940 resultados para dialelo parcial
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O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as digestibilidades parcial e total das frações digestíveis de dietas com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível como indicador. Foram utilizados quatro tourinhos da raça Santa Gertrudes, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. As dietas foram ajustadas para que os animais tivessem ganhos diários de peso corporal (GPC) de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal, associado a potenciais de fermentação microbiana de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ em fermentável. Houve efeito das dietas ajustadas para potencial de GPC sobre as ingestões diárias de MS (7,05 e 8,07 kg/animal, respectivamente para 0,5 e 1,0 kg/animal de GPC), mas não daquelas balanceadas para potencial de fermentação microbiana (7,57 kg/animal). O tratamento para GPC diário de 1 kg/animal proporcionou maior digestibilidade total da matéria orgânica e de carboidratos totais (médias de 66,63 e 58,68%, respectivamente) quando comparado ao tratamento para GPC diário de 0,5 kg/animal, que apresentou, para as mesmas variáveis, médias de 61,57 e 53,94%. Os resultados não justificaram a utilização de dietas para maior potencial de fermentação microbiana. As dietas balanceadas para altos ganhos de peso, no entanto, mostraram-se melhores quanto à ingestão e ao aproveitamento dos nutrientes que as formuladas para baixos ganhos de peso.
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With the increase in cement consumption, it has quickly become one of the inputs most consumed by mankind over the last century. This has caused an increase in CO2 emissions, as cement production releases large quantities of this gas into the atmosphere. Adding this fact to the growing consciousness of environmental preservation, it has led to a search for alternatives to cement to complement its derivatives, in the form of waste materials like the ashes. This research aimed to analyze the properties of mortars in fresh and hardened state with partial replacement of Portland cement by residual algaroba wood ash (CRLA) potteries produced by the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The CRLA was collected and sieved, where part of it was ground and characterized in comparison with that just sifted, being characterized according to its chemical composition, grain size, fineness, density, bulk density and index of pozzolanic activity. It was found that the wood ash does not act as pozzolan, and grinding it has not changed its characteristics compared to those just sifted, not justifying its use. Two traces were adopted for this research: 1:3 (cement: fine sand) and 1:2:8 (cement: hydrated lime: medium sand); both in volume, using as materials the CRLA just sifted, CP II F-32 Portland cement, CH-I hydrated lime, river sand and water from the local utility. For each trace were adopted six percentages of partial replacement of cement for wood ash: 0% (control) 5%, 7%, 10%, 12% and 15%. In the fresh state, the mortars were tested towards their consistency index and mass density. In the hardened state, they were tested towards their tensile strength in bending, compressive strength and tensile adhesion strength, and its mass density in the hardened state. The mortar was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, it was classified according to NBR 13281 (2005). The results showed that up to a content of 5% substitution and for both traces, the residual algaroba wood ash can replace Portland cement without compromising the mortars microstructure and its fresh and hardened state
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi confrontar as sequências parciais do gene 16S rRNA de estirpes padrão de rizóbios com as de estirpes recomendadas para a produção de inoculantes no Brasil, com vistas à verificação da confiabilidade do sequenciamento parcial desse gene para a identificação rápida de estirpes. Foram realizados sequenciamentos através de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com iniciadores relativos à região codificadora do gene 16S rRNA entre as bactérias estudadas. Os resultados foram analisados pela consulta de similaridade de nucleotídeos aos do Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Blastn) e por meio da interpretação de árvores filogenéticas geradas usando ferramentas de bioinformática. A classificação taxonômica das estirpes Semia recomendadas para inoculação de leguminosas com base em propriedades morfológicas e especificidade hospedeira não foi confirmada em todas as estirpes. A maioria das estirpes estudadas, consultadas no Blastn, é consistente com a classificação proposta pela construção de árvores filogenéticas das sequências destas estirpes, com base na similaridade pelo sequenciamento parcial do gene considerado.
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The objective of this trial, using 21 abomasal fistulated bovines, eight months of age and 187 kg of liveweight, was to evaluate the digestibility coefficients of diets containing different protein sources (dry yeast, urea, and cottonseed meal) used in ruminant feeding, the analyses of digestibility coefficients took into account the withdrawal or not of abomasal digesta (phases 2 and I, respectively). There was an increase on the digestibility coefficients of crude protein (52.7 to 55.0%), when abomasal digests was withdrawn. Therefore, it is important that the collection of abomasal digesta in ruminal digestion studies be collected in different periods for studies of total digestion. The ingestion of nutrients/MSU and digestible nutrients/MSU was not affected, independent of abomasal digesta withdrawal.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Avaliou-se o custo de inclusão da polpa cítrica em programa de restrição alimentar qualitativa, utilizando dados de desempenho de 36 suínos da linhagem Topigs, dos 83,7±5,1kg aos 129,8±1,9kg de peso, alimentados com dietas contendo porcentagens crescentes (0, 10, 20 e 30%) de polpa cítrica. Os animais foram abatidos aos 130kg e dos valores (R$) da carcaça foram descontados o valor de compra dos animais e o custo com alimentação, de acordo com cada tratamento. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da inclusão da polpa cítrica sobre o custo com ração e receita bruta, porém houve efeito linear negativo (P<0,05) sobre o rendimento líquido parcial com o aumento da participação da polpa cítrica nas dietas. A queda no rendimento líquido parcial foi causada pelo menor peso da carcaça obtida de animais alimentados com porcentagem mais elevada de polpa cítrica. Considerando a evolução dos preços do milho, do farelo de soja e do suíno entre junho de 2005 e maio de 2006, foram determinados 12 diferentes cenários para o rendimento líquido parcial. em todos esses cenários, foi observada redução linear da receita líquida parcial em função da inclusão da polpa cítrica, mostrando que esse ingrediente não foi eficiente em promover melhora no rendimento (R$) ao produtor.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente total (DAT) e parcial dos nutrientes das silagens de cana-de-açúcar (SCnPc), de raspa (SRpPc) e de casca de mandioca (SCcPc) ensiladas com polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). A dieta basal foi constituída de silagem de milho com farelo de soja, participando com 60% da matéria seca (MS) dos tratamentos com SRpPc e SCcPc. Foram utilizados novilhos mestiços, fistulados no rúmen e duodeno, num delineamento experimental em quadrado latino (4x4). A determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade total e parcial dos nutrientes, a produção fecal e o fluxo duodenal de MS foram estimados a partir da fibra detergente ácido indigestível. Os consumos de MS e proteína bruta (PB) (% PV) foram superiores para a SMi (2,47 e 0,33), SCcPc (2,12 e 0,30) e SRpPc (1,88 e 0,27) em relação à SCnPc (1,38 e 0,19), respectivamente. As DAT da matéria seca (65,0%), matéria orgânica (66,9%) e energia bruta (64,3%) para a SRpPc foram superiores em relação às demais dietas, menos para a FDN (39,4%). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ruminal (CDR) e intestinal (CDI) da MS, MO e PB não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as dietas, somente o CDR da FDN (% ingerido) apresentou valores superiores para SMi (43,5), SRpPc (39,3) e SCnPc (37,0), sobre a SCcPc (20,0). A utilização da silagem de raspa de mandioca adicionada da PCP mostrou-se uma alternativa de boa qualidade na alimentação de bovinos.
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Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a substituição parcial (70%) do milho moído pela casca de soja ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho em dietas contendo farelo de girassol e uréia (fontes nitrogenadas) e silagem de milho (volumoso) para novilhos Nelore em confinamento. Avaliaram-se o consumo, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça de 21 animais (25 meses de idade e peso inicial de 343 kg) alimentados com as dietas-teste, fornecidas na proporção 60:40 volumoso:concentrado. O período de avaliação do consumo e do ganho de peso foi de 97 dias. Os consumos de MS (10,78; 9,73 e 10,62 kg/dia), PB (1,40; 1,22 e 1,41 kg/dia) e FDN (3,41; 3,89 e 3,60 kg/dia) não foram influenciados pelas dietas com milho moído, casca de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho, respectivamente. O consumo de FDA (0,56; 0,71 e 0,55% PV) apresentou efeito significativo, observando-se maior valor quando a casca de soja substituiu 70% do milho moído. O ganho de peso não foi influenciado pelas dietas, registrando-se valores de 1,35; 1,29 e 1,32 kg/dia para as dietas contendo milho moído, casca de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho, respectivamente. Não houve efeito, também, sobre a conversão alimentar (7,88 kg de MS ingerida/kg ganho), a eficiência alimentar (0,12 kg ganho/kg MS ingerida) e o rendimento de carcaça (54,52%). A substituição parcial do milho moído pela casca de soja e pelo farelo de gérmen de milho em dietas para novilhos em confinamento não afeta o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça.
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Avaliaram-se o consumo alimentar, a digestibilidade parcial e total e o balanço de nitrogênio, em novilhos confinados. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte cruzados, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho, tendo como fonte de proteína o farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, o milho (MI). O milho foi substituído parcialmente pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Quatro indicadores internos (lignina e FDA, FDN e lignina indigestíveis) foram submetidos a 144 horas de digestão in vitro, para estimativa da digestibilidade parcial e total das dietas. Houve maior ingestão dos componentes fibrosos na dieta CS, porém não foi observado efeito sobre o consumo de matéria seca. A lignina subestimou significativamente a digestibilidade. A utilização da FDAi, FDNi e lignina-i para estimar a digestibilidade total é viável, no entanto, a FDAi e lignina-i não estimaram adequadamente as digestibilidades parciais. Houve efeito significativo na digestibilidade ruminal da FDA, com valores mais elevados para CS e semelhantes para FGM, em relação à dieta MI. A digestibilidade total da FDA foi maior na dieta CS, porém, as digestibilidades dos demais componentes não foram afetadas pelas diferentes fontes energéticas. Não houve diferença significativa para a digestibilidade da energia e nos valores obtidos de NDT, com média de 61,5%. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho, em substituição parcial do milho, mostraram-se fontes alternativas satisfatórias para a inclusão na dieta de bovinos.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The nanostructures materials are characterized to have particle size smaller than 100 nm and could reach 1 nm. Due to the extremely reduced dimensions of the grains, the properties of these materials are significantly modified relatively when compared with the conventional materials. In the present work was accomplished a study and characterization of the molybdenum carbide, seeking obtain it with particles size in the nanometers order and evaluate its potential as catalyst in the reaction of partial methane oxidation. The method used for obtaining the molybdenum carbide was starting from the precursor ammonium heptamolybdate of that was developed in split into two oven, in reactor of fixed bed, with at a heating rate of 5ºC/min, in a flow of methane and hydrogen whose flow was of 15L/h with 5% of methane for all of the samples. The studied temperatures were 350, 500, 600, 650, 660, 675 and 700ºC and were conducted for 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the percent amount and the crystallite size of the intermediate phases were determined by the Rietveld refinement method. The carbide obtained at 660ºC for 3 hours of reaction showed the best results, 24 nm. Certain the best synthesis condition, a passivating study was accomplished, in these conditions, to verify the stability of the carbide when exposed to the air. The molybdenum carbide was characterized by SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, ICP-AES, TG in atmosphere of hydrogen and TPR. Through the elemental analysis and ICP-AES the presence carbon load was verified. TG in atmosphere of hydrogen proved that is necessary the passivating of the molybdenum carbide, because occur oxidation in room temperature. The catalytic test was accomplished in the plant of Fischer-Tropsch of CTGAS, that is composed of a reactor of fixed bed. Already the catalytic test showed that the carbide presents activity for partial oxidation, but the operational conditions should be adjusted to improve the conversion
Purificação e caracterização de uma gentioexaose obtida de botriosferana por hidrólise ácida parcial
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Objective: To compare the effects of the treadmill training with partial body-weight support (TPBWS) and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) method on gait of subjects with chronic stroke. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Laboratorial research. Participants: Twenty-three subjects (13 men and 10 women), with a mean age of 56,7 ± 8,0 years and a mean time since the onset of the stroke of 27,7 ± 20,3 months, and able to walk with personal assistance or assistive devices. Interventions: Two experimental groups underwent gait training based on PNF method (PNF group, n=11) or using the TPBWS - Gait Trainer System 2, Biodex, USA (TPBWS group, n=12), for three weekly sessions, during four weeks. Measures: Evaluation of motor function - using the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) and the motor subscale of the Functional Independence Measure (motor FIM) -, and kinematic gait analyze with the Qualisys System (Qualisys Medical AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) were carried out before and after the interventions. Results: Increases in the STREAM scores (F=49.189, P<0.001) and in motor FIM scores (F=7.093, P=0.016), as well as improvement in symmetry ratio (F=7.729, P=0.012) were observed for both groups. Speed, stride length and double-support time showed no change after training. Differences between groups were observed only for the maximum ankle dorsiflexion over the swing phase (F=6.046, P=0.024), which showed an increase for the PNF group. Other angular parameters remain unchanged. Conclusion: Improvement in motor function and in gait symmetry was observed for both groups, suggesting similarity of interventions. The cost-effectiveness of each treatment should be considered for your choice
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Even nowadays there is in Brasil a large number of edentulous and a precarious financial condition of most of the population. In addition, World Health Organization aims for oral health, which consists on the maintenance of a natural dentition, functional and aesthetic composed of at least 20 teeth, without need of prosthetic intervention throughout life. From this and considering the lack of researches about the permanence of edentulous spaces in the oral cavity, and also avoiding overtreatment, this research has been proposed. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the effect of different lengths of the shortened lower dental arch in the presence or absence of a removable partial denture (RPD) on masticatory function, quality of life and occurrence of temporomandibular dysfunction. To achieve this goal, we compared the masticatory efficiency (colorimetric test), the oral comfort through the analysis of the impact of oral health in quality of life (OHIP-14), the presence of temporomandibular dysfunction (RDC/TMD) and the general quality of life (WHOQOL) of patients with shortened dental arches (SDA) (n=60), which is an arch with a reduction of teeth starting posteriorly, and patients with complete dental arch (Complete DA) (n = 34). The group of patients whit SDA was divided among PPR wears (PPD + SDA) (n = 17) and non-wears (n = 43). The population of this study consisted on patients who received or looked for treatment at the clinics of the Department of Dentistry of UFRN, from clinical analysis and records. The sample was chosen by convenience. For statistical analysis, it was a database in SPSS 17.0, followed by descriptive analysis with frequencies, absolute values, tests of central tendency and variability. The statistical tests used were chi-squared and analysis of variance as well as Tukey s post test, when applicable, all with a 95% confidence level. The results shown a prevalence of TMD of 47,1% among patients using PRP and 69,8% among those who didn t, but this result wasn t statistically significant. The mean of the results of masticatory efficiency, WHOQOL and OHIP didn t show association to the presence or absence of PPR and to the lower number of occlusal units of the patients (0, 1, 2 or more occlusal). The association only occurred among the different groups of SDA and the patients with complete dental arch. Taking into account the results, it could be observed that studied patients with low posterior support using lower PRP didn t have better masticatory efficiency, general quality of life, less impacts of their oral conditions in quality of life or not even less temporomandibular dysfunction or better masticatory efficiency when compared to those who didn t use the prosthesis
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One of the main applications of methane is in the production of syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Procedures used in this process are steam reforming, CO2 reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming. The present study evaluated and compared the behavior of nickel catalysts supported on mixed oxides of cerium and manganese in the partial oxidation of methane with that of nickel catalysts supported on mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium. Mixed oxides of cerium and zirconium or cerium and manganese were synthesized using two different preparation methods, the polymeric precursor based on Pechini method and combustion reaction using a microwave. This was followed by impregnation with nickel content of 15 %. Samples were calcined at 300, 800 and 900 °C and characterized by specific surface area (SSA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and the reaction of partial oxidation of methane. The specific areas of samples decrease with the rise in calcination temperature and after nickel impregnation. Metal-cerium solid solution was formed and the presence of other manganese species outside the solid solution structure was confirmed in the compound with the highest amounts of manganese oxides showed. With regard to scanning electron microscopy, supports based on cerium and zirconium prepared by Pechini method exhibited agglomerated particles without uniform geometry or visible pores on the surface. However, compounds containing manganese presented empty spaces in its structure. Through synthesis by combustion reaction, morphology acquired independently of the proposed composition demonstrated greater porosity in relation to Pechini synthesis. Although catalysts were prepared using different synthesis methods, the insertion of nickel showed very similar reduction profiles (TPR). In relation to nickel catalysts supported on mixed oxide of cerium and zirconium, there is an initial reduction of NiO species that present certain interaction with the support. This is followed by the reduction of Ce4+ in Ce3+ surface, with subsequent bulk reduction. For catalysts containing manganese, a reduction of nickel oxide species occurs, followed by two stages of reduction for species Mn2O3 in Mn3O4 and Mn3O4 in MnO, with subsequent reduction of bulk. With respect to partial oxidation reactions, the nickel catalyst supported on mixed oxide of cerium and zirconium, prepared using the Pechini method, exhibited CH4 conversion of approximately 80 %, with conversion of 81 % when prepared by combustion. This behavior continued for 10 hours of reaction. Manganese content was also found to directly influence catalytic activity of materials; the greater the manganese oxide content, the faster deactivation and destabilization occurred in the catalyst. In both synthesis methods, the nickel catalyst supported on mixed oxide of cerium and zirconium maintained an H2/CO ratio very close to 2 during the 10 hours of partial oxidation reaction. Samples containing manganese displayed smaller H2/CO ratios and lower performance in partial oxidation.