Ação de antibióticos e quimioterápicos sobre alguns agentes baxterianos da mastite bovina, isolados da água utilizada no processo de obtenção do leite

Three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 73 coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 28 Escherichia coli strains,isolated from water samples from 10 dairy farms, were tested for ''in vitro'' sensitivity to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. The results showed that all samples isolated presented resistance to at least one active drug tested. The percentage of S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and E. coli strains that exhibited resistance to the three active drugs were 100.00%, 84.93% and 71.43%, respectively. These results are important mainly due to the role of water as a vehicle for transmission of mastitis bacterial agents during the milking process.

Mastite subclínica bubalina por Aspergillus fumigatus

This research aimed to report the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in a buffalo from a study carried out with 548 milk samples of 137 Murrah and Mediterranean buffalos from seven milk properties, located in the cities of Jau, Botucatu and Sorocaba, State of São Paulo. The animals of the study were submitted to a clinical examination of the mammary gland by the inspection and to the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT), being the milk samples later directed to the laboratory for microbiological studies and also to the test of Whiteside Modified (WSM). The isolated agents were identified by the morphological characteristics of its colonies and through microcultive staining with blue cotton. Two (02) pure fungi samples were isolated representing 2.86% of the total isolated microorganism, corresponding to two mammary rooms in one animal, and were classified as pertaining to the Aspergillus fumigatus specie. The animal in question showed reaction of ++ to the CMT in both affected rooms and negative reaction to the WSM. In this way it is concluded that the Aspergillus fumigatus participates in a discrete way as a determinant agent of bubaline subclinical mastitis, however it is important because the affected animals can act as potential reservoirs and may be able to generate the infection in human beings.

Genetic Parameters For the Somatic Cells Count In the Milk of Buffaloes Using Ordinary Test Day Models

The buffaloes dairy milk production (BDMP) has increased in the last 20 years, mainly for the manufacturing of mozzarella cheese, which is recognized by its high nutritional quality. However, this quality can be affected by several factors i. e. high somatic cells count (SCC) provokes changes in the milk's constituents. As in bovine dairy milk, the SCC is used as diagnostic tool for milk quality; because it enables the diagnosis of sub-clinic mastitis and also allows the selection of individuals genetically resistant to that disease. Based on it, we collected information about SCC and BDMP along the lactation in Murrah breed buffaloes, during the period between 1997 and 2005. Curves were designed to estimate genetic parameters. These parameters were estimated by ordinary test-day models. There were observed variations in the estimated heritability for both characteristics the lowest score for somatic cells count (SSCC) was seen at first month (0.01) and the highest at sixth months (0.29 the genetic correlation between these traits varied from -1 at the 1 and 9(th) months to 0.31 and 0.30 in the2 and 4(th) month of lactation. Phenotypic correlations were all negative (-0.07 in the second month and up to -0.35 in the eighth month of lactation). These results showed that environmental factors are more important than genetics in explain SCC, for this reason, selection for genetic resistance to mastitis in buffalos based in SCC should not be done. In the other hand, negative phenotypic correlations demonstrated that as the SCC increased, the milk production decreased.

Analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk

Rangel P. & Marin J.M. 2009. Analysis of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitic milk. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 29(5): 363-368. Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n, Campus USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil. E-mail: jmmarin@forp.usp.brMastitis has been recognized for some time as the most costly disease in dairy herds. From February to November 2004, 670 samples of bovine mastitic milk from which 231 Escherichia coli strains were isolated, were collected from two Brazilian states. The strains were screened for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing (stx 1 and stx 2) and intimin (eae) genes. Twenty (8.6%) strains were detected by PCR to harbor the Shiga toxin genes (8 the stx 1 gene, 12 the stx 2 gene and none both of them). Two (0.8%) of the Escherichia coli strains studied were eae positive non Shiga toxin-producing. The strains were also examined for resistance to 12 antimicrobial agents. The predominantly observed resistance was to tetracycline (92.2%), streptomycin (90.4%), nalidixic acid (88.3%), amikacin (86.5%) and cephalothin (84.8%). Multidrug resistance was found among 152 isolates (65.8%).

The relationship between dairy cow hygiene and somatic cell count in milk

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Análise fenotípica e molecular da produção de biofilmes por estirpes de staphylococcus aureus isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica bovina

Biofilm formation is considered an advantage for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates, facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. It requires attachment to mammary epithelium, proliferation and accumulation of cells in multilayers and enclosing in a polymeric matrix known as exopolysaccharide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis for formation of biofilms. A total of 94 Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from milk samples of cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in dairy herds on two properties in the state of São Paulo were evaluated. These strains were characterized by in vitro biofilm formation, and by the presence of icaA and icaD genes which are responsible for intercellular adhesion. The results revealed that 98.9% of the isolates produced biofilm in vitro by adherence in sterile 96-well "U" bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates; 95.7% of the isolates possessed the icaA and icaD genes. These bacterial isolates biofilm producers may impair eradication of chronic mastitis, rendering antibiotherapy less effective. The detection of biofilm forming ability in mastitis isolates may provide useful information for more adequate therapeutic regimen and for preventive actions in the control of those bacterial isolates in bovine herds.

Ocorrência de mastite bovina causada por Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. E Candida sp. em uma propriedade rural no município de Indianópolis – Minas Gerais

The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of bovine mastitis by Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Candida sp. in a rural area of Indianopolis, Minas Gerais. It was realized the California Mastitis Test (CMT) in six collect, a total 671 of milk sample positive. Then the microbiological examination was performed, where the results revealed the presence of 137 milk samples with microbial multiplication. These, showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (45.2% of strains), other coagulase negative Staphylococcus (10.2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.4%), Staphylococcus simulans (5.8%), other coagulase negative (15.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (7.2%), other Streptococcus sp. (5.1%) and yeasts (1.4%). It was found that 100% of Staphylococcus were susceptible to rifampicin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin; but, resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility Streptococcus, were employed, except to clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. We conclude that there is a great necessity of proper hygiene practices and taking prophylactic measures taken in order to reduce the infection of animals caused by infectious microorganisms and resistance.

Influência da mastite subclínica estafilocócica sobre as características físico-químicas e celulares do leite

One hundred twenty-six milk samples from 63 apparently healthy cows, but positive in the California Mastitis Test were submitted to determinations of pH, acidity, density, butter-fat, total solids, non-fat solids, cryoscopic point, caseine level, chloride level and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Forty-one cows were infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 22 by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. The results obtained in the milk sample analysis from the healthy quarters and infected by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus showed variations of all constituents investigated. However only the pH values (F=4.17*) and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=11.35**) showed significant differences. On the other hand, between the milk samples from healthy quarters and infected quarters by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, only the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (F=16.29**) showed significant differences.

Factors affecting somatic cell counts and their relations with milk and milk constituent yield in buffaloes

Data concerning daily milk yield (MY), percentage of milk fat (%F), protein (%P), lactose (%LT), and total solids (%TS), and somatic cell counts (SCC) for a herd of 222 Murrah buffalo reared in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected monthly from 1997 to 2000 in order to study the factors affecting SCC and their relation to milk production and constituents during lactation. SCC decreased in the second month of lactation and increased thereafter, up to the ninth month of lactation. The interaction of month of lactation x order of calving was significant. Mean MY observed during the first month of lactation was 6.87 kg, which increased to 7.65 kg during the second month, and then decreased until the ninth month of lactation (3.83 kg). During the different months of lactation, %F, %P, %LT, and %TS ranged from 6.28 to 8.38%, 4.05 to 4.59%, 4.96 to 5.34%, and 16.94 to 18.55%, respectively. Calving year, calving order, and order of month of lactation significantly affected MY, %F, %P, %LT, and %TS. The regression coefficients of transformed SCC on MY and %LT were negative and significant during all months of lactation, showing that milk and lactose yield decreased with increased transformed SCC, causing losses to buffalo milk producers.

Pheno and genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from bovine milk samples from São Paulo State, Brazil

In the present study, 87 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk samples of 87 cows with mastitis in 6 different municipal districts of 2 regions of São Paulo State, Brazil, were compared pheno and genotypically. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the strains was performed, and PCR was carried out to detect genes for a number of staphylococcal cell surface proteins, exoproteins, and 3 classes of agr genes. Nine distinct S. aureus lineages (LA-LI) were identified by PFGE. The lineages LA and LE, which accounted together for 63 strains (72.2%), were prevalent and had been collected from all of the 6 municipal districts, indicating a broad geographic distribution of these lineages; LB, LC, LD, LF, LG, LH, and LI, however, were isolated sporadically and accounted for 24 strains (27.8%). Some characteristics, like penicillin resistance and the presence of cap8 and agr class II genes, were associated with the prevalent lineages (LA and LE), and penicillin susceptibility and the presence of cna and cap5 genes were associated with sporadic lineages. According to the present results, some S. aureus lineages possess a combination of genes that confer the propensity to cause and disseminate infection, and only a limited number of clones are responsible for the cases of bovine mastitis on the various farms. © 2004 NRC Canada.

Relación entre el recuento de células somáticas y la producción de leche de búfalas en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Mastitis is an inflammatory process in the udder that can affect the quality and quantity of milk produced causing economic losses and risks for health. Considering the somatic cell count (SCCs) as indicator of udder health and the milk yield (MY) of buffaloes from São Paulo State, this study aimed to quantify the related losses in milk due to somatic cells count (SCC). 9404 sources of information from 2198 lactations that occurred between 1997 and 2004 were analysed. There was no relation between MY and the SCCs in the buffaloes at first parity. For the second parity in the months 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 of lactation, there was a negative and significant relationship between SCCs and MY. For parities of three or more there was a significant and negative regression coefficient during every month of lactation betrween MY and SCC. The average losses varied from 0,18 to 2,2 milk liters per unit of SCCs. The results indicated large losses observed in the miltiparous buffaloes and that this category needs received special attention in terms of udder health. The effect of farm, parity and year, must be considered comparison between animals.

Ocorrência de mastite clínica e subclínica causada por Trichosporon beigelii em um rebanho leiteiro

Trichosporon beigelii was isolated from four and three Holstein heifers with clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively, during the extension activities of Nucleus of Mastitis Research - NUPEMAS - FMVZ - UNESP - BOTUCATU - BRAZIL. This fungus is considered extremely important because it is responsible for superficial skin infections, known as white piedra. According with literature, there is no record of isolation of this agent from mastitis in Brazil. This fact confirms the importance of microbiological studies to lead the treatment correctly to prevent the increase of bacterial resistance and secondary fungal infections that uses the inefficient antimicrobial as substratum for its development.

Mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus: Custo-benefício da antibioticoterapia de vacas em lactação

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5% as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2% and 14% in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.

Atividade viral do vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (brsv) em bezerros leiteiros

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts diluted in different solvents against bacteria from Staphylococcus genus. The study was performed in the Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory from Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco. The propolis extracts were prepared using brown propolis diluted in different solvents such as chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate and grain alcohol. In order to determine the antimicrobial potential of extracts, agar well diffusion method was used, with controls for each diluent. After that, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods were used. All tests were performed in triplicate. In the agar well diffusion test, the measurements of the inhibition zone for propolis extract were as follows: grain alcohol and propolis (2.88mm), methanol and propolis (2.41mm), chloroform and propolis (2.40mm) and ethyl acetate and propolis (0.83mm). The MBC of propolis extracts in different solvents were 93.75 μg/mL for grain alcohol, 375 μg/mL for chloroform and methanol and 3,000 μg/ml for ethyl acetate. Statistically significant differences were achieved comparing the inhibition zones of propolis diluted in grain alcohol and ethyl acetate (2.88 and 0.83 mm, respectively). Considering the low cost of therapy and the activity of the propolis against caprine mastitis pathogens, other studies regarding in vivo activity and chemical characterization are necessary, in addition to evaluation of the toxicological aspects of propolis extracts.

Necrotizing soft tissue infection of the breast: Case report and literature review

Background: Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is characterized by progressive infectious gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Its treatment involves intensive care, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and full debridement. Methods: We present two cases of NSTI of the breast, adding these cases to the 14 described in the literature, reviewing the characteristics and evolution of all cases. Case Report: On the fourth day after mastectomy, a 59-year-old woman with ulcerated breast cancer developed Type I NSTI caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which had a favorable evolution after debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics. The second patient was a 57-year-old woman submitted to a mastectomy and axillary dissection, who had recurrent seromas. On the 32nd post-operative day, after a seroma puncture, she developed Type II NSTI caused by β-hemolytic streptococci. She developed sepsis and died on the tenth day after debridement, intensive care, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. The cases are the first description of breast NSTI after mammary seroma aspiration and the first report of this condition caused by P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: Necrotizing soft tissue infection is rare in breast tissue. It frequently is of Type II, occurring mainly after procedures in patients with breast cancer. The surgeon's participation in controlling the focus of the infection is of fundamental importance, and just as important are broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and support measures, such as maintenance of volume, correction of electrolytic disorders, and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Once the infection has been brought under control, skin grafting or soft tissue flaps can be considered. The mortality rate in breast NSTI is 18.7%, all deaths being in patients with the fulminant Type II form. Surgical oncologists need to be alert to the possibility of this rare condition. © 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.