Valor prognóstico da hiperglicemia de estresse na evolução intra-hospitalar na coronariopatia aguda

FUNDAMENTO: Na síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), a hiperglicemia, à admissão hospitalar, está associada à presença de eventos adversos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ou sem diabetes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da hiperglicemia de estresse na evolução intra-hospitalar de pacientes admitidos por SCA. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 152 pacientes admitidos, entre setembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2010, em unidade de dor torácica de hospital terciário com diagnóstico de SCA, que apresentavam valor da glicemia laboratorial na admissão. O grupo I foi formado pelos pacientes com hiperglicemia de estresse, definida por glicemia na admissão > 126 mg/dL em não diabéticos e > 200 mg/dL nos diabéticos, e o grupo II pelos pacientes com níveis glicêmicos inferiores aos níveis estabelecidos. Analisou-se a associação da hiperglicemia e evolução intra-hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A hiperglicemia de estresse associou-se a complicações intra-hospitalares, aumento da idade e gênero feminino. Na análise multivariada, apenas gênero feminino (OR = 2,04; IC95% 1,03 - 4,06, p = 0,007) e complicações intra-hospitalares (OR = 3,65; IC95% 1,62 - 8,19, p = 0,002) se associaram de forma independente à hiperglicemia na admissão. CONCLUSÃO: A hiperglicemia de estresse é fator preditivo independente para complicações intra-hospitalares após SCA em pacientes diabéticos ou não. Os resultados alertam para a necessidade de avaliarmos a glicemia na admissão em todos os pacientes admitidos por SCA, incluindo os não diabéticos, com o intuito de identificarmos os indivíduos com maior risco de complicações.

Prognóstico da incompetência cronotrópica em idosos diabéticos à ecocardiografia sob estresse físico

FUNDAMENTO: A incompetência cronotrópica (IC), definida como a incapacidade de atingir no esforço 80% da frequência de reserva esperada para a idade, é um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares e pode conferir pior prognóstico a grupos em expansão devido ao acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional, como em idosos diabéticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da IC em idosos diabéticos considerando desfechos com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e óbito geral, e comparar características clínicas e ecocardiográficas entre os que têm IC e os que não têm. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 298 pacientes idosos e diabéticos submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse sob esforço físico (EF), de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2010. Destes, 109 eram incompetentes cronotrópicos, grupo G1, e foram comparados aos competentes, grupo G2, quanto à ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares, características clínicas e ecocardiográficas. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1, em relação ao grupo controle, apresentou maior frequência de DCV (9,2% × 3,2; p = 0,027) e maior frequência de óbito para aqueles que sofreram DCV ou IAM. Angina típica e dispneia prévias à realização da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes no G1. A análise das variáveis ecocardiográficas demonstrou que o índice do escore de motilidade do ventrículo esquerdo (IEMVE) de repouso e de esforço, o índice de massa do VE (ventrículo esquerdo) e o diâmetro do AE (átrio esquerdo) foram maiores entre os incompetentes cronotrópicos. CONCLUSÃO: A IC foi associada, de forma independente, à ocorrência de DCV em idosos diabéticos

Ecocardiografia sob estresse físico e eventos cardíacos maiores em pacientes com ergometria normal

FUNDAMENTO: O teste ergométrico (TE), inicialmente indicado para diagnóstico e estratificação de risco da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), apresenta baixa sensibilidade, o que pode implicar em falha na detecção de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos adversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ecocardiografia sob estresse físico (EEF) na predição de eventos cardíacos maiores (ECM) e óbitos por todas as causas em pacientes com probabilidade pré-teste intermediária de DAC e TE normal. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo em que foram estudados 397 pacientes, com probabilidade pré-teste intermediária de DAC pelo método de Morise e TE normal, submetidos à EEF. Dividiu-se em dois grupos: EEF negativo (G1) ou positivo (G2) para isquemia miocárdica. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade por qualquer causa e ECM, definidos como óbito cardíaco e infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) não fatal. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1 constituiu-se de 329 (82,8%) pacientes. A idade média foi de 57,37 ± 11 anos e 44,1% eram do gênero masculino. Durante o seguimento médio de 75,94 ± 17,24 meses, ocorreram 13 óbitos, dentre eles três por causas cardíacas (IAM), além de 13 IAM não fatais. Isquemia miocárdica permaneceu como preditor independente de ECM (RR 2,49; [IC] 95% 1,74-3,58). As variáveis preditoras de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram gênero masculino (RR 9,83; [IC] 95% 2,15-44,97) e idade > 60 anos (RR 4,57; [IC] 95% 1,39-15,23). CONCLUSÃO: A EEF positiva é preditora de ECM na amostra estudada, o que auxilia na identificação de um subgrupo de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos adversos, apesar de apresentarem TE normal.

Efeito do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a expressão de conexina 43 cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos de intervenção mostraram aumento da mortalidade em pacientes que receberam betacaroteno. Contudo, não são conhecidos os mecanismos envolvidos nesse fenômeno. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a expressão de conexina 43 em coração de ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar, pesando aproximadamente 100 g, foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (n = 30), que recebeu a dieta usada de rotina em nosso laboratório, e Grupo Betacaroteno (n = 28), que recebeu betacaroteno (na forma de cristal, adicionado e misturado à dieta) na dose de 500 mg de betacaroteno/kg de dieta. Os animais receberam tratamento até que atingissem entre 200 e 250 g, quando eram sacrificados. Foram coletados sangue, fígado e coração para realização de Western blotting e imunoistoquímica para conexina 43; foram realizados estudos morfométricos, dosagens de betacaroteno por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência bem como de glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e hidroperóxidos de lipídeos por análises bioquímicas. RESULTADOS: O betacaroteno foi detectado apenas no fígado dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (288 ± 94,7 µg/kg). Os níveis de glutationa reduzida/glutationa oxidada foram maiores no fígado e no coração dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (fígado - Grupo Controle: 42,60 ± 1,62; fígado - Grupo Betacaroteno: 57,40 ± 5,90; p = 0,04; coração: - Grupo Controle: 117,40 ± 1,01; coração - Grupo Betacaroteno: 121,81 ± 1,32 nmol/mg proteína; p = 0,03). O conteúdo de conexina 43 total foi maior no Grupo Betacaroteno. CONCLUSÃO: O betacaroteno apresentou efeito benéfico, caracterizado pelo aumento da comunicação intercelular e melhora do sistema de defesa antioxidante. Nesse modelo, os mecanismos não explicam a maior mortalidade observada com a suplementação de betacaroteno em estudos clínicos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Desfecho de Curto e Longo Prazo na Cardiomiopatia Induzida por Estresse: O que Podemos Esperar?

Fundamento: A cardiomiopatia de estresse/Takotsubo (CT) é uma entidade diagnóstica cada vez mais reconhecida. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência e os preditores clínicos de complicações de curto e longo prazo de pacientes (pts) com CT. Métodos: Foram incluídos todos os pts consecutivamente admitidos no nosso centro, entre novembro de 2006 e agosto de 2011, que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos da Clínica Mayo. Resultados: Analisaram-se 37 pts (35 mulheres), com idade média de 63 ± 13 anos. A CT foi precipitada na maioria dos casos por eventos de estresse emocional (57%) e dor torácica foi o sintoma de apresentação mais frequente (89%). O electrocardiograma na admissão mostrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em 12 pts (32%) e inversão da onda T em 15 casos (41%). Verificou-se disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda (VE) grave em 16 pts (45%) e a elevação média de troponina I foi de 2,6 ± 1,8 ng/mL. A taxa de complicações intra-hospitalares foi de 30%, sendo o choque cardiogênico a situação mais comum. O estresse físico, a disfunção sistólica grave do VE e o valor de pico do peptídeo natriurético cerebral (BNP) foram preditores de complicações agudas. Não foi encontrada associação entre o pico de troponina I e a apresentação eletrocardiográfica. Trinta e cinco pacientes foram acompanhados por um tempo médio de 482 ± 512 dias, sem recorrência clínica. Conclusão: Na nossa série de pacientes, a CT foi associada a uma alta taxa de complicações intra-hospitalares. O estresse físico, a disfunção sistólica do VE e o valor de pico do BNP foram preditores de desfechos adversos agudos.

Expressao genica associada ao estresse oxidativo no coracao de camundongo apos isquemia intestinal

FUNDAMENTO: O fenômeno da isquemia e reperfusão intestinal é um evento frequente na clínica e está associado a repercussões deletérias em órgãos a distância, em especial ao coração. OBJETIVO: Investigar a expressão gênica do estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante no coração de camundongos isogênicos, submetidos a isquemia e reperfusão intestinal (IR). MÉTODOS: Doze camundongos (C57BL/6) foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo IR (GIR) com 60 min de oclusão da artéria mesentérica superior, seguidos de 60 min de reperfusão. Grupo Controle (GC) submetidos a anestesia e a laparotomia sem o procedimento de IR observados por 120 min. As amostras de intestino e coração foram processadas pelo método (RT-qPCR / Reverse transcriptase - quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) para determinar a expressão gênica de 84 genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo ("t" de Student, p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Observou-se no tecido intestinal (GIR) uma expressão significantemente aumentada em 65 (74,71%) genes em relação ao tecido normal (GC), e 37 (44,04%) genes estiveram hiperexpressos (maior que três vezes o limiar permitido pelo algoritmo). No tocante aos efeitos da I/R intestinal a distância no tecido cardíaco verificou-se a expressão significantemente aumentada de 28 genes (33,33%), mas somente oito genes (9,52%) se hiperexpressaram três vezes acima do limiar. Quatro (7,14%) desses oito genes se expressaram simultaneamente nos tecidos intestinal e cardíaco. No GIR notaram-se cardiomiócitos com núcleos de menor tamanho, picnóticos, ricos em heterocromatina e raros nucléolos, indicando sofrimento cardíaco. CONCLUSÃO: A I/R intestinal promoveu a hiperexpressão estatisticamente significante de oito genes associados ao estresse oxidativo a distância no tecido miocárdico.

Reserva de Velocidade de Fluxo Coronariano durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina

Fundamento: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) ≥ 2 é adequada para inferir bom prognóstico ou ausência de coronariopatia importante. Objetivo: Identificar parâmetros relevantes na obtenção da RVFC (adequada ou inadequada) na descendente anterior (ADA), durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). Métodos: Avaliação de 100 pacientes encaminhados para pesquisa de isquemia miocárdica através do EED, orientados para suspender o betabloqueador 72 horas antes do exame. Calculou-se a RVFC pela divisão do pico de velocidade (cm/s) diastólica (PVD) verificado no EED (PVD-EED) pelo de repouso (PVD-REP). No grupo I, a RVFC < 2 e no grupo II a RVFC ≥ 2. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student e o exato de Fisher. Significância estatística quando p < 0,05. Resultados: Em repouso, o tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA nos grupos I e II não diferiu (53 ± 31 vs. 45 ± 32; p = 0,23). No EED, registrou-se a ADA em 92 pacientes. O grupo I evidenciou pacientes mais velhos (65,9 ± 9,3 vs. 61,2 ± 10,8 anos; p = 0,04), menor fração de ejeção (61 ± 10 vs. 66 ± 6%; p = 0,005), maior PVD-REP (36,81 ± 08 vs. 25,63 ± 06 cm/s; p < 0,0001) e menor RVFC (1,67 ± 0,24 vs. 2,53 ± 0,57; p < 0,0001), entretanto o PVD-EED não diferiu (61,40 ± 16 vs. 64,23 ± 16 cm/s; p = 0,42). A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se à chance 4 vezes maior de ocorrer RVFC < 2 (OR = 4; 95% IC [1,171 - 13,63], p = 0,027). Conclusão: O PVD-REP foi o principal parâmetro para determinar uma RVFC adequada. A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se significativamente com RVFC inadequada. A elevada exequibilidade e o tempo para registro da ADA favorecem a utilização dessa metodologia.

Estresse Isolado ou Associado ao Etanol Libera Prostanóides em Aorta de Ratos via ?2-Adrenoceptores

Fundamento: Estresse e etanol são ambos, independentemente, importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular. Objetivo: avaliar o risco cardiovascular do consumo de etanol e exposição ao estresse, isolados e em associação, em ratos machos adultos. Métodos: Os ratos foram separados em quatro grupos: controle, etanol (20% na água de beber durante seis semanas), estresse (imobilização 1h dia/5 dias por semana/ 6 semanas) e estresse/etanol. As curvas de concentração-resposta à noradrenalina - na ausência e na presença de ioimbina, L-NAME ou indometacina - ou fenilefrina foram determinadas em aortas torácicas com e sem endotélio. EC50 e resposta máxima (n = 8-12) foram comparadas através de ANOVA de dois fatores (two-way) / método de Bonferroni. Resultados: Estresse ou estresse em associação com o consumo de etanol aumentaram as respostas máximas de noradrenalina em aortas intactas. Essa hiper-reatividade foi eliminada pela remoção do endotélio, ou pela presença da indometacina ou ioimbina, mas não foi alterada pela presença de L-NAME. Enquanto isso, o consumo de etanol não alterou a reatividade à noradrenalina. As respostas da fenilefrina em aortas com e sem endotélio também permaneceram inalteradas independentemente do protocolo. Conclusão: O estresse crônico aumentou as respostas aórticas dos ratos à noradrenalina. Esse efeito é dependente do endotélio vascular e envolve a liberação de prostanóides vasoconstritores através da estimulação de α-2 adrenoceptores endoteliais. Além disso, o consumo crônico de etanol pareceu não influenciar as respostas de noradrenalina em aorta de rato, nem modificar o aumento de tais respostas observadas em consequência da exposição ao estresse.

Estudos sôbre a alimentação mineral da mandioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl.)

1. The present work was carried out to study the effects of mineral nutrients in the yield as well as in the composition of cassava roots. The variety "Branca de Sta. Catarina" was grown by the sand culture method, the following treatments being used: N0 P0 K0, N0 P1 Kl, N1 P0 K1, N2 P1 K0, N2 P1 K1, N1 P2 K1, and N1 P1 K2, where the figures 0, 1, and 2 denote the relative proportion of a given element. The nutrients were given as follows: N = 35 grams of ammonium nitrate per pot loaded with 120 pounds of washed sand; P1 = 35 grams of monocalcium phosphate; Kl = 28 grams of sulfate of potash. Besides those fertilizers, each pot received 26 grams of magnesium sulfate and weekly doses of micronutrients as indicated by HOAGLAND and ARNON (1939). To apply the macronutrients the total doses were divided in three parts evenly distributed during the life cycle of cassava. 2. As far yield of roots and foliage are concerned, there are a few points to be considered: 2.1. the most striking effect on yield was verified when P was omitted from the fertilization; this treatment gave the poorest yields of the whole experiment; the need of that element for the phosphorylation of the starchy reserves explains such result; 2.2. phosphorus and nitrogen, under the experimental conditions, showed to be the most important nutrients for cassava; the effect of potassium in the weight of the roots produced was much less marked; it is noteworthy to mention, that in absence of potassium, the roots yield decreased whereas the foliage increased; as potassium is essential for the translocation of carbohydrates it is reasonable to admit that sugars produced in the leaves instead of going down and accumulate as starch in the roots were consumed in the production of more green matter. 3. Chemical analyses of roots revealed the following interesting points: 3.1. the lack of phosphorus brought about the most drastic reduction in the starch content of the roots; while the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, with NI PO Kl the amount found was 25 per cent; this result can be explained by the requirement of P for the enzymatic synthesis of starch; it has to be mentioned that the decrease in the starch content was associated with the remarkable drop in yield observed when P was omitted from the nutrient medium; 3.2. the double dosis of nitrogen in the treatment N2 P1 K1, gave the highest yields; however the increase in yield did not produce any industrial gain: whereas the treatment N1 P1 K1 gave 32 per cent of starch, by raising the N level to N2, the starch content fell to 24 per cent; now, considering the total amount of starch present in the roots, one can see, that the increase in roots yield did not compensate for the marked decrease in the starch content; that is, the amount of starch obtained with N1 P1 K1 does not differ statistically from the quantity obtained with N2 P1 K1; as far we know facts similar to this had been observed in sugar beets and sugar cane, as a result of the interaction between nitrogen and sugar produced; the biochemical aspect of the problem is very interesting: by raising the amount of assimilable nitrogen, instead of the carbohydrates polymerize to starch, they do combine to the amino groups to give proteinaceous materials; actually, it did happen that the protein content increased from 2.91 to 5.14 per cent.

Experiências de adubação mineral e orgânica com Capim Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst.)

Kikuio grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst) is beyond any doubt, a pasture very important for farm animals; since its chemical composition is very similar to that of alfalfa, the present field trial was carried out; a randomized block design with 8 treatments was selected as follows: 1 N - P - K - Ca - Mg (complete manuring) 2 N - P - K - Ca----- (without Mg) 3 N - P - K-------Mg (without Ca) 4 ----P - K - Ca - Mg (without N) 5 N------K - Ca Mg (without P) 6 N - P - Ca - Mg (without K) 7 organic matter (without mineral fertilizers) 8 control Nitrogen was applied as NaN03 (topdressed) and as ammonium sulfate; P2O5 was given as superphosphate associated to bonemeal; K2O was applied as muriate, CaO as "sambaquis" (oyster shells); MgO was given as MgSO4 (topdressed). The source of organic matter was farmyard manure. As far yields are concerned the following observations were made: 1. treatment n. 7 was superior to all others; 2. considering the mineral fertilizers, good responses were due to N and P2O5; 3. the control yield was exceedingly poor, being inferior to all the others treatments; The chemical analyses revealed that: 1. the protein content decreased accordingly to this order: 7, 6, 5 and 1; treatment 4 (without N) gave the lowest protein content; 2. treatment n. 4 produced the highest fat content; treatment no. 7 ranked second; no. 8 gave the lowest fat content; 3. crude fiber: highest - treatment 7; lowest - 8; 4. ashes: the ashes content was higher in treatment 5; proprobably because the most abundant element in the ashes is K, the ash content of treatment 6 (no K) was very low; 5. non nitrogenous substances (determined by difference) - high in treatment 8 and low in treatment 7; 6. mineral elements in the ashes - the element omitted from a given treatment was very low in the grasses therein obtained; this shows the relative poverty of the soil in that element. As general remark the Authors suggest the use of farmyard manure in the fertilization of Kikuio grass; farmyard manure could probably substitute wither green manure or compost.

Estudos sôbre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro. II: absorção do superfosfato radioativo pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L., var. Bourbon Amarelo) em condições de campo

In order to find out the best way to supply phosphorus to coffee plants when growing in "terra roxa misturada", a red soil with a high fixing capacity, tagged superphosphate was applied by the following procedures: (1) topdressed in a circular strip around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a circular furrow 15 cm deep; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow also 15 cm deep; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. In each case 150 gms. of ordinary superphosphate tagged with H3 P32 O4 to give 5 X 10(9) c.p.m. were given to the two and half year old coffee plants. It was found that for the several treatments of the total phosphorus in the leaves the following values, on a per cent basis, came from the applied superphosphates: (1) topdressed 10.2 per cent, (2) circular furrow 2.4 per cent, (3) semicircular furrow 1.7 per cent, (4) sprayed 38.0 per cent; one can see, then, that methods (2) and (3) commonly used by the coffee planters are a very inefficient way to supply phosphorus in this type of soil. The remarkable foliar absorption was checked twice: a water culture experiment was carried out, the radiophosphorus being supplied by brushing it in the upper and lower surfaces of a given leaf; radioactivity was detected all over the plant as a result both of absorption and translocation; on the other hand, leaves collected from the sprayed trees were radioautographed; the radioautographs showed the pattern of distribution of the P32 which indicates true absorption rather than a surface contamination. In another locality, an experiment was caried out with 8 year old plants growing in "arenito de Bauru" which is a sandy soil with much less phosphorus fixing capacity. In this experiment the aim was to compare absorption of tagged superphosphate by trees growin under mulch against plants not receiving this treatment, The uptake of phosphorus was the same for both sets of plants. In both field experiments soil samples down to 15 cm in the profile were collected and its 0.2NHC1 soluble phosphorus was counted; rather significant values were observed mainly in the upper 5 cm layers.

Estudos sobre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VI Efeitos das deficiências de micronutrientes em Coffea arabica L. var. Mundo Novo cultivado em solução nutritiva

Young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) were grown in nutrient solution purified from micronutrients contaminants by the method of MUNNS & JOHNSON (1960). All plants, except those in the control treatment, wer given all macronutrients and all micronutrients except one which was omitted in order to induce its shortage. Symptoms of deficiency were obtained for all known micronutrients but chlorine. Measurements, observations and chemical analysis of leaves allowed the following main conclusions to be drawn. 1. The relative influence of micronutrients in growth-measured by the fresh weight of the entire plant - was as follows: -Fe -Zn -Cu -Mo -Mn complete = -B = -CI. that is: the omission of iron from the nutrient solution caused the severest reduction in growth; lack of B and Cl had no effect. 2. Symptoms of deficiency of B, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found to be in good agreement with those in the literature. Effects of Cu and Mo shortage, however, had not been described so far: In the case of the Cu-deficient plants, the younger leaves were distorted, having an "S" shape, due probably to lack of growth of the veins; they lost their green color and developed rather large, necrotic patches near the margins. When molybdenum was omitted from the nutrient solution yellow spots develop near the margen of subterminal (fully mature) leaves; they became necrotic; there was a characteristic downward curling of the leaf blade along the mid rib so that the opposite edges touched each other underneath. 3. The levels of micronutrients found in normal and deficient leaves are given in Table 4. It is hoped that those values will serve as a basis of judgement of micronutrient contents found in leaves of field grown plants.

Estudos sôbre alimentação mineral do cafeeiro.: VII. Interação entre fósforo e ferro em cafeeiro (Coffe arabica L., var. Caturra KMC) cultivado em solução nutritiva

The present work was carried out in order to study: 1 - The effect of several levels of P and Fe on the chemical composition of young coffee plants (Coffea arabica L., var. Caturra, KMC); 2 - The influence of P and Fe in the up take of N, K, Ca, and Mg as revealed by the chemical analyses of coffee tissues. Five treatments with two replicates were used, namely: 1 - Control - plants grown in the solution 2 of HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950); 2 - Omission of P; 3 - 310 p. p.m. of P; 4 - Omission of Fe; 5-28 p. p.m. of Fe. The experiment was carried out in the grenhouse, the pH of the different solutions being kept between 5. 0 and 5. 5; aeration was provided to the solutions. The following conclusions wen drawn: 1 - When P was omitted from the nutrient solution, there was an increase in N, K and Fe content of the plant as compared to the levels found in control plants; 2 - Raising the P level in the substrate brought about an apparent luxury consumption of this element as well as an increase in plant Mg; 3 - High P in the nutrient solution on the other hand, decreased Fe up take but increased the K content; 4 - K content was even higher in plants corresponding to the excess Fe treatment; 5 - A very high P content was found in the roots from the excess Fe treatment, this suggesting the formation of ferric phosphate in those organs; 6 - The control plants had less Fe than those corresponding to the minus Fe treatment.

Estudos sôbre alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VIII. Estudo da absorção e da translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)

WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.

Estudo sobre a Alimentação Mineral do algodoeiro I: marcha da absorpção do macronutrientes (Nota prévia)

Cotton (variety I. A. C. 11) was grown on a sandy soil under two treatments, namely: (1) NPK + lime and (2) no fertilizers. Three weeks after planting a systematic sampling of entire plants was done every other week. In the laboratory determinations of dry weight were made and afterwards the various plant partes were submitted to chemical analyses, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) being determined. The aim of this work was to obtain information on the periods in which the absorption of the several macronutrients was more intense, this providing a clue for time of application of certain mineral fertilizers. Data obtained hereby allowed for the following main conclusions. The initial rate of growth of the cotton plant, judged by the determinations of dry weight, is rather slow. Seven weeks after planting and again five weeks two distinct periods of rapid growth take place. The uptake of macronutrients is rather small until the first flowers show up. From there on the absorption of minerals is intensified. From the time in which fruits are being formed to full maturity, the crop draws from the soil nearly 75 percent of the total amount of elements required to complet life cycle. This seams to point out the need for late dressings of fertilizers, particularly of those containing N and K. The following amounts of element in Kg/ha were absorbed by the fertilized plants: N - 83.2 P - 8.1 K - 65.5 Ca - 61.7 Mg - 12.8 and S - 33.2. The three major macronutrients, namely, N. P and K are exported as seed cotton in the following proportions with respect to the total amounts taken up by the entire crop: N - 1/3, P - 1/2 and K - 1/3.