Proposição de um modelo para análise de fluxo de carga, curto-circuito e simulação de relés de produção

The objective of the present work is develop a model to simulate electrical energy networks in transient and stead states, using the software ATP (Alternative Transient Program), able to be a way to join two distinct themes, present in classical methodology planning networks: short circuit analysis and load flow theory. Beyond that, using a tool for relay simulation, this paper intend to use the new developed model to investigate the influence of transient phenomenon in operation of protection relays, and calibrate the enterprise's protections relays. For testing the model, some relays, actually, installed at COSERN were used

Implementação de um algoritmo para a análise de curtos-circuitos de alta impedância baseado no fluxo de carga soma de potências

This work has as main objective to show all the particularities regarding the Three-phase Power Summation Method, used for load flow calculation, in what it says respect to the influence of the magnetic coupling among the phases, as well as to the losses presented in all the existent transformers in the feeder to be analyzed. Besides, its application is detailed in the study of the short-circuits, that happen in the presence of high impedance values, which possess a problem, that is its difficult detection and consequent elimination on the part of common devices of protection. That happens due to the characteristic presented by the current of short¬ circuit, in being generally of the same order of greatness that the load currents. Results of simulations accomplished in several situations will be shown, objectifying a complete analysis of the behavior of the proposed method in several types of short-circuits. Confront of the results obtained by the method with results of another works will be presented to verify its effectiveness

Um estimador de estado trifásico para sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com base no método da soma de potências

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Esforços em ferramentas rompedoras de solo de semeadoras de plantio direto

The individual evaluation of mechanisms for opening furrows to drop the seeds in a no-tillage seeders cultivation assists the companies in the sizing of opening tools of the ground, that search for minor energy petition and for diminishing the ground area mobilized. Therefore this work had the aim of evaluate the efforts of five different mechanisms of opening of ridge of seeding of direct plantation varyng the vertical load. The experiment was installed in one ground classified as Dystroferric Red Nitosol. The used experimental delineation was of the one randomized blocks in a factorial project 5 x 4, constituted a the following factors: five mechanisms of furrow opening (even disk - DL, corrugated disk - DC, ondulated disk - DO, double disk - DD and furrow rod - F) and four vertical loads (750, 1500, 2250 and 3000 N). To measure the forces in the studied treatments a dynamometer with sensitivity in the directions was used horizontal, lateral and vertical direction. The evaluation showed that the interaction between mechanisms of opening of ridge and vertical load was not significant, however the factors were significant when analyzed individually. The connecting rod promoted mobilization of the ground with smaller draft of horizontal effort reaching depths of work. The work showed that the vertical load influenced the depth of work of the mechanisms of ridge opening. The mechanisms of ridge opening of record type need vertical force to penetrate into the ground.

Avaliação do contato pneu-solo em três modelos de pneus agrícolas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e produção de alface em hidroponia

A variação da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva altera a absorção de água e nutrientes pelas plantas, interferindo no metabolismo e, consequentemente, na produção das mesmas. Este trabalho, conduzido no período de agosto a outubro de 1999, avaliou o efeito da condutividade elétrica (CE) sobre a produção e desenvolvimento de alface americana de cabeça crespa, cultivar Ryder em hidroponia. As tendências de variação da condutividade elétrica do meio nutritivo, durante o desenvolvimento da alface, foram também avaliadas. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições e três tratamentos, constituídos pelas condutividade elétricas: CE1= 1,46, CE2= 2,46 e CE3= 4,21 (± 0,24) mS cm-1. O diâmetro e altura da cabeça e peso seco da raiz não foram influenciados pelas condutividades elétricas da solução nutritiva. Os maiores pesos do material fresco e seco foram conseguidos com CE 2,46 (± 0,24) mS cm-1. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram a tendência de diminuição da condutividade elétrica, durante o cultivo da alface verificando-se que a condutividade elétrica teve influência sobre as características de produção da alface americana.

Dinâmica de nutrientes na solução do solo em pomar fertirrigado de citros

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de nutrientes na solução do solo após a aplicação, via fertirrigação, de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio a laranjeiras. O experimento foi realizado entre setembro de 2007 e outubro de 2009, em pomares de laranjeiras 'Valência' e 'Hamlin', enxertadas sobre citrumeleiro 'Swingle'. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de N, P2O5 e K2O (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200% da dose recomendada). A solução do solo foi extraída a 30 e 60 cm de profundidade, com o auxílio de extratores com cápsulas porosas. Foram realizadas 11 avaliações durante o período experimental, com as extrações iniciadas após 12 horas das fertirrigações. O aumento das doses reduziu o pH (pH~3,5, na maior dose), e aumentou a condutividade elétrica (CE~1,5 dS m-1, na maior dose) e os teores de NH4, NO3, P, K, Mn e Zn na solução do solo, nas duas profundidades amostradas. Nos meses com maior precipitação pluvial, houve perda potencial de nutrientes por lixiviação, pois maiores concentrações de NO3, K e B foram observadas à profundidade de 60 cm. A análise da solução do solo, obtida por extratores com cápsula de cerâmica porosa, pode ser considerada ferramenta auxiliar para monitorar e avaliar a disponibilidade de nutrientes às plantas.

Impactos do estresse salino e da cobertura morta nas características químicas do solo e no desenvolvimento do amaranto

Availability of good quality water has been reduced vertiginously, over the last decade, in the world. In some regions, the water resources have high concentration of the dissolved salts, these characteristics of the water make it s use impossible. Water quality can be a limitation for irrigated agriculture, principally in regions of arid or semiarid climate where the water resources are generally saline and are exposed at high evaporation ratio. For that reason, precipitation of the salts occurs near the soil surface and those salts themselves cumulate in the vegetal tissue, reducing the soil fertility and crop production. The adoption of tolerant crop to the water salinity and soil salinity, adaptable to the climatic conditions is other emergent necessity. This work had the goal of studying the effects of four salinity levels of the irrigation water salinity and use of mulch, dried leaves of Forest mangrove (Acacia mangiumWilld), in cultivated soil with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus, BRS Alegria variety), in greenhouse. It was utilized the transplant of plants to PVC columns, containing 30 kg of silty loam soil, 10 days after emerging, with space of 50 x 50 cm between lines. Treatments were composed by combination of four levels of salinity (0.147; 1.500; 3.000 e 4.500 dS m-1), obtained by addition NaCl (commercial) to irrigation water and soil with and without protection, by mulch. A factorial system 4 x 2 was used with four repetitions, totalizing 32 parcels. The concentrations of nutrients in soil solution have been evaluated, in the dry matter of the vegetal tissue (roots, stem, leaves and raceme residue), at the end of the vegetative cycle. The use of soil protection reduced time for the beginning inflorescence of plants, at the same time, the increase of the salinity delayed this phase of amaranth development. The use of the mulch effectively increased the height, stem diameter, area of the larger leaf, humidity and dry matter content and amaranth grain production. The vegetal species showed salinity tolerance to experimented levels. The adopted treatments did not affect the pH values, exchangeable cation contents, electrical conductivity of soil solution (EC1:5) and saturated extract (ECSE), and Ca+2, Mg+, Fe+2 and Mn+2 contents, in the soil solution. The increase of the salinity concentration in the irrigation water inhibited the mineralization process of the organic matter (OM) and, consequently, the efficiency in the it´s utilization by plants, at the same time, produced increase in the values of the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR), in the soil solution. Therefore, the use of the mulch did not affect the first three parameters. The protein and nutrient contents: K+, Ca+2, P, Mg+2 e Cu+2, in amaranth grains, were improved by tillage condition. The raceme residues showed chemical/nutritional composition that makes advantageous its application in animal ration. In this context, it follows that amaranth tolerate the saline stress, of the irrigation water, until 4.500 dS m-1, temperature and relative humidity of the air predominant in the experimental environment

Uso urbano não potável de água de lagoas do sistema de drenagem de Natal

The detention and infiltration ponds of urban drainage system has function to protect the population from undesirable effects of floods. In general these ponds are not completly used and it potential is wasted. As it are disseminated at different places at cities it can reduce costs with water transport and permit water preservation of best quality. Some it utilities includes use in green areas irrigation, industrial among than cooling towers and boiler, soil compaction, cleaning urban road, pisciculture and fire fighting system. The quality these water is influenced by anauthorized sewage in the drainage system. This study was performed in six detention and infiltration ponds at drainage system of Natal, which aim was to verify the non-portable use these ponds on urban environment. As indirect aim would to incentive the water utilization these ponds as a water source to another uses in urban environment. These ponds represents the characteristics of detention and infiltration of Natal city and consequently of Brazil. As the water quality, the ponds presents following characteristics: three has apparently good quality, other showed intermediate condition and two had water polluted. Were performed twenty sample in each ponds and the following parameters assessed: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, coliform thermotolerant, ammonia, organic nitrogen, TKN, nitrate, total phosphorus and alkalinity, bicarbonate, chloride, total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, total solids, TSS, TDS, COD and SAR°. To utilization on pisciculture we recommend use in ponds which presents the best quality. Only one pond presented higher pollutants and it not being appropriated for use in cooling tower. The content of solids suspension restricted the water use in all ponds in boilers. As water use in soil compaction, cleaning urban road and fire fighting system the water from these ponds are not appropriated. However, the recommended limits from literature are to domestic sewage, due to this, the parameters are restrictive to diminish the sanitary risk that could be offered with it utilization. The infiltration velocity of water these assessed ponds restrict a moderato use, however the effects are potentiated only in soil less sandy, which not occur in Natal. It is recommend the unrestricted irrigation utilization in ponds with best quality of water, and a restricted irrigation to ponds with worst quality of water. As load of pollutants, it is recommended a complementary treatment in those ponds whit higher load to diminish sanitary risks. In only one pond was found one helminth eggs and due to the convention formula of results, it was found for all ponds less than 1 helminth/liter eggs.

Exercício físico de baixa intensidade na dpoc: comparação dos programas solo e aquático

Physical Exercise (PE) is a necessary component in the management in COPD patients, where respiratory symptoms are associated with reduced functional capacity. Even with the increase in the number of studies that have been published and the therapeutics success using aquatic therapy approach, studies using PE in water in COPD patients are so few. Objective: the aim of this present study was to analyze the effects of low intensity water exercise in COPD patients, developed in two different places aquatic and ground. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial study, 42 patients with moderate to very severe DPOC were recruited for the study, mean age of 63,2  10,9 years old. Randomized in 3 groups: Control Group (CG), Land Group (LG) and Water Group (WG). The PE protocol was performed in a period of 8 weeks, with frequency of 3 times per week. The CG participated in an educational program. All the patients were assessed twice through spirometry, respiratory muscular strength, the 6-min walk test, the quality of life (SF-36 and SGRQ), the LCADL, the MRC, the BODE index and the upper limbs (UP) incremental test. Results: There was a significant difference after the approaches in DP6 from the WG (p=0,02); in VEF1 in LG (p=0,00) and WG (p=0,01); in MIP in LG (p=0,01) and WG (p=0,02); in MEP in LG (p=0,02) and WG (p=0,01); the MRC decreases in WG (p=0,00). there was an increase of the weight supported by the UP in LG (p=0,00) and WG (p=0,01). The LG showed an increase of the quality of life represented by the SGRQ total score (p=0,00). The BODE index decreased in LG (p=0,00) and WG (p=0,01). In LCDAL, the LG showed a decrease. Conclusion: This data in this present study suggest that both approaches of low intensity exercise showed to be beneficial in moderate to very severe COPD patients. The WG showed additional benefits in physical function, pointing to a new therapeutic modality for COPD patients

Controlador adaptativo por modelo de referência e estrutura variável aplicado ao controle de ângulo de carga e fluxo de campo de um gerador síncrono

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Degradação de resíduos e alterações na resistividade elétrica, pH e Eh

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Monitoramento da atenuação natural de pluma de contaminação pelo método de radar de penetração no solo (GPR)

O monitoramento da atenuação natural em áreas contaminadas tem se mostrado uma técnica alternativa e de baixo custo para a remediação de áreas contaminadas. A degradação por microorganismos é um dos processos mais importantes na atenuação natural de contaminantes, especialmente compostos de fase líquida não aquosa (NAPL). em muitos casos, a ação efetiva deste processo resulta na geração de ácidos orgânicos, que sob elevadas concentrações ocasionam a dissolução de minerais presentes em subsuperfície onde se encontra a contaminação, com conseqüente liberação de íons. O aumento na quantidade de íons colabora para o aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio. O princípio físico da técnica de Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) é a emissão de ondas eletromagnéticas de alta freqüência. A propagação da onda eletromagnética é condicionada à freqüência de sinal emitido e as propriedades elétricas do meio. O aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio resulta na atenuação do sinal e, por conseqüência, na diminuição da profundidade de penetração da onda eletromagnética. Este fator permite o monitoramento de áreas contaminadas sob atenuação natural a partir de análises temporais com o GPR. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo entre perfis de GPR adquiridos em 1998 e 2003 em uma área contaminada por compostos de fase líquida leve não aquosa (LNAPL), sob atenuação natural. Os resultados indicam um aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio, a partir da atenuação acentuada do sinal GPR observada nas seções de 2003. Este aumento pode estar associado à liberação de íons por dissolução de minerais, pelo ataque de ácidos orgânicos resultantes do processo de biodegradação.

Aplicação de lodo da estação de tratamento de água em solo degradado

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Compressibilidade do solo e sistema radicular da cana-de-açúcar em manejo com e sem controle de tráfego

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)