Riscos Ambientais Associados ao Transporte de Produtos Perigosos na Área de Influência da ETA Guandu.

No Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a atividade de transporte rodoviário de produtos perigosos foi responsável por aproximadamente 40% dos atendimentos a emergências realizados pela FEEMA (hoje INEA) nos últimos anos. Dentre as diversas rotas de tráfego desses produtos, destaca-se a rodovia Presidente Dutra que percorre as imediações dos rios Paraíba do Sul e Guandu, e seus principais afluentes. A exposição a riscos ambientais da ETA Guandu é, portanto, bastante alta, pois compreende a Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, a montante da transposição, bem como a Bacia do rio Guandu, a montante do ponto de captação da Cedae (área de influência da ETA Guandu). Este trabalho identifica riscos de acidentes ambientais associados ao transporte terrestre de produtos perigosos em parte da área territorial de influência da ETA Guandu, buscando fornecer subsídios para a elaboração de um plano de contingência das Bacias dos rios Paraíba do sul e Guandu. A ETA Guandu, que abastece cerca de 9 milhões de habitantes da RMRJ, capta águas do rio Guandu que, por sua vez, depende principalmente das águas transpostas do rio Paraíba do Sul e do rio Piraí, situados em outra bacia hidrográfica. Além de um mapeamento de pontos de alta e média gravidade das principais rodovias e ferrovias na área de influência da ETA Guandu, a principal contribuição deste estudo foi a identificação de vários trechos de alto risco de acidentes ambientais ao longo da rodovia Presidente Dutra, em território fluminense, que podem efetivamente comprometer a qualidade das águas dos rios Paraíba do Sul e Guandu.

Qualidade das águas fluviais: estudo de caso da bacia hidrográfica de Jacarepaguá - RJ.

O processo de ocupação urbana da Baixada de Jacarepaguá a partir da década de 1970, promoveu inúmeros impactos ambientais que afetaram, de forma não uniforme, os diferentes grupos sociais, que habitam a região, e afetaram principalmente o meio ambiente, mais especificamente os recursos hídricos. A rápida e intensa ocupação urbana da região, impulsionada pela produção imobiliária, gerou inúmeros problemas ambientais, principalmente devido à precariedade nos serviços de saneamento. Diversos impactos se processam atualmente na rede de drenagem da Baixada de Jacarepaguá, os quais comprometem negativamente a qualidade de vida população que vive na região, assim como, do meio ambiente. Neste trabalho é avaliada a qualidade da água dos principais cursos dágua da bacia hidrográfica de Jacarepaguá, caracterizando o estado atual de degradação dos recursos hídricos da região a partir da análise dos dados referentes aos parâmetros de qualidade das águas, obtidos junto ao órgão ambiental estadual, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2003 e 2008. As variáveis estatísticas dos parâmetros foram determinadas, os resultados foram apresentados através dos gráficos boxplot e sua discussão foi realizada em consoante com a Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. Os cursos dágua da bacia de Jacarepaguá, em destaque aqueles avaliados neste trabalho expressam a degradação pela qual vem sofrendo em virtude das intervenções antrópicas que se projetam na bacia hidrográfica. Nota-se a partir, dos resultados para os parâmetros de qualidade de água avaliados que a poluição nos cursos dágua da baixada de Jacarepaguá que, possivelmente o principal aspecto da poluição hídrica é devido ao despejo de esgotos domésticos nos cursos dágua sem tratamento adequado.

Report of the Ecosystem Indicators working group meeting, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 19-22 October, 2010

Development of collaborative approach to identify coastal water pollution issues and develop remedial strategies. Establish effective ecosystem indicator framework to measure progress toward sustaining the BOBLME ecosystem health

Effects of hydrocarbons on reproductive physiology of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata

There are a lot of evidence that show hvdrocarbones cause some defect in reproduction and growth of bivalves. Bivalves are filter-feeder, thus accumulate more hydrocarbones in their tissue. In this study adult pearl producing oysters (Pinctada fucata) are used for all experimens. Samples of oysters, water and sediment from four natural beds; Nakhiloo (clean), Hendurabi (semipolluted), Lavan 1 (semipolluted) and Lavan 2 (polluted) were gatherd for 13 succesive months. Temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen and turbidity were recorded in each sampling. Oysters were kept in laboratory for adapation and then their length (DVM) were measured. Hemolymph samples were collected by insuline syring. Sediments and soft tissues of oysters were dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and when heated to extract oil hydrocarbones. UV, GC and IR were used to assay oil hydrocarbones. Accumulation of hydrocabones in soft tissue were as follows : Kakhiloowater, pollution in Lavan was more than Nakhiloo and Hendurabi, however due to water currents and closeness of Lavan 1 and Kakhiloo station to the coast pollution was less than Hendurabi. Results showed that there is not meaningful difference (P<0.05) between sexual hormones in males and femals. Concerning progesterone cycle, there are two peak of spawning in oysters, major one in late spring and minor one in mid fall. Little elevation of progesterone start gamete and a lot of elevation release gametes_ Esteradiols gradually increase during gametogenesis and reach to maximum level during vitellogenesis. Testosterone have a synergestic role which esteradiol during vitellogenesis and also is effective in male sexuality. Multi regression test showed that there isn't meaning relationship (P<0.05) between hydrocarbones pollution and esteradiols. However in Lavan 2 due to hormone concentration of hydrocarbones had some effect in sexual hormonal cycles. Turbidity was the most effective factor for releasing of progesterone. Progesterone was a stimulating factor for releasing estradiol also release of testosterone was corrolated with oxygen and depth of beds. One way analysis of variance showed that there is not significant relasionship (P<0.05) between different factory in stations.

Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) is currently limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, China, and the adjoining Poyang and Dongting Lakes. Its population size has decreased remarkably during the last several decades due to the heavy impact of human activities, including overfishing of prey species, water development projects that cause attendant habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and accidental deaths caused by harmful fishing gear and collisions with motorized vessels. It was estimated that the number of remaining individuals was down to approximately 1800 in 2006, a number that is decreasing at a rate as high as 5% per year. Three conservation measures - in situ and ex situ conservation and captive breeding have been applied to the protection of this unique porpoise since the early 1990s. Seven natural and two "semi-natural" reserves have so far been established. Since 1996, a small group of finless porpoises has been successfully reared in a facility at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; three babies were born in captivity on July 5, 2005, June 2, 2007 and July 5, 2008. These are the first freshwater cetaceans ever born in captivity in the world. Several groups of these porpoises caught in the main stream of the Yangtze River, or rescued, have been introduced into the Tian'e-Zhou Semi-natural Reserve since 1990. These efforts have proven that, not only can these animals survive in the area, they are also to reproduce naturally and successfully. More than 30 calves had been born in the reserve since then, with one to three born each year. Taking deaths and transfers into account, there were approximately 30 individuals living in the reserve as of the end of 2007. Among eight mature females captured in April 2008, five were confirmed pregnant. This effort represents the first successful attempt at off-site protection of a cetacean species in the world, and establishes a solid base for conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A lesson must be drawn from the tragedy of Chinese River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), which has already been declared likely extinct. Strong, effective and appropriate protective measures must be carried out quickly to prevent the Yangtze finless porpoise from becoming a second Chinese River Dolphin, and save the biodiversity of the Yangtze River as a whole.

Effects of Arsenate on Microcystin Content and Leakage of Microcystis Strain PCC7806 Under Various Phosphate Regimes

Both arsenic pollution and eutrophication are prominent environmental issues when considering the problem of global water pollution. It is important to reveal the effects of arsenic species on cyanobacterial growth and toxin yields to assess ecological risk of arsenic pollution or at least understand naturally occurring blooms. The sensitivity of cyanobacteria to arsenate has often been linked to the structural similarities of arsenate and phosphate. Thus, we approached the effect of arsenate with concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-4) M on Microcystis strain PCC7806 under various phosphate regimes. The present study showed that Microcystis strain PCC7806 was arsenate tolerant up to 10(-4) M. And such tolerance was without reference to both content of intra- and extra-cellular phosphate. It seems that arsenate involved the regulation of microcystin synthesis and cellular polyphosphate contributed to microcystin production of Microcystis responding to arsenate, since there was a positive linear correlation of the cellular microcystin quota with the exposure concentration of arsenate when the cells were not preconditioned to phosphate starvation. It is presumed that arsenate could help to actively export microcystins from living Microcystis cells when preconditioned to phosphate starvation and incubated with the medium containing 1 mu M phosphate. This study firstly provided evidence that microcystin content and/or release of Microcystis might be impacted by arsenate if it exists in harmful algal blooms. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24:97 94, 2009.

Effects of nonylphenol on the growth and microcystin production of Microcystis strains

Both organic pollution and eutrophication are prominent environmental issues concerning water pollution in the world. It is important to reveal the effects of organic pollutants on algal growth and toxin production for assessing ecological risk of organic pollution. Since nonylphenol (NP) is a kind of persistent organic pollutant with endocrine disruptive effect which exists ubiquitously in environments, NP was selected as test compound in our study to study the relationship between NP stress and Microcystis growth and microcystin production. Our study showed that responses of toxic and nontoxic Microcystis aeruginosa to NP stress were obviously different. The growth inhibition test with NP on M. aeruginosa yielded effect concentrations EbC50 values within this range of 0.67-2.96 mg/L. The nontoxic M. aeruginosa strains were more resistant to NP than toxic strains at concentration above 1 mg/L. Cell growth was enhanced by 0.02-0.2 mg/L NP for both toxic and nontoxic strains, suggesting a hormesis effect of NP on M. aeruginosa. Both toxic and nontoxic strains tended to be smaller with increasing NP. But with the increased duration of the experiment, both the cell size and the growth rate began to resume, suggesting a quick adaptation of M. aeruginosa to adverse stress. NP of 0.05-0.5 mg/L significantly promoted microcystin production of toxic strain PCC7820, suggesting that NP might affect microcystin production of some toxic M. aeruginosa in the field. Our study showed that microcystin excretion was species specific that up to 75% of microcystins in PCC7820 were released into solution, whereas > 99% of microcystins in 562 remained in algal cells after 12 days' incubation. NP also significantly influenced microcystin release into cultural media. The fact that NP enhanced growth and toxin production of M. aeruginosa at low concentrations of 0.02-0.5 mg/L that might be possibly found in natural freshwaters implies that low concentration of NP may favor survival of M. aeruginosa in the field and may play a subtle role in affecting cyanobacterial blooms and microcystin production in natural waters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Discharges and sediments as sources of extracellular alkaline phosphatase in a shallow Chinese eutrophic lake

Total alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were measured in municipal wastewater, and a shallow Chinese freshwater lake receiving it. Activities of Dissolved alkaline phosphatase ( ADAP) in overlying and interstitial water were also analyzed monthly at three sites for several years. The lake was enriched with SRP and alkaline phosphatase by discharge of the wastewater, indicating that the inclusion of APA for estimating water pollution was reasonable. Annual data showed that APA in coarser fraction was significantly higher at the site receiving more wastewaters, both in surface and overlying water, suggesting that resuspension of enzyme most likely occurred in the basin heavily discharged. ADAP was an order of magnitude higher in the wastewater than those in lake waters, and was generally higher in interstitial water, a feature more striking at the site receiving more discharges. Besides, it was irrespectively inhibited by Na2WO4, L-cysteine and EDTA-Na, but stimulated by Cu2+, Zn2+, CTAB and Triton X-100 in interstitial, overlying and surface waters. This similarity of responding patterns to the stressors indicated an analogy between dissolved alkaline phosphatase in water column and that in interstitial water, supporting the hypothesis that the polluted sediments act as source of dissolved alkaline phosphatase in eutrophic lakes.

森林流域单元水文模型的构建与应用

目前全球缺水、水污染、洪涝灾害以及水土流失仍然非常严重，尤其在我国北方地区。流域水文模型可用来进行不同需水管理的情景分析，为解决我国水问题提供科学依据。分布式水文模型是流域水文模型的发展方向，具有显著特点：1）应用前景广泛，不仅可以模拟流域水文过程，还可以协助模拟泥沙或污染物的运移过程，为水利工程设计、水土保持、环境保护等领域提供技术支持；2）能够预测流域土地利用或气候变化下的流域水文响应过程变化，为管理部门提供决策支持；3）模型所需要的参数全部具有物理意义，可通过实际测量确定，适合模拟实测系列较短或是无观测流域的水文过程；4）对于目前国际水文界的前沿问题—水文尺度转换提供了一种有效的解决途径。 然而分布式水文模型还不完善，如1)真实性问题。对一些水文过程和边界条件还不确定。2)尺度转换问题。目前很少考虑尺度对参数有效性的影响。3)检验问题。还无法判断对有些难以测量的水文状态变量的模拟正确与否。4)计算时间和数据存储的问题。有些分布式水文模型虽然具有很强的水文物理基础和完善的模型结构，但是计算时间过长和(或)数据存储过大，难以应用。上述问题的核心就是对分布式水文模型的核心—单元水文模型的研究不够，需要为进一步完善单元水文模型进行研究。 本文采用饱和入渗理论、Saint-Venant方程、Richards方程、Penman-Monteith方程等等构建了以有限差分法求解的适用于森林流域的单元水文模型，并通过实验室模拟试验和坡地径流场资料进行了验证，主要结论为： 通过不同坡度和不同雨强下的室内坡面产汇流实验模拟，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流和壤中流过程与实测过程基本一致，峰现时间、径流历时、峰值流量、出流总量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均较小，基本小于10%。模型的模拟精度较高，实用性较强，为深入研究壤中流机制和改进流域降雨-径流模型提供了理论依据。 通过坡地径流观测场实测资料的验证，表明：该模型模拟的坡面流过程精度较高，累计流量的精度更高于小时过程的精度，离差系数、效率系数、确定系数均较理想，具有应用价值，有助于改善分布式水文模型在森林流域的模拟效果。

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解性及其主要微生物类群研究

造纸行业是造成我国水环境有机污染物的重要污染源之一，其水污染的特点是小厂多、草浆多、工艺落后、污染扩散面广、造成废 水排放量大，每年排放的废水量约39亿立方米，占全国工业废水排放量的1/6，其中有机污染物（以BOD5计）160万吨左右，约占全 国工业废水中有机污染物总量的1/4。尤以占全国制浆造纸行业90%以上的碱法草浆造纸厂的蒸煮黑液量大面广，除含有机物外，还 含有木质素、残碱、硫化物、氯化物等污染物，属于PH值高、色度深、难于治理的高浓度有机废水，对水体污染特别严重，各地要 求治理呼声很高，急待研究并尽快找出各种有效的治理途径。对于碱法草浆蒸煮，黑液高浓度废水的治理，有各种方法，根据国内 的研究进展和我们已有试验工作表明，最经济有效，具有实用价值，在生产上可获得成功是厌氧处理法。近10多年来，国外关于高 效厌氧处理技术研究进展迅速，并出现了多种多样的工艺设备，如高效厌氧生物反应器，并在实用化方面取得了很大成绩，建立了 生产性装置，达到了高负荷运行，效果良好。本试验是根据我们已有研究基础，针对我国国情，对小型制浆造纸厂水污染防治除了 开发碱回收及各种综合利用技术外，要特别加强废水(废液)实用技术研究的指导思想，本试验采用改进型的上流式厌氧污泥床反应 器，设计了两种试验方案，通过试验结果如下。1. 试验方案I—碱法草浆黑液酸化和厌氧发酵I号UASB反应器动态模型试验结果表 明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器USAB内装有填料(陶粒)和三相分离器，具有保持高浓度生物量和防止污泥流失的特点 ，污泥浓度Vs 可达30%以上，因而具有高效、节能、产能、滞留期短的优点，当进水CODcr在7500-10000mg/l，HRT由7天缩短到3天 ，有机容积负荷在1.22gCODcr/l·d-3.43gCODcr/l·d时，CODcr平均去除率可达55%-45.5%，最高CODcr去除率可达60.2-63.5%， BOD5去除率可达75.9-83.2%,沼气容积产气率可达0.29-0.67l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率达0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，CH4含量 65.8-75.5%。厌氧发酵出水再用化学法进行后处理脱除难降解的木质素，CODcr总去除率达80%以上。(2). 动态试验结果表明：采 用酸化—厌氧发酵处理黑液工艺合理，技术路线可行。2. 试验方案II—黑液用化学法(Hcl)去除木质素进行厌氧发酵，II号UASB反 应器动态模型试验结果表明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器UASB(内有软填料)，当进水CODcr7000-13000mg/l左右，HRT 由6天缩短到1天，有机负荷由0.98gCODcr/l·d增加到11gCODcr/l·d时，COD平均去除率均可稳定在70-77%，BOD5去除率为87.3- 93.1%，沼气容积产气率0.21-2.6l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率为0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，高的可达0.53l/gCODcr·d，转化 率较高，CH4含量63-70%。(2). 试验证明碱法草浆黑液物化预处理—厌氧发酵处理的技术路线也是可行的，工艺合理、效果较好。 在有条件的工厂可采用。3.厌氧发酵阶段几大类群微生物计数表明：(1). 当发酵工艺和运行处于相对稳定状态时，微生物群体的 组成也达到相对的稳定，各类微生物之间保持动态平衡关系。当产乙酸菌的数量为107-108个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为105-106 个/ml，当产乙酸菌数量为106-107个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为103-105个/ml。(2).稳态运行条件下，黑液预处理为甲烷发酵创造 了有利的生态环境，获得了较好的处理效果和较高的COD转化为沼气的产率0.39-0.48l/g·CODcr·d，反应器中形成较为稳定而数 量较下水污泥中高1-2个数量级的厌氧发酵微生物区系组成。这一结果为黑液厌氧发酵提供了微生物理论依据。Paper industry is one of the important pollution source of water environment in our country. Its character of water pollution is many small factories, much grass pulp, disadvantageous technique, large preading area of pullution. Its effluent makes up 1/6 of whole country's industry wastwater. Its organic pollutant accounts 1/4 of whole country's. Alkaline grass paper pulp effluent with pollutants such as ligoin, remaining alkali sulfide, chloride besides organic material, is a kind of high concentrate organic wastewater which has high PH walug, dark colour and is difficult in treatment. There is urgent require to find ways to treat the wastewater. There are different ways to treat alkaline paper grass pulp effluent. According to the research advances and our experiment work, the most economical and useful way is anaerobic degradation which was advanced quick in last ten years. In the control of waste water of small pulp paper mill, the study of wastewater utilization technology should be emphasized, besides alkaline retrieving and different kinds of comprehensive utilization technology. Our experiment used modified UASB(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor). Two kinds of plan were disgned. The results are lined below. 1. The first experiment plant-aciding black pulp effluent and methanogenic digestion. The dynamic model experiment results of I-UASB reactor showed: (1)The mesophilic(35℃±1℃)high effect UASB reactor having haydite and threee state seperation in it had the character of keeping high bioimass concentration and preventing losss of sludge. It had advantages of high effect, energe saving, energe prodcing and short HRT(Hydroulic retention time). When the influent COD was 7500-10000mg, HRT was shortened from 7 days to 3days, organic loading rate was 1.22g-3.43COD/l· d, the average COD removal efficiency was 55%-45%. The highest COD efficiency was 60.2-63.5%, BOD removal of 75.9 -83.4% was achieved. Biogass production rate were up to 0.29-0.67l/l·d. Biogass converted efficiency from every gram of COD could reach 0.39-0.48l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 65.0-75.5%. Chemical method was used to deplate lignin in anaerobic digestion effluent. Total COD removal efficiency could be more than 80%. (2)Using aciding annaerobic digestion to treat the black effluent was reseanable in technique and technology. 2. The second experiment plan-anaerobic digestion was used after the chemical method was used to deplate lignin in the black effluent. The result of dynamic experiment of II-UASB reactor showed: (1)High effect mesophilic (35℃±1℃)UASB reactor having soft slaffing in was used. When influent COD was about 7000-13000mg/l, HRT was shortened from 6 days to 1 day and organic loading rate was increased from 0.90 to 11g COD /l·d, average COD removal efficiency remained stable on 70-77%. BOD, removal efficiency was between 87.3-93.1%. Biogass production rate was 0.2-2.6l/l ·d .Biogass converted efficiency from a gram of COD was 0.39-0.481/gCOD·d with the high value of 0.53l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 63-70%. (2)The way that using physical, chemical Pre-treatment-anaerobic digestion to treat alkaline black effluent is feasible and can be used in some factories when the condition exists. 3. Counting of several class of microoganisms in anaerobic digestion stage showed: (1)As the disgestion was in stable motion, the compositon of microorganic colony could get relative stable. Dynamic balance was remaining among different kinds of microorganism such as methanogenic bacteria, Acidogenic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria. (2)Under stable motion, the pre-treatment of black effluent produced favourable eco-enviroment for methanegenic digestion. Good treatment effect and high biogass convertent efficiency from COD(0.39-0.48l/g·COD· d)were gotten. Some stable and high quantity(10-100times more than sewage sludge)microorganism colony were formed in the reactor. This result provided theoretical basis for anaerobic digestion of black effluent.

猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮研究

畜禽废水是农村水环境污染的主要来源之一，其处理的难点在于脱氮。传统生物脱氮法具有能耗高、需大量外加碳源等缺点，开发低成本、高效率的新型生物脱氮技术具有重要意义。 本研究将短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种脱氮新技术结合，让前者为后者创造去除可降解COD、降低总氮负荷、调整pH、调整氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例等进水条件，而后者可在无需外加碳源的条件下进一步脱氮，二者结合可成为高氨氮、低C/N废水脱氮的新途径。 试验以低碳氮比猪场废水为研究对象，首先进行了短程硝化反硝化预处理研究，同时启动并运行调控厌氧氨氧化反应器，最后以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水，进行厌氧氨氧化脱氮考察。实验表明：（1）短程硝化反硝化作为厌氧氨氧化的预处理工序是可行的。猪场废水通过短程硝化反硝化，可以达到基本去除可生化COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度之比在1︰1左右、pH在7.5～8.0的目的， COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%、49.1%,出水可达到厌氧氨氧化反应的进水要求。（2）采用模拟废水启动厌氧氨氧化反应器，经过5个月左右的运行调控，反应器启动成功并稳定运行，最高总氮去除率为87.1%，总氮容积去除率最高达到0.14kg/m3.d；整个稳定阶段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的变化量之比为1︰1.21︰0.33。（3）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、COD的平均去除率分别为93.0%、99.4%、84.6%、18.1%，处理效果与模拟废水处理系统相比无明显变化。（4）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理后，猪场废水中残留有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应过程中无显著变化，主要为酯类和烷烃类物质；残留有机物对厌氧氨氧化效果无明显影响。（5）采用PCR技术进行特殊功能菌种检测，结果表明模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有厌氧氨氧化菌和好氧硝化菌；通过blast比对，厌氧氨氧化菌扩增序列与未培养的Planctomycetales菌和Candidatus Brocadia fulgida菌16S rRNA部分序列相似性分别为95％、90%。（6）MPN法菌种计数结果显示，模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌和少量反硝化菌，实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧硝化菌、反硝化菌共存的系统。 Poultry wastewater is one of the main source of water pollution in rural areas，and nitrogen removal is the most difficult part in treating poultry wastewater. There are some disadvantages in traditional nitrogen removal, such as high energy consumption and more additional organic carbon. It is important to develop ecolomical and efficient technologyies. Shortcut nitricfication/denitrification, as a pretreatment process, was combined with Anammox in this research, so that part of total nitrogen and most degradable COD could be removed by the former, and further nitrogen removal could be implemented by the latter. The combination of the two technologies was a new approach to treat wastewater with high ammonium and low C/N. Piggery wastewater with low C/N was treated in lab-scale experiment. Firstly, shortcut nitrification/denitrification was investigated, and Anammox reactor was started up successfully at the same time. Then piggery wastewater after pretreatment was treated by Anammox. The results showed :(1) It was feasible to take nitrification/denitrification as the pretreatment process of Anammox. By using this process, part of total nitrogen and COD were removed, the ratio of ammonium and nitrite reached around 1︰1 and the pH was about 7.8, which were favorable for Anammox. The average removal percentage of COD and total nitrogen were about 64.3% and 49.1%, respectively. (2) Simulated wastewater was used to start up Anammox reactor. The reactor was started up successfully within 5 months and stable performance was achieved. The highest nitrogen removal reached 87.1% and the biggest volumetric total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.14kg/m3.d. The average ratio of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate was 1:1.21:0.33. (3)Taking the effluent of shortcut nitrification/denitrification as the influent, the nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox was stable, and the the average removal percentage of ammonium, nitrite, total nitrogen and COD were 93.0%, 99.4% , 84.6% and 18.1%, respectively, which had little difference with that by using simulated wastewater..(4) After pretreatment, the residual organic carbon in piggery wastewater showed no obvious change during the Anammox process, and the main organic compounds were saturated hydrocarbon and ester, which had no obvious negative effect on Anammox process.(5) By PCR technology, the existence of Anammox bacteria was confirmed and the aerobic nitrifying bacteria was found to coexist as well. The result of blast showed that the identities of Anammox bacterium to part of 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Planctomycetales bacterium and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida bacterium were 95% and 90%, respectively.（6）By MPN method, nitrite oxidizer, ammonium oxidizer and denitrification bacteria were detected in both simulated and piggery wastewater treatment system of Anammox, and the microorganism system was composed of Anammox bacteria，aerobic bacteria and denitrification bacteria together.

21世纪中国水资源危机

分析国内外水资源的现状、中国水资源危机及走向 2 1世纪存在的主要水问题 .说明中国属于世界上贫水的国家之一 ,人均拥有量只占世界平均水平的 2 5% ,在 6 6 8座城市中有 4 0 0余座缺水 .进入 2 1世纪 ,中国的水资源矛盾将进一步加剧 ,洪灾、干旱、断流、水污染、水土流失等问题将继续存在 .中国必须进行大规模国土整治 ,逆转恶化的水生态环境 ,合理开发、利用、保护水资源 .

黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究

通过回顾已有的成果 ,分析评价了我国土壤可蚀性研究的进展及存在的问题 ,提出我国土壤可蚀性研究中的标准小区定义。运用野外观测资料 ,研究计算了黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性指标值。结果表明 ,陕北和晋西北一带黄土可蚀性 K值变化于 0 .3～ 0 .7之间 ,并且有以陕西子洲、绥德一带为最大 ,以此为中心 ,向南、向北和向东都减少的变化趋势。

Ecotoxicology of marine biotoxins in bivalve shellfish

A small proportion of harmful algae produce toxins which are harmful to human health. Strict monitoring programmes are in place within Ireland and the EU to effectively manage risk to human consumers of shellfish species that have accumulated marine biotoxins in their tissues. However, little is known about the impacts of HABs on shellfish health. This study used Solid Phase Adsorption and Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for the passive sampling of algal biotoxins at Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve in West Cork, Ireland. Spatial and temporal monitoring of the incidence of a wide range of lipophilic toxins was assessed over a 4-month period. Active sampling accumulated sufficient quantities of toxin for use in subsequent experimentation. In addition to commonly occurring Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins, Dinophysis toxin-1 and Pinnatoxin-G were both detected in the samples. This is the first identification of these latter two toxins in Irish waters. The effects of the DSP toxin okadaic acid (OA) were investigated on three shellfish species: Mytilus edulis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas. Histological examination of the gill, mantle and hepatopancreas tissues revealed varying intensity of damage depending both on the tissue type and the species involved. At the cellular level, flow cytometric analysis of the differential cell population distribution was assessed. No change in cell population distribution was observed in Mytilus edulis or Ruditapes philippinarum, however significant changes were observed in Crassostrea gigas granulocytes at the lower levels of toxin exposure. This indicated a chemically-induced response to OA. DNA fragmentation was measured in the haemolymph and hepatopancreas cells post OA-exposure in Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas. A significant increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in both species over time, even at the lowest OA concentrations. DNA fragmentation could be due to genotoxicity of OA and/or to the induction of cell apoptosis.

Survey of the potential environmental and health impacts in the immediate aftermath of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee.

An investigation of the potential environmental and health impacts in the immediate aftermath of one of the largest coal ash spills in U.S. history at the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston coal-burning power plant has revealed three major findings. First the surface release of coal ash with high levels of toxic elements (As = 75 mg/kg; Hg = 150 microg/kg) and radioactivity (226Ra + 228Ra = 8 pCi/g) to the environment has the potential to generate resuspended ambient fine particles (< 10 microm) containing these toxics into the atmosphere that may pose a health risk to local communities. Second, leaching of contaminants from the coal ash caused contamination of surface waters in areas of restricted water exchange, but only trace levels were found in the downstream Emory and Clinch Rivers due to river dilution. Third, the accumulation of Hg- and As-rich coal ash in river sediments has the potential to have an impact on the ecological system in the downstream rivers by fish poisoning and methylmercury formation in anaerobic river sediments.