贵族省红枫湖区域磷渣风化淋溶的环境地球化学研究

本文通过红枫湖区域岩石——磷渣系统的研究，获得如下认识：1.麻线河流域和红枫湖区域岩石的化学风化速率分别为1.180 * 10~(-2)和8.412 * 10~(-3)cm/yr；红枫湖区域岩石的化学风化系统在75%左右。2.岩石的化学风化速率随PH减小、温度升高和淋入液与样品量之比增大而增大；磷渣的风化淋溶降低岩石和溶解速率。3.磷石膏中元素的释放顺序为:K > Na > mg > Ca > Si，其淋出液呈碱性；硫铁矿渣中元素的释放顺序为：Mn > Ca > Mg > Na > K > Fe，它的淋出液呈酸性。4.磷石膏的风化淋溶液对石灰岩的溶蚀作用很弱，其中的钾、磷素进入土壤中，可提高土壤肥力；硫铁矿渣的风化淋溶液对石灰岩有一定的溶蚀性，其中有SO_4~(2-)，可带走大量钾素，会降低土壤肥力。

Diagnose foliar da soja em sistema plantio direto utilizando técnicas de agricultura de precisão em Carambeí, PR.

A diagnose foliar foi desenvolvida para fornecer informações sobre o estado nutricional das plantas e servir de orientação para o manejo de nutrientes visando produtividades ótimas. As outras aplicações incluem também, a estimativa regional do estado nutricional. No entanto pouco se sabe ainda sobre a variação espacial do estado nutricional, particularmente no sistema de plantio direto. Em uma lavoura de soja, cultivada no sistema de plantio direto na região Sul do Brasil, avaliou-se a variabilidade espacial dos teores de nutrientes e o estado nutricional, para identificar as limitações à produção da cultura. Amostras de solo e folhas georeferenciadas foram coletadas em um talhão de 13 ha, em grades de amostragem de 40 por 40 m, e em grades menores de 20 por 20 m, 10 por 10 m, e 5 por 5 m. Os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn foram determinados. Foram utilizados e discutidos dois procedimentos para avaliação do estado nutricional: as faixas de suficiência e os índices DRIS. Avaliouse a produção de grãos na época da colheita. Ajustou-se semivariogramas para todos os teores de nutrientes nas folhas. Os alcances dos semivariogramas indicaram que a grade amostragem de 20 por 20 m foi a mais adequada para representar a variabilidade espacial dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas de soja. Os métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional foram complementares e indicaram que o potássio foi o nutriente mais limitantes à produção de soja. São apresentados os mapas krigados dos teores de macro e micronutrientes e dos índices DRIS.

Importancia da adubacao e da nutricao na qualidade da soja.

Situacao da producao; Valor nutritivo da soja; Funcoes dos nutrientes: Macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) Nitrogenio, Fosforo, Potassio, Calcio, Magnesio, Enxofre e Micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, An, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, Ni e Co) Ferro, Boro, Cloro, Molibdenio, Cobre, Zinco, Manganes, Niquel, Cobalto; Exigencias nutricionais da soja: Extracao e exportacao de nutrientes, Acumulo de materia seca da planta, Acumulo de nutrientes na planta; Respostas da soja a nutrientes aplicados: Nitrogenio, Potassio, Enxofre, Molibdenio, Interacao entre nutrientes (Nitrogenio e Potassio, Fosforo e potassio, Nitrogenio e enxofre, Fosforo, enxofre e molibdenio, Enxofre e zinco).

Mapas da distribuição aproximada da fertilidade dos solos do Estado do Amazonas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar, através de um mapeamento, a distribuição aproximada da fertilidade dos solos (pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Ca + Mg, Al, H + Al, SB, CTC efetiva, m% e V%) no Estado do Amazonas, para que, futuramente, seja utilizado para um provável zoneamento agrícola do Estado.

Programa de análise de qualidade de laboratórios de fertilidade (PAQLF) que usam o método Embrapa: desempenho dos participantes em 2000.

No ano de 2000, o desempenho dos laboratorios participantes do Programa de Analise de Qualidade de Laboratorios de Fertilidade (PAQLF) foi avaliado atraves dos resultados analiticos de 8 amostras de terra. Os participantes analisaram, obrigatoriamente, P e K (Mehlich-1); ph (agua; Ca, Mg e Al (KCl); H+Al (acetato de Ca ou SMP); e, facultativamente, materia organica (colorimetrico ou Walkey-Black) e os micronutrientes B (agua quente), Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn (Mehlich-1). Os resultados foram avaliados quanto a exatidao (acerto) e precisao (repeticao) e, entao, se calculou o Indice de Excelencia, atribuindo-se conceitos. Dos 79 laboratorios avaliados, 63% apresentaram conceitos A ou B ( 10 destes obtiveram conceito A), sendo habilitados ao uso do selo de qualidade. Foram apresentados os coeficientes de variacao dos parametros analisados e os resultados discrepantes das 8 amostras, no ano, pelos 79 participantes. De modo geral, os parametros que apresentaram resultados mais variaveis foram P, Al, Ca, Mg e K. Materia organica e A+Al foram intermediarios e as menores variacoes foram observadas para pH. Para os micronutrientes, as menores variacoes ocorrem nas determinacoes de Zn.

Fresh pasta enrichment with protein concentrate of tilapia: nutritional and sensory characteristics.

With the goal of developing and characterizing the nutritional and sensory aspects of fresh pasta supplemented with tilapia protein concentrate, four types of pasta were prepared, with inclusion of 0, 10, 20, or 30% of tilapia protein concentrate. Linear effects were observed (P < 0.01) in crude protein, total lipids, ash, carbohydrate, and caloric values; these parameters increased with increasing amounts of tilapia protein concentrate in the pasta. The concentration of Na, P, Ca, Mg, and Zn increased linearly (P < 0.01) in correlation with the increase in protein concentrate content, while Fe content decreased linearly (P < 0.01). In the sensory analysis, texture, overall impression, and the acceptance index demonstrated a cubic regression (P < 0.05), with the inclusion of 20% protein concentrate yielding the best scores. Including up to 30% of tilapia protein concentrate in pasta yields an increased nutritional value, but based on the sensory results, 20% of tilapia protein concentrate in pasta is the recommended maximum level.

Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), a leading cause of death among hematopoeitic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, are derived mainly from single-institution retrospective studies. METHODS: The Transplant Associated Infections Surveillance Network, a network of 23 US transplant centers, prospectively enrolled HSCT recipients with proven and probable IFIs occurring between March 2001 and March 2006. We collected denominator data on all HSCTs preformed at each site and clinical, diagnostic, and outcome information for each IFI case. To estimate trends in IFI, we calculated the 12-month cumulative incidence among 9 sequential subcohorts. RESULTS: We identified 983 IFIs among 875 HSCT recipients. The median age of the patients was 49 years; 60% were male. Invasive aspergillosis (43%), invasive candidiasis (28%), and zygomycosis (8%) were the most common IFIs. Fifty-nine percent and 61% of IFIs were recognized within 60 days of neutropenia and graft-versus-host disease, respectively. Median onset of candidiasis and aspergillosis after HSCT was 61 days and 99 days, respectively. Within a cohort of 16,200 HSCT recipients who received their first transplants between March 2001 and September 2005 and were followed up through March 2006, we identified 718 IFIs in 639 persons. Twelve-month cumulative incidences, based on the first IFI, were 7.7 cases per 100 transplants for matched unrelated allogeneic, 8.1 cases per 100 transplants for mismatched-related allogeneic, 5.8 cases per 100 transplants for matched-related allogeneic, and 1.2 cases per 100 transplants for autologous HSCT. CONCLUSIONS: In this national prospective surveillance study of IFIs in HSCT recipients, the cumulative incidence was highest for aspergillosis, followed by candidiasis. Understanding the epidemiologic trends and burden of IFIs may lead to improved management strategies and study design.

Imaging of musculoskeletal bacterial infections by [124I]FIAU-PET/CT.

BACKGROUND: Traditional imaging techniques for the localization and monitoring of bacterial infections, although reasonably sensitive, suffer from a lack of specificity. This is particularly true for musculoskeletal infections. Bacteria possess a thymidine kinase (TK) whose substrate specificity is distinct from that of the major human TK. The substrate specificity difference has been exploited to develop a new imaging technique that can detect the presence of viable bacteria. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Eight subjects with suspected musculoskeletal infections and one healthy control were studied by a combination of [(124)I]FIAU-positron emission tomography and CT ([(124)I]FIAU-PET/CT). All patients with proven musculoskeletal infections demonstrated positive [(124)I]FIAU-PET/CT signals in the sites of concern at two hours after radiopharmaceutical administration. No adverse reactions with FIAU were observed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: [(124)I]FIAU-PET/CT is a promising new method for imaging bacterial infections.

Comportamiento de las formas de fósforo en un Ultisol con diferentes manejos de implantación forestal

En sistemas forestales, la preparación del terreno antes de la implantación de un monte adquiere gran importancia debido al impacto de diferentes sistemas de manejo de residuos sobre el capital de nutrientes. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue estudiar la dinámica de las fracciones de P en una plantación de Pinus taeda (L) con diferentes sistemas de manejo de residuos de la cosecha anterior y evaluar el efecto de estas prácticas sobre la adsorción de P en un Ultisol de la provincia de Misiones. Para ello se realizó un ensayo con un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con los siguientes tratamientos: 1) sin residuos: extracción de residuos y mantillo y plantación con Pinus taeda; 2) quema: quema de residuos y rastra y plantación con Pinus taeda; 3) plantación directa: conservación de residuos de la cosecha y plantación con Pinus taeda; 4) capuera: conservación de residuos y desarrollo de la vegetación natural denominada capuera y 5) monte nativo (MN). A los 6 y 9 años de aplicados los tratamientos se muestreó a dos profundidades superficial (0-5 cm) y subsuperficial (5-15 cm), y se realizó el fraccionamiento secuencial de P de Hedley, las curvas de adsorción y el cálculo de los coeficientes e índices derivados de las mismas. También fueron evaluadas las variables químicas COT, Ca, Mg, Na, K, suma de cationes, CIC, porcentaje de saturación de bases, pH en agua y pH en ClK (1M). Como resultado se observó que la extracción total de residuos presentó el mayor impacto negativo sobre el P orgánico, lábil y moderadamente lábil en la capa superficial del suelo de 0 a 5 cm. Con respecto a la quema de residuos, después de transcurridos 9 años, no se presentó ningún efecto sobre las fracciones de P más disponibles del suelo. También se observó que ninguna de las distintas prácticas de manejo aplicadas produjo cambios en el contenido de P total. En relación al efecto de los distintos manejos sobre la capacidad de adsorción del P se observó que donde se eliminaron los residuos, ya sea por extracción manual o por quema, se presentó un mayor efecto de adsorción de este nutriente por parte del suelo. Cuando se estudió el cultivo de pino comparado con monte nativo, se observó que la implantación del bosque produjo una mayor adsorción de P en el suelo. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos es de esperar que, en el mediano plazo, el manejo con conservación superficial de los residuos conduzca a un aumento de los niveles de COT y de las formas orgánicas de P más disponibles y por otro lado, a una disminución de la sorción de P por parte del suelo. Por lo tanto, es recomendable la aplicación de dicha práctica para reducir la exportación de nutrientes y sostener los aportes de materia orgánica al suelo como mecanismo de protección y reserva de nutrientes

CaII K interstellar observations towards early-type disc and halo stars

We present high-resolution (R = lambda/Deltalambda similar to 40 000) Ca II K interstellar observations (lambda(air) = 3933.66Angstrom) towards 88 mainly B-type stars, of which 74 are taken from the Edinburgh-Cape or Palomar-Green surveys, and 81 have > 25degrees. The majority of the data come from previously existing spectroscopy, although also included are 18 new observations of stars with echelle spectra taken with UVES on the Very Large Telescope UT2 (Kueyen). Some 49 of the sample stars have distance estimates above the Galactic plane (z) greater than or equal to 1 kpc, and are thus good probes of the halo interstellar medium. Of the 362 interstellar Ca K components that we detect, 75 (21 per cent) have absolute values of their LSR velocity values exceeding 40 km s(-1). In terms of the deviation velocity for the sightlines with distance estimates, 46/273 (17 per cent) of components have velocity values exceeding those predicted by standard Galactic rotation by more than 40 km s(-1). Combining this data set with previous observations, we find that the median value of the reduced equivalent width (REW) of stars with z greater than or equal to 1 kpc (EW x sin ) is similar to 115 mAngstrom (n = 80), similar to that observed in extragalactic sightlines by Bowen. Using data of all z distances, the REW at infinity is found to be similar to 130 mAngstrom, with the scaleheight (1) of the Ca II K column density distribution being;z 800 pc (n = 196) and reduced column density at infinity of log[N(Ca II K) cm(-2)] similar to 12.24. This implies that similar to30 per cent of Ca II K absorption occurs at distances exceeding similar to1 kpc. For nine sightlines, with distance exceeding 1 kpc and with a companion object within 5degrees, we find that all but two have values of Ca II reduced equivalent width the same to within similar to20 per cent, when the REW of the nearest object is extrapolated to the distance of the further of the pair, and assuming 1 = 800 pc. For 29 of our sightlines with z greater than or equal to 1 kpc and a H I detection from the Leiden-Dwingeloo survey (beamsize of 0.5degrees), we find log(N(Ca II K)IN(H I)) ranging from -7.4 to - 8.4. Values of the Ca II K abundance relative to neutral hydrogen (log[N(Ca II K) cm(-2)] - log[N(H I) cm(-2)]) are found to be more than similar to0.5 dex higher in stars with distances exceeding approximate to100 pc, when compared with the (log[N(Ca II K) cm(-2)] -log[N(H-tot) cm(-2)]) values found in nearby sightlines such as those in Wakker & Mathis (2000). Finally, stellar Ca II K equivalent widths of the sample are determined for 26 objects.

CaII K interstellar observations towards early-type disc and halo stars - distances to intermediate- and high-velocity clouds

We compare existing high spectral resolution (R = lambda/Deltalambda similar to 40 000) Ca II Kobservations (lambda(air) = 3933.66 Angstrom) towards 88 mainly B-type stars, and new observations taken using the Intermediate dispersion Spectrograph and Imaging System (ISIS) on the William Herschel Telescope at R similar to 10 000 towards three stars taken from the Palomar-Green Survey, with 21-cm HI emission-line profiles, in order to search for optical absorption towards known intermediate- and high-velocity cloud complexes. Given certain assumptions, limits to the gas phase abundance of Ca II are estimated for the cloud components. We use the data to derive the following distances from the Galactic plane (z). (i) Tentative lower z-height limits of 2800 and 4100 pc towards complex C using lack of absorption in the spectra of HD341617 and PG 0855 + 294, respectively. (ii) A weak lower z-height of 1400 pc towards complex WA-WB using lack of absorption in EC 09470-1433 and a weak lower limit of 2470 pc using lack of absorption in EC 09452-1403. (iii) An upper z- height of 2470 pc towards a southern intermediate- velocity cloud (IVC) with v(LSR) = -55 km s(-1) using PG 2351 + 198. (iv) Detection of a possible IVC in Ca II absorption at v(LSR) = +52 km s(-1) using EC 20104-2944. No associated HI in emission is detected. At this position, normal Galactic rotation predicts velocities of up to similar to+ 25 km s(-1). The detection puts an upper z-height of 1860 pc to the cloud. (v) Tentative HI and Ca II K detections towards an IVC at similar to+70 km s(-1) in the direction of high-velocity cloud (HVC) complex WE, sightline EC 06387-8045, indicating that the IVC may be at a z-height lower than 1770 pc. (vi) Detection of Ca II K absorption in the spectrum of PG 0855 + 294 in the direction of IV20, indicating that this IVC has a z-height smaller than 4100 pc. (vii) A weak lower z-height of 4300 pc towards a small HVC with v(LSR) = +115 km s(-1) at l, b = 200degrees, + 52degrees, using lack of absorption in the Ca II K spectrum of PG 0955 + 291.

Propagating waves and magnetohydrodynamic mode coupling in the quiet-sun network

High-cadence multiwavelength optical observations were taken with the Dunn Solar Telescope at the National Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, accompanied by Advanced Stokes Polarimeter vector magnetograms. A total of 11 network bright points (NBPs) have been studied at different atmospheric heights using images taken in wave bands centered on Mg I b(1) - 0.4 Angstrom, Halpha, and Ca II K-3. Wavelet analysis was used to study wave packets and identify traveling magnetohydrodynamic waves. Wave speeds were estimated through the temporal cross-correlation of signals, in selected frequency bands of wavelet power, in each wavelength. Four mode-coupling cases were identified, one in each of four of the NBPs, and the variation of the associated Fourier power with height was studied. Three of the detected mode-coupling, transverse-mode frequencies were observed in the 1.2-1.6 mHz range (mean NBP apparent flux density magnitudes over 99-111 Mx cm(-2)), with the final case showing 2.0-2.2 mHz (with 142 Mx cm(-2)). Following this, longitudinal-mode frequencies were detected in the range 2.6-3.2 mHz for three of our cases, with 3.9-4.1 mHz for the remaining case. After mode coupling, two cases displayed a decrease in longitudinal-mode Fourier power in the higher chromosphere.

Feedback via Ca²⁺-activated ion channels modulates endothelin 1 signaling in retinal arteriolar smooth muscle

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of feedback by Ca²?-sensitive plasma-membrane ion channels in endothelin 1 (Et1) signaling in vitro and in vivo. Methods. Et1 responses were imaged from Fluo-4-loaded smooth muscle in isolated segments of rat retinal arteriole using two-dimensional (2-D) confocal laser microscopy. Vasoconstrictor responses to intravitreal injections of Et1 were recorded in the absence and presence of appropriate ion channel blockers using fluorescein angiograms imaged using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Results. Et1 (10 nM) increased both basal [Ca²?](i) and the amplitude and frequency of Ca²?-waves in retinal arterioles. The Ca²?-activated Cl?-channel blockers DIDS and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid (9AC) blocked Et1-induced increases in wave frequency, and 9AC also inhibited the increase in amplitude. Iberiotoxin, an inhibitor of large conductance (BK) Ca²?-activated K?-channels, increased wave amplitude in the presence of Et1 but had no effect on frequency. None of these drugs affected basal [Ca²?](i). The voltage-operated Ca²?-channel inhibitor nimodipine inhibited wave frequency and amplitude and also lowered basal [Ca²?](i) in the presence of Et1. Intravitreal injection of Et1 caused retinal arteriolar vasoconstriction. This was inhibited by DIDS but not by iberiotoxin or penitrem A, another BK-channel inhibitor. Conclusions. Et1 evokes increases in the frequency of arteriolar Ca²?-waves in vitro, resulting in vasoconstriction in vivo. These responses, initiated by release of stored Ca²?, also require positive feedback via Ca²?-activated Cl?-channels and L-type Ca²?-channels.

Profiling the ionome of rice and its use in discriminating geographical origins at the regional scale, China

Element profile was investigated for their use to trace the geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) samples. The concentrations of 13 elements (calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd)) were determined in the rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry. Most of the essential elements for human health in rice were within normal ranges except for Mo and Se. Mo concentrations were twice as high as those in rice from Vietnam and Spain. Meanwhile, Se concentrations were three times lower in the whole province compared to the Chinese average level of 0.088 mg/kg. About 12% of the rice samples failed the Chinese national food safety standard of 0.2 mg/kg for Cd. Combined with the multi-elemental profile in rice, the principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Fibonacci index analysis (FIA) were applied to discriminate geographical origins of the samples. Results indicated that the FIA method could achieve a more effective geographical origin classification compared with PCA and DFA, due to its efficiency in making the grouping even when the elemental variability was so high that PCA and DFA showed little discriminatory power. Furthermore, some elements were identified as the most powerful indicators of geographical origin: Ca, Ni, Fe and Cd. This suggests that the newly established methodology of FIA based on the ionome profile can be applied to determine the geographical origin of rice.

Turbulent Fluctuations in G-band and K-line Intensities Observed with the Rapid Oscillations in the Solar Atmosphere (ROSA) Instrument

Using the Rapid Oscillation in the Solar Atmosphere (ROSA) instrument at the Dunn Solar Telescope we have found that the spectra of fluctuations of the G-band (cadence 1.05 s) and Ca II K-line (cadence 4.2 s) intensities show correlated fluctuations above white noise out to frequencies beyond 300 mHz and up to 70 mHz, respectively. The noise-corrected G-band spectrum presents a scaling range (Ultra High Frequency “UHF”) for f = 25-100 mHz, with an exponent consistent with the presence of turbulent motions. The UHF power, is concentrated at the locations of magnetic bright points in the intergranular lanes, it is highly intermittent in time and characterized by a positive kurtosis κ. Combining values of G-band and K-line intensities, the UHF power, and κ, reveals two distinct “states” of the internetwork solar atmosphere. State 1, with κ ≍ 6, which includes almost all the data, is characterized by low intensities and low UHF power. State 2, with κ ≍ 3, including a very small fraction of the data, is characterized by high intensities and high UHF power. Superposed epoch analysis shows that for State 1, the K-line intensity presents 3.5 min chromospheric oscillations with maxima occurring 21 s after G-band intensity maxima implying a 150-210 km effective height difference. For State 2, the G-band and K-line intensity maxima are simultaneous, suggesting that in the highly magnetized environment sites of G-band and K-line emission may be spatially close together. Analysis of observations obtained with Hinode/SOT confirm a scaling range in the G-band spectrum up to 53 mHz also consistent with turbulent motions as well as the identification of two distinct states in terms of the H-line intensity and G-band power as functions of G-band intensity.