ERP Markers for Dialog Focus Perception in Children.

The development of language proficiency extends late into childhood and includes not only producing or comprehending sounds, words and sentences, but likewise larger utterances spanning beyond sentence borders like dialogs. Dialogs consist of information units whose value constantly varies within a verbal exchange. While information is focused when introduced for the first time or corrected in order to alter the knowledge state of communication partners, the same information turns into shared knowledge during the further course of a verbal exchange. In many languages, prosodic means are used by speakers to highlight the informational value of information foci. Our study investigated the developmental pattern of event-related potentials (ERPs) in three age groups (12, 8 and 5 years) when perceiving two information focus types (news and corrections) embedded in short question-answer dialogs. The information foci contained in the answer sentences were either adequately marked by prosodic means or not. In so doing, we questioned to what extent children depend on prosodic means to recognize information foci or whether contextual means as provided by dialog questions are sufficient to guide focus processing.Only 12-year-olds yield prosody-independent ERPs when encountering new and corrective information foci, resembling previous findings in adults. Focus processing in the 8-year-olds relied upon prosodic highlighting, and differing ERP responses as a function of focus type were observed. In the 5-year-olds, merely prosody-driven ERP responses were apparent, but no distinctive ERP indicating information focus recognition. Our findings reveal substantial alterations in information focus perception throughout childhood that are likely related to long-lasting maturational changes during brain development.

The Patientʼs Perception of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Related Symptoms: a Qualitative Content Analysis

Background and Aims: The international EEsAI study group is currently developing an activity index for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). A potential discrepancy between patient and physician reported EoE symptoms has not been assessed yet. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate patient reported items describing their EoE activity and to compare these with the physicianʼs perception. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 100 EoE patients in Switzerland. EoE-related symptoms dependent and independent of food intake were reported by patients. Results were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis and compared with symptoms reported by international EoE experts in Delphi rounds. Results: The questionnaire response rate was 64/100. The following items were developed by combining categories based on patients answers: food-consistency related dysphagia, frequency and severity of dysphagia, food impaction, strategies to avoid food impaction, food allergy, drinking-related retrosternal pain. The following food categories associated with dysphagia were identified: meat, rice, dry bread, French fries, raw, fibrous foods, others. Sports and psychological stress were identified as triggers for non-food intake related EoE symptoms. A good correlation was found between patient and physicianʼs reported EoE related symptoms. Conclusions: There is a good correlation between patient reported symptoms and the physicianʼs perception of clinical items as reported by international EoE experts. These patient reported outcomes will now be incorporated into the EEsAI questionnaire that measures EoE activity.

Evaluation of risk perception related to drug use during pregnancy: a Swiss survey

Introduction Health care professionals' perception of risk mayimpact on therapeutic management of women during pregnancy.Since the thalidomide tragedy, the use of drugs during pregnancygenerates fear. This concern might affect the estimation of the riskassociated with drug intake during pregnancy, leading to prematurediscontinuation of a required treatment, superfluous anxiety orpointless termination of a desired pregnancy. Although data regardingthe security of drugs during pregnancy are still scarce, a few specializedinformation sources exist providing reliable recommendationsfor daily practice. This study aimed at characterizing therisk perception associated with drugs during pregnancy in a sample ofSwiss health care professionals.Materials & Methods An online French and German survey was sentby email to the Swiss professional societies of Pharmacists, Gynecologists,Mid-wives and Pediatricians. The questionnaire wasconstructed to assess (a) the characteristics of the population and theopinion of the professionals regarding the medication use pattern intheir pregnant patients, (b) to evaluate the sources of information usedduring their practice and finally (c) to assess their risk perceptionassociated with drugs during pregnancy. Results were analyzed bydescriptive statistics.Results A total of 1,310 questionnaires were collected (18% responserate). Most health care professionals believe that 30-60% of theirpregnant patients are taking at least one treatment during their pregnancyand that 80% are adherent to it. A large majority think,however, that women are anxious when they must take their medication.More than 80% of health professionals commonly use theSwiss Drug Reference Book (Compendium) to assess the risk associatedwith drugs during pregnancy, despite the uniformly low levelof credibility and utility they express about this reference. Except forsome gynecologists, the majority of professionals are not aware of ordo not use specialized books. The majority of participants thinkwrongly that more than 30% of drugs are teratogenic. About 20% ofthem are not aware of the risk associated with paracetamol intakeduring pregnancy. More than 70% agree that phytotherapeutic mixturesare not safer than conventional drugs, with the exception of midwiveswho tend to overestimate the safety of such drugs. With thenotable exception of gynecologists, the risk related to drug intake wasoverall overestimated.Discussion & Conclusion Swiss professionals differ in their perceptionof the risk associated with drugs during pregnancy and tend tooverestimate it. The differences might be attributed to the level oftraining and awareness of specialized sources offering a realisticestimation of the risk. Further efforts are needed to expand thetraining and the tools for health care professionals to optimize druguse during pregnancy.