Computational framework to integrate the effect of antigen recognition on disease epidemiology outcome: multi-scale approach

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) plays an important role, in presenting foreign pathogens to our immune system, there by eliciting early immune responses. HLA genes are highly polymorphic, giving rise to diverse antigen presentation capability. An important factor contributing to enormous variations in individual responses to diseases is differences in their HLA profiles. The heterogeneity in allele specific disease responses decides the overall disease epidemiological outcome. Here we propose an agent based computational framework, capable of incorporating allele specific information, to analyze disease epidemiology. This framework assumes a SIR model to estimate average disease transmission and recovery rate. Using epitope prediction tool, it performs sequence based epitope detection for a given the pathogenic genome and derives an allele specific disease susceptibility index depending on the epitope detection efficiency. The allele specific disease transmission rate, that follows, is then fed to the agent based epidemiology model, to analyze the disease outcome. The methodology presented here has a potential use in understanding how a disease spreads and effective measures to control the disease.

The basics and advances of immunomodulators and antigen presentation: a key to development of potent memory response against pathogens

Introduction: Immunomodulators are agents, which can modulate the immune response to specific antigens, while causing least toxicity to the host system. Being part of the modern vaccine formulations, these compounds have contributed remarkably to the field of therapeutics. Despite the successful record maintained by these agents, the requirement of novel immunomodulators keeps increasing due to the increasing severity of diseases. Hence, research regarding the same holds great importance. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the role of immunomodulators in improving performance of various vaccines used for counteracting most threatening infectious diseases, mechanisms behind their action and criteria for development of novel immunomodulators. Expert opinion: Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune response is a prerequisite for development of effective therapeutics as these are often exploited by pathogens for their own propagation. Keeping this in mind, the present research in the field of immunotherapy focuses on developing immunomodulators that would not only enhance the protection against pathogen, but also generate a long-term memory response. With the introduction of advanced formulations including combination of different kinds of immunomodulators, one can expect tremendous success in near future.

An evaluation of antigen capture assays for detecting active filarial antigens

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease of tropical countries. This is a disfiguring and painful disease contracted in childhood, but the symptoms become apparent only in later years. Diagnosis of filarial infection is very crucial for the management of the disease. The main objective of this study was to develop a filarial antigen-based immunological assay for the diagnosis and surveillance of the disease. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were raised to the recombinant protein Brugia malayi vespid allergen homologue (VAH). Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized utilizing various combinations of antibodies and evaluated with serum samples of endemic normal (EN, n = 110), microfilaraemic (MF, n = 65), chronic pathology (CP, n = 45) and non-endemic normal (NEN, n = 10) individuals. Of the 230 samples tested, VAHcapture assay detected circulating antigen in 97.91% of bancroftian and 100% of brugian microfilaraemic individuals, and 5% of endemic normal individuals, comparable to the earlier reported SXP-1 antigen detection assay. However, the combination of VAH and SXP-1 (VS) capture ELISA was found to be more robust, detecting 100% of microfilaraemic individuals and with higher binding values. Thus an antigen capture immunoassay has been developed, which can differentiate active infection from chronic infection by detecting circulating filarial antigens in clinical groups of endemic areas.

A comparative phase 1 clinical trial to identify anti-infective mechanisms of vitamin D in people with HIV infection

Objectives:To determine if there is a biological mechanism that explains the association between HIV disease progression and increased mortality with low circulating vitamin D levels; specifically, to determine if restoring vitamin D levels induced T-cell functional changes important for antiviral immunity.Design:This was a pilot, open-label, three-arm prospective phase 1 study.Methods:We recruited 28 patients with low plasma vitamin D (<50nmol/l 25-hydroxyvitamin D3), comprising 17 HIV+ patients (11 on HAART, six treatment-naive) and 11 healthy controls, who received a single dose of 200000IU oral cholecalciferol. Advanced T-cell flow cytometry methods measured CD4(+) T-cell function associated with viral control in blood samples at baseline and 1-month after vitamin D supplementation.Results:One month of vitamin D supplementation restored plasma levels to sufficiency (>75nmol/l) in 27 of 28 patients, with no safety issues. The most striking change was in HIV+ HAART+ patients, where increased frequencies of antigen-specific T cells expressing macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 - an important anti-HIV blocking chemokine - were observed, with a concomitant increase in plasma MIP-1, both of which correlated significantly with vitamin D levels. In addition, plasma cathelicidin - a vitamin D response gene with broad antimicrobial activity - was enhanced.Conclusion:Vitamin D supplementation modulates disease-relevant T-cell functions in HIV-infected patients, and may represent a useful adjunct to HAART therapy. Copyright (C) 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

In vivo regulation of the Vi antigen in Salmonella and induction of immune responses with an in vivo-inducible promoter.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the agent of typhoid fever in humans, expresses the surface Vi polysaccharide antigen that contributes to virulence. However, Vi expression can also be detrimental to some key steps of S. Typhi infectivity, for example, invasion, and Vi is the target of protective immune responses. We used a strain of S. Typhimurium carrying the whole Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7) to monitor in vivo Vi expression within phagocytic cells of mice at different times after systemic infection. We also tested whether it is possible to modulate Vi expression via the use of in vivo-inducible promoters and whether this would trigger anti-Vi antibodies through the use of Vi-expressing live bacteria. Our results show that Vi expression in the liver and spleen is downregulated with the progression of infection and that the Vi-negative population of bacteria becomes prevalent by day 4 postinfection. Furthermore, we showed that replacing the natural tviA promoter with the promoter of the SPI-2 gene ssaG resulted in sustained Vi expression in the tissues. Intravenous or oral infection of mice with a strain of S. Typhimurium expressing Vi under the control of the ssaG promoter triggered detectable levels of all IgG subclasses specific for Vi. Our work highlights that Vi is downregulated in vivo and provides proof of principle that it is possible to generate a live attenuated vaccine that induces Vi-specific antibodies after single oral administration.

Quantifying Cell Binding Kinetics Mediated By Surface-Bound Blood Type B Antigen To Immobilized Antibodies

Cell adhesion is crucial to many biological processes, such as inflammatory responses, tumor metastasis and thrombosis formation. Recently a commercial surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based BIAcore biosensor has been extended to determine cell binding mediated by surface-bound biomolecular interactions. How such cell binding is quantitatively governed by kinetic rates and regulating factors, however, has been poorly understood. Here we developed a novel assay to determine the binding kinetics of surface-bound biomolecular interactions using a commercial BIAcore 3000 biosensor. Human red blood cells (RBCs) presenting blood group B antigen and CM5 chip bearing immobilized anti-B monoclonal antibody (mAb) were used to obtain the time courses of response unit, or sensorgrams, when flowing RBCs over the chip surface. A cellular kinetic model was proposed to correlate the sensorgrams with kinetic rates. Impacts of regulating factors, such as cell concentration, flow duration and rate, antibody-presenting level, as well as pH value and osmotic pressure of suspending medium were tested systematically, which imparted the confidence that the approach can be applied to kinetic measurements of cell adhesion mediated by surface-bound biomolecular interactions. These results provided a new insight into quantifying cell binding using a commercial SPR-based BIAcore biosensor.

Aquatic Vegetation, Largemouth Bass and Water Quality Responses to Low-Dose Fluridone Two Years Post Treatment

Whole-lake techniques are increasingly being used to selectively remove exotic plants, including Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl- 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1 H )-pyridinone), a systemic whole-lake herbicide, is selective for Eurasian watermilfoil within a narrow low concentration range. Because fluridone applications have the potential for large effects on plant assemblages and lake food webs, they should be evaluated at the whole-lake scale. We examined effects of low-dose (5 to 8 ppb) fluridone applications by comparing submersed plant assemblages, water quality and largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) growth rates and diets between three reference lakes and three treatment lakes one- and two-years post treatment. In the treatment lakes, fluridone reduced Eurasian watermilfoil cover without reducing native plant cover, although the duration of Eurasian watermilfoil reduction varied among treatment lakes. (PDF has 11 pages.)

Study of Interaction Force between Antigen and Antibody Using Flow Chamber Method

A parallel plate flow chamber was used to study the interaction force between human IgG (immobilized on a chip surface as ligand) and goat anti-human IgG (immobilized on microspheres surface as receptor). First, it was demonstrated that the binding force between the microspheres and the chip surface came from the bio-specific interaction between the antigen and the antibody. Secondly, it was obtained that the critical shear rate to detach microspheres from the chip surface increases with the ligand surface concentration. Finally, two models to estimate the antigen-antibody bond strength considering bonds' positions were proposed and analyzed.

Visualization of molecule interaction between antigen and antibody - One of ellipsometric imaging applications

It is to investigate molecule interactions between antigen and antibody with ellipsometric imaging technique and demonstrate some features and possibilities offered by applications of the technique. Molecule interaction is an important interest for molecule biologist and immunologist. They have used some established methods such as immufluorcence, radioimmunoassay and surface plasma resonance, etc, to study the molecule interaction. At the same time, experimentalists hope to use some updated technique with more direct visual results. Ellipsometric imaging is non-destructive and exhibits a high sensitivity to phase transitions with thin layers. It is capable of imaging local variations in the optical properties such as thickness due to the presence of different surface concentration of molecule or different deposited molecules. If a molecular mono-layer (such as antigen) with bio-activity were deposited on a surface to form a sensing surface and then incubated in a solution with other molecules (such as antibody), a variation of the layer thickness when the molecules on the sensing surface reacted with the others in the solution could be observed with ellipsometric imaging. Every point on the surface was measured at the same time with a high sensitivity to distinguish the variation between mono-layer and molecular complexes. Ellipsometric imaging is based on conventional ellipsometry with charge coupled device (CCD) as detector and images are caught with computer with image processing technique. It has advantages of high sensitivity to thickness variation (resolution in the order of angstrom), big field of view (in square centimeter), high sampling speed (a picture taken within one second), and high lateral resolution (in the order of micrometer). Here it has just shown one application in study of antigen-antibody interaction, and it is possible to observe molecule interaction process with an in-situ technique.

New Oncogenic Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of the RNA Binding Protein Hu antigen R

156 p. : graf.

Distinct intron DNA structures in simian virus 40 T-antigen and adenovirus 2 E1A genes

Distinct structures delineating the introns of Simian Virus 40 T-antigen and Adenovirus 2 E1A genes have been discovered. The structures, which are centered around the branch points of the genes inserted in supercoiled double-stranded plasmids, are specifically targeted through photoactivated strand cleavage by the metal complex tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)rhodium(III). The DNA sites that are recognized lack sequence homology but are similar in demarcating functionally important sites on the RNA level. The single-stranded DNA fragments corresponding to the coding strands of the genes were also found to fold into a structure apparently identical to that in the supercoiled genes based on the recognition by the metal complex. Further investigation of different single-stranded DNA fragments with other structural probes, such as another metal complex bis(1,10-phenanthroline)(phenanthrenequinone diimine)rhodium(III), AMT (4'aminomethyl-4,5',8 trimethylpsoralen), restriction enzyme Mse I, and mung bean nuclease, showed that the structures require the sequ ences at both ends of the intron plus the flanking sequences but not the middle of the intron. The two ends form independent helices which interact with each other to form the global tertiary structures. Both of the intron structures share similarities to the structure of the Holliday junction, which is also known to be specifically targeted by the former metal complex. These structures may have arisen from early RNA intron structures and may have been used to facilitate the evolution of genes through exon shuffling by acting as target sites for recombinase enzymes.

A atividade da pterocarpanoquinona LQB 118 in vitro e in vivo em Leishmania braziliensis

As leishmanioses estão entre as mais importantes endemias brasileiras e encontram-se entre as doenças mais negligenciadas no mundo. O arsenal terapêutico disponível é restrito, tóxico, caro e em algumas situações ineficazes, devido ao surgimento de cepas resistentes do parasito. No Brasil são registrados anualmente mais de 20 mil casos de leishmaniose tegumentar e a Leishmania braziliensis é a principal espécie causadora das formas clínicas cutânea e mucosa. Portanto tornam-se importantes estudos que conduzam ao desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade da pterocarpanoquinona denominada LQB118 sobre Leishmania braziliensis in vitro e in vivo usando hamsters como modelo experimental. O efeito antiparasitário foi avaliado sobre o crescimento in vitro das formas promastigotas e sobre amastigotas intracelulares em macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos. Para avaliar o modo ação in vitro foi investigada a indução de apoptose usando marcação por TUNEL e Anexina V-FITC. O efeito sobre a modulação da ativação de macrófagos murinos foi analisada pela dosagem de óxido nítrico (reagente de Griess) e de citocinas IL-12, TNF-alfa e IL-10 (por ELISA) nos sobrenadantes de macrófagos. In vivo a atividade terapêutica da LQB 118 foi estudada em grupos de hamsters infectados com L.braziliensis na pata, tratados com a LQB118 pelas vias intralesional (100M/3x/semana) ou oral (0,5mg/5x/semana) após 7 dias de infecção durante oito semanas. A ação terapêutica foi analisada através do tamanho da lesão. A resposta imune foi avaliada durante o tratamento, pela resposta de hipersensibilidade tardia (DTH) ao antígeno total de L. braziliensis. A ação da LQB118 in vitro foi dose-dependente tanto na forma promastigota inibindo 45%, 64,7% e 99,95%, quanto nas amastigotas intracelulares 22%, 72% e 81% nas concentrações de 5M, 10M e 20M, respectivamente para ambas as formas evolutivas. A LQB118 foi capaz de induzir a externalização de fosfatidilserina em promastigotas (18,57% das células incubadas por 24 h e em 25,79% de células tratadas por 48h) e também promoveu aumento da fluorescência nas duas formas evolutivas da Leishmania quando comparadas aos controles, demonstrando a indução de fragmentação do DNA do parasito. Esta substância também foi capaz de modular a resposta dos macrófagos infectados por 24 horas aumentando de forma dose-dependente a IL-12 e NO, mantendo constante TNF-α. In vivo, na sétima semana de tratamento, observamos uma redução significativa do tamanho das lesões nos animais tratados com LQB 118 intralesional (p<0, 001) e no grupo tratado pela via oral (p<0,05) quando comparado com o controle. Estes resultados demonstram que a atividade anti-Leishmania da LQB118 é direta sobre o parasito pela indução de morte por apoptose, apresentando também uma ação moduladora da resposta dos macrófagos contribuindo para ação leishmanicida, sem alterar a morfologia da célula hospedeira e que a LQB 118 apresenta uma atividade terapêutica no modelo hamster e pode ser uma importante molécula para o desenvolvimento de um novo fármaco.

Atividade do flavonóide quercetina em Leishmania braziliensis usando hamster como modelo de infecção

As leishmanioses estão entre as mais importantes endemias brasileiras e encontram-se entre as doenças mais negligenciadas no mundo. O arsenal terapêutico disponível é restrito, tóxico, caro e em algumas situações ineficazes, devido ao surgimento de cepas resistentes do parasito. No Brasil são registrados anualmente mais de 20 mil casos de leishmaniose tegumentar e a Leishmania braziliensis é a principal espécie causadora das formas clínicas cutânea e mucosa. Estudos prévios mostraram que o flavonóide quercetina tem ação terapêutica pela via oral em camundongos infectados com L. amazonensis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade do flavonóide quercetina sobre Leishmania braziliensis in vitro e in vivo usando hamsters como modelo experimental. O efeito antiparasitário da quercetina foi avaliado sobre o crescimento in vitro das formas promastigotas e sobre amastigotas intracelulares em macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos e hamsters. O efeito da quercetina sobre macrófagos foi avaliado pela dosagem de óxido nítrico pelo método de Griess nos sobrenadantes das culturas e espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) intracelular através do H2DCFDA. In vivo a atividade terapêutica da quercetina foi estudada em grupos de hamsters infectados com L.braziliensis na pata, tratados com quercetina pela via oral (2mg/ 5X / semana) após 7 dias de infecção durante oito semanas.A ação terapêutica foi analisada através do tamanho da lesão. A resposta imune foi avaliada durante o tratamento, pela resposta de hipersensibilidade tardia (DTH) ao antígeno total de L. braziliensis. A quercetina não apresentou atividade sobre o crescimento de promastigotas em cultura em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. Em amastigotas intracelulares quercetina apresentou ação dose dependente em macrófagos de camundongos e hamsters inibindo 45% e 54% e 25% e 48 %, respectivamente nas concentrações de 50 e 100g/ml após 48h de tratamento. O pré - tratamento dos macrófagos de camundongos e hamsters com quercetina foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de amastigotas intracelulares em 57, 58 e 74% e 49, 50, e 58% respectivamente, nas concentrações de 25, 50 e 100 g/ml, apresentado ação inibitória significativa em todas as concentrações testadas. Não houve alteração na produção de NO pelos macrófagos, entretanto macrófagos pré tratados com a quercetina por 24 horas antes da infecção apresentaram um aumento significativo na produção de EROs, quando comparados aos controles. Macrófagos tratados antes e depois da infecção, apresentaram diminuição da produção de EROs. In vivo, a quercetina foi capaz de controlar o tamanho das lesões a partir da terceira semana de tratamento em relação ao controle não tratado ( P< 0,05). Os animais tratados com quercetina apresentaram maior resposta intradérmica aos antígenos de L. braziliensis. Esses dados mostram que a quercetina tem atividade sobre L. braziliensis, inibindo amastigotas intracelulares in vitro e sendo capaz de controlar o tamanho das lesões em hamsters infectados quando administrada pela via oral.