Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase stimulates the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 2, and 3 genes in colon tumor cells

Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase, typified by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), induce the expression of genes transcriptionally down-regulated by de novo methylation in tumor cells. We utilized gene expression microarrays to examine the effects of 5-Aza-CdR treatment in HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. This analysis revealed the induction of a set of genes that implicated IFN signaling in the HT29 cellular response to 5-Aza-CdR. Subsequent investigations revealed that the induction of this gene set correlates with the induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, 2, and 3 genes and their activation by endogenous IFN-α. These observations implicate the induction of the IFN-response pathway as a major cellular response to 5-Aza-CdR and suggests that the expression of STATs 1, 2, and 3 can be regulated by DNA methylation. Consistent with STAT’s limiting cell responsiveness to IFN, we found that 5-Aza-CdR treatment sensitized HT29 cells to growth inhibition by exogenous IFN-α2a, indicating that 5-Aza-CdR should be investigated as a potentiator of IFN responsiveness in certain IFN-resistant tumors.

Caenorhabditis elegans genes sma-2, sma-3, and sma-4 define a conserved family of transforming growth factor beta pathway components.

Although transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily ligands play critical roles in diverse developmental processes, how cells transduce signals from these ligands is still poorly understood. Cell surface receptors for these ligands have been identified, but their cytoplasmic targets are unknown. We have identified three Caenorhabditis elegans genes, sma-2, sma-3, and sma-4, that have mutant phenotypes similar to those of the TGF-beta-like receptor gene daf-4, indicating that they are required for daf-4-mediated developmental processes. We show that sma-2 functions in the same cells as daf-4, consistent with a role in transducing signals from the receptor. These three genes define a protein family, the dwarfins, that includes the Mad gene product, which participates in the decapentaplegic TGF-beta-like pathway in Drosophila [Sekelsky, J. J., Newfeld, S. J., Raftery, L. A., Chartoff, E. H. & Gelbart, W. M. (1995) Genetics 139, 1347-1358]. The identification of homologous components of these pathways in distantly related organisms suggests that dwarfins may be universally required for TGF-beta-like signal transduction. In fact, we have isolated highly conserved dwarfins from vertebrates, indicating that these components are not idiosyncratic to invertebrates. These analyses suggest that dwarfins are conserved cytoplasmic signal transducers.

Lipid A biosynthesis in Rhizobium leguminosarum: role of a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate-activated 4' phosphatase.

Lipid A from several strains of the N2-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum displays significant structural differences from Escherichia coli lipid A, one of which is the complete absence of phosphate groups. However, the first seven enzymes of E. coli lipid A biosynthesis, leading from UDP-GlcNAc to the phosphorylated intermediate, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonate (Kdo2)-lipid IVA, are present in R. leguminosarum. We now describe a membrane-bound phosphatase in R. leguminosarum extracts that removes the 4' phosphate of Kdo2-lipid IVA. The 4' phosphatase is selective for substrates containing the Kdo domain. It is present in extracts of R. leguminosarum biovars phaseoli, viciae, and trifolii but is not detectable in E. coli and Rhizobium meliloti. A nodulation-defective strain (24AR) of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii, known to contain a 4' phosphatase residue on its lipid A, also lacks measurable 4' phosphatase activity. The Kdo-dependent 4' phosphatase appears to be a key reaction in a pathway for generating phosphate-deficient lipid A.

Mosul Region, Iraq, 1855 (Image 2 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map set entitled: Vestiges of Assyria, by Felix Jones ; aided in the field operations by J.M. Hyslop ; engraved by J. & C. Walker. Map 2 entitled: Positions and plan of the ancient cities of Nimrūd and Selamiyeh, the former identical with the [Larissa] of Xenophon, perhaps the Calah of Genesis and ... of the cuneiform inscriptions. It was published by John Walker in 1855. Scale [ca. 1:12,000]. This layer is image 2 of 3 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the Mosul region Iraq. Map chiefly in English. Some place names given also in Arabic. This datalayer is compiled from two images of the six sheet source map that have been stitched together using image editing software to create a single image.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950 TM42 (Transverse Mercator, Central Meridian 42) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as ancient city ruins, drainage, canals, cities, villages, and other human settlements, roads, fortifications, selected buildings, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Maldives, 1902 (Image 2 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Trigonometrical survey of the Maldive Islands, by Commander R. Moresby, assisted by Lieut. F.T. Powell, Indian Navy ; additions and corrections by Professor A. Agassiz, Mr. Stanley Gardiner and Mr. L. A. Molony, 1902 ; eng. by J. & C. Walker. Sheet 2. It was published by Hydrographic Office, 1904. Scale [ca. 1:310,000]. This layer is image 2 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map representing the central portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'Mercator' projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, human settlements, ground cover, shoreline features, inlets, lagoons, shoals, sand banks, atolls, islands and islets, points, rocks, bottom types, and more. Relief shown by spot heights. Depths shown by soundings. Includes notes on navigation and locations of potable water. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection and the Harvard University Library as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Organizing Our World: Sponsored Exploration and Scientific Discovery in the Modern Age. Maps selected for the project correspond to various expeditions and represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Cumprimento das orientações acerca dos bufetes escolares para as escolas do 2º e 3º ciclos e ensino secundário de Portugal

Tese de mestrado, Doenças Metabólicas e Comportamento Alimentar, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2016

National Accident Sampling System sample design - phases 2 and 3 - executive summary. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

National Accident Sampling System sample design - phases 2 and 3. Volume II: exhibits. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

National Accident Sampling System sample design - phases 2 and 3. Volume I: final technical report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Pickup and van side structure baseline assessment, tests 1, 2, and 3, vehicle-to-vehicle 60 degree left side impact. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

2. Quartett für 2 Violinen, Viola und Violoncello, opus 16

Mode of access: Internet.