A concise system of grammatical punctuation, selected from various authors, for the use of students,

Mode of access: Internet.

Vocabulary of the Haussa language. Part I.--English and Haussa. Part II.--Haussa and English. And phrases, and specimens of translations. To which are prefixed, the grammatical elements of the Haussa language.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Oceanic languages : their grammatical structure, vocabulary, and origin,

"The work is mainly a grammar and dictionary of only one Oceanic language--that of Efate in the New Hebrides. The comparative portions refer only to a very few other Oceanic languages, and are quoted only to illustrate certain features in the grammar of the Efate."--Review by S. H. Ray in Man, VIII (1908) no. 40.

Grammatical sensitivity: Its origins and potential contribution to early word reading skill

A three-phase longitudinal study examined the origins of grammatical sensitivity and its usefulness as a predictor of early word-level reading. At about 4 years of age, children were given a range of language and cognitive tests. One year later, the children were given a further series of language and cognitive tests, this time including grammatical sensitivity, phonological sensitivity, and nonword repetition. Another year later, word-level reading achievement was assessed. Overall, grammatical sensitivity and phonological sensitivity were more firmly grounded in earlier language ability than in cognitive ability. Phonological sensitivity and nonword repetition showed reliable predictive associations with subsequent word reading skills. Grammatical sensitivity did not. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Metaphor and translation:Some implications of a cognitive approach

Metaphor has been widely discussed within the discipline of Translation Studies, predominantly with respect to translatability and transfer methods. It has been argued that metaphors can become a translation problem, since transferring them from one language and culture to another one may be hampered by linguistic and cultural differences. A number of translation procedures for dealing with this problem have been suggested, e.g., substitution (metaphor into different metaphor), paraphrase (metaphor into sense), or deletion. Such procedures have been commented on both in normative models of translation (how to translate metaphors) and in descriptive models (how metaphors have been dealt with in actual translations). After a short overview of how metaphor has been dealt with in the discipline of Translation Studies, this paper discusses some implications of a cognitive approach to metaphors for translation theory and practice. Illustrations from authentic source and target texts (English and German, political discourse) show how translators handled metaphorical expressions, and what effects this had for the text itself, for text reception by the addressees, and for subsequent discursive developments. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All right reserved.