Dysfonction microvasculaire et ischémie du myocarde [Microvascular dysfunction and myocardial ischemia]

Une lésion fonctionnelle ou structurale des artérioles intramurales influence le seuil ischémique du myocarde. Le diagnostic de dysfonction microvasculaire est retenu en présence d'une diminution du flux coronaire maximal et de coronaires angio-graphiquement normales ou presque normales. Un trouble de la microcirculation peut traduire une dysfonction endothéliale chez le sujet diabétique ou hyperlipidémique, ou une lésion structurale ou fonctionnelle dans le cadre de la cardiomyopathie hypertrophique, la sténose aortique ou l'hypertension artérielle. Après recanalisation de l'artère responsable d'un infarctus, la mesure de la fonction microcirculatoire permet d'estimer la qualité de la reperfusion myocardique. L'appréciation de la fonction microvasculaire est un enjeu majeur dans l'évaluation de l'ischémie du myocarde en l'absence de sténose coronaire. Functional or structural lesions in intramural arterioles influence the ischemic threshold of the myocardium. Microvascular dysfonction is evidenced by a decrease in coronary blood flow during maximum hyperemia in the presence of angiographically normal or near-normal coronary arteries. Microvascular dysfonction may reflect endothelial dysfonction in diabetic or hyperlipidemic patients, as well as structural and functional changes in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis or hypertension. Assessing microvascular fonction after thrombolysis or primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction allows to estimate the quality of myocardial reperfusion. Assessing microvascular fonction is a major component of the evaluation of myocardial ischemia in the absence of coronary artery stenoses.

Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system and renal tissue oxygenation as measured with BOLD-MRI in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIM: To assess whether blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a recognized strategy to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy, affects renal tissue oxygenation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: Prospective randomized 2-way cross over study; T2DM patients with (micro)albuminuria and/or hypertension underwent blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) at baseline, after one month of enalapril (20mgqd), and after one month of candesartan (16mgqd). Each BOLD-MRI was performed before and after the administration of furosemide. The mean R2* (=1/T2*) values in the medulla and cortex were calculated, a low R2* indicating high tissue oxygenation. RESULTS: Twelve patients (mean age: 60±11 years, eGFR: 62±22ml/min/1.73m(2)) completed the study. Neither chronic enalapril nor candesartan intake modified renal cortical or medullary R2* levels. Furosemide significantly decreased cortical and medullary R2* levels suggesting a transient increase in renal oxygenation. Medullary R2* levels correlated positively with urinary sodium excretion and systemic blood pressure, suggesting lower renal oxygenation at higher dietary sodium intake and blood pressure; cortical R2* levels correlated positively with glycemia and HbA1c. CONCLUSION: RAS blockade does not seem to increase renal tissue oxygenation in T2DM hypertensive patients. The response to furosemide and the association with 24h urinary sodium excretion emphasize the crucial role of renal sodium handling as one of the main determinants of renal tissue oxygenation.

Les conséquences rénales de l'anorexie [Anorexia nervosa and the kidney].

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and potentially lethal disease of the young woman. It is defined as an anxious disorder not to gain weight, and an obsessive behavior regarding body weight and physical appearance. Different and variable patterns of behaviour are observed. This article focuses on the renal problems observed in anorexic patients. Anorexia is often associated with severe electrolyte disturbances, such as hypokalemia and hypophosphatemia, and alterations of water metabolism with hyponatremia and edema. Hypokalemia and chronic dehydration may contribute to the development of renal failure. Even end stage renal disease can be observed in these patients. A better understanding of the pathophysiology might improve treatment of patients suffering from AN.

L'alimentation per os des patients de réanimation : peu considérée et pourtant critique

Introduction et But de l'étude. - La plupart des études d'évaluation de la nutrition en réanimation concernent les patients ventilés bénéficiant d'un support nutritionnel artificiel. La nutrition per os qui concerne les patients les moins graves ou sortis de la phase critique est peu étudiée. Cette étude observationnelle, menée dans le cadre d'un travail de Bachelor en collaboration avec les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, a pour objectif de réaliser un état des lieux des pratiques nutritionnelles actuelles, tous patients confondus, dans un service de réanimation médico-chirurgicale, et de mesurer la couverture des besoins énergétiques en fonction du type de nutrition administré ou consommé. Matériel et Méthodes. - Inclusion de tous les patients adultes hospitalisés pour plus de 24 h en réanimation durant 6 semaines consécutives, suivis jusqu'à la sortie du service mais pendant 14 jours au maximum. Les apports caloriques entéraux et parentéraux ont été récoltés dans le dossier patient informatisé. Les apports per os ont été estimés sur la base de la composition nutritionnelle standard des repas servis et le report infirmier des quantités consommées. Les suppléments nutritifs oraux ont été inclus dans les apports per os. Les solutés glucosés et les dilutions de médicaments n'ont pas été comptabilisés. La cible calorique a été fixée à 30 kcal/kg pour les hommes et 25 kcal/kg pour les femmes, sur la base du poids mesuré ou anamnestique ou sur le poids correspondant à un BMI de 22,5 en cas d'obésité. Résultats. - Six cent quatre-vingt douze journées-patients ont été analysées, issues de 114 patients dont le score SAPS II moyen est de 43. Toutes journées confondues (sans tenir compte du début ou fin de séjour) : 44 % (n = 307) des journées sont sous NE exclusive, 9 % (n = 64) sous NP exclusive et 7 % (n = 47) combinent ces deux types d'apports. La nutrition per os exclusive représente 17 % (n = 116) des journées et 23 % (n = 158) ne comportent aucun apport nutritionnel. Lorsque l'on s'intéresse au pour centage d'atteinte de la cible calorique selon le type de nutrition, il se répartit comme tel (médiane ± espace interquartile) : NE : 83 ± 44 % ; NP : 84 ± 75 % ; combiné : 95 ± 39 % ; per os : 28 ± 33 %. La nutrition per os se retrouve en fin de séjour mais pas uniquement puisque seules un peu plus de la moitié des journées de nutrition per os ont lieu lors du dernier (35 %) ou de l'avant dernier (28 %) jour du séjour. L'atteinte de la cible calorique par la nutrition per os exclusive évolue peu au long du séjour. Conclusion. - La nutrition per os représente le mode d'alimentation d'un nombre important de journées dans cette observation. La très faible couverture des besoins caloriques lors de ces journées, tout au long du séjour, classe ces patients dans une catégorie à risque nutritionnel important. Une évaluation plus précise des apports protéino-énergétique devrait être réalisée afin de quantifier plus exactement les déficits et un suivi de l'évolution de ces patients apporterait un éclairage important.

3D crosshole ERT for aquifer characterization and monitoring of infiltrating river water

The hydrogeological properties and responses of a productive aquifer in northeastern Switzerland are investigated. For this purpose, 3D crosshole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is used to define the main lithological structures within the aquifer (through static inversion) and to monitor the water infiltration from an adjacent river. During precipitation events and subsequent river flooding, the river water resistivity increases. As a consequence, the electrical characteristics of the infiltrating water can be used as a natural tracer to delineate preferential flow paths and flow velocities. The focus is primarily on the experiment installation, data collection strategy, and the structural characterization of the site and a brief overview of the ERT monitoring results. The monitoring system comprises 18 boreholes each equipped with 10 electrodes straddling the entire thickness of the gravel aquifer. A multi-channel resistivity system programmed to cycle through various four-point electrode configurations of the 180 electrodes in a rolling sequence allows for the measurement of approximately 15,500 apparent resistivity values every 7 h on a continuous basis. The 3D static ERT inversion of data acquired under stable hydrological conditions provides a base model for future time-lapse inversion studies and the means to investigate the resolving capability of our acquisition scheme. In particular, it enables definition of the main lithological structures within the aquifer. The final ERT static model delineates a relatively high-resistivity, low-porosity, intermediate-depth layer throughout the investigated aquifer volume that is consistent with results from well logging and seismic and radar tomography models. The next step will be to define and implement an appropriate time-lapse ERT inversion scheme using the river water as a natural tracer. The main challenge will be to separate the superposed time-varying effects of water table height, temperature, and salinity variations associated with the infiltrating water.

Traitement et prophylaxie de la Maladie ThromboEmbolique Veineuse (MTEV)

Ont contibué: Mazzolai L., Angellilo A., Bervini D, Borens O, Buclin T, Bulaz C., Burnier M, Calandra T, Cornuz J, Corpataux J,M., Daniel R., Desmartines N., Duchosal M., Eeckhout E., Farron A., Frackowiak R., Hirschi B., Hohlfeld P., Hugli O., Jichlinski P., Jolliet P., Kern C., Levivier M., Leyvraz S., Meuli R., Michel P., Moradpour D., Nicod L., Pannatier A., Prior J., Qanadli S., Ris H.B., Ruchat P., So A., Teta D., Vial Y., Vogt P., Voirol P., Von Segesser L., Waeber G., Yersin B.

Indications à la coronarographie en urgence. Partie I: syndromes coronariens aigus avec élévation du segment ST [Indications for urgent coronary angiography. Part I: ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes]

The indications for urgent coronary angiography are stated in the guidelines for treatment of acute coronary syndromes. An invasive approach is considered the treatment of choice for patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction within 12 hours of the beginning of symptoms. In the absence of contraindication, intravenous thrombolysis continues to be a valuable alternative to primary angioplasty within 3 hours of the beginning of clinical symptoms. Urgent coronary angiography continues to be recommended following the failure of thrombolysis, persistent myocardial ischemia after 12 hours of symptoms, recurrent myocardial ischemia following myocardial infarction or in the case of cardiogenic shock.

Cardiologie. Quoi de neuf en 2009 [Cardiology 2009: what is new?].

The present review provides a selected choice of clinical research in the field of heart failure, electrophysiology, cardiac imaging and interventional cardiology.

An open source browser-based software tool for graph drawing and visualisation

In this research work we searched for open source libraries which supports graph drawing and visualisation and can run in a browser. Subsequent these libraries were evaluated to find out which one is the best for this task. The result was the d3.js is that library which has the greatest functionality, flexibility and customisability. Afterwards we developed an open source software tool where d3.js was included and which was written in JavaScript so that it can run browser-based.

Safety profile of prasugrel and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes in Switzerland.

OBJECTIVE: To assess safety up to 1 year of follow-up associated with prasugrel and clopidogrel use in a prospective cohort of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: Between 2009 and 2012, 2286 patients invasively managed for ACS were enrolled in the multicentre Swiss ACS Bleeding Cohort, among whom 2148 patients received either prasugrel or clopidogrel according to current guidelines. Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) preferentially received prasugrel, while those with non-STEMI, a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack, age ≥75 years, or weight <60 kg received clopidogrel or reduced dose of prasugrel to comply with the prasugrel label. RESULTS: After adjustment using propensity scores, the primary end point of clinically relevant bleeding events (defined as the composite of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium, BARC, type 3, 4 or 5 bleeding) at 1 year, occurred at a similar rate in both patient groups (prasugrel/clopidogrel: 3.8%/5.5%). Stratified analyses in subgroups including patients with STEMI yielded a similar safety profile. After adjusting for baseline variables, no relevant differences in major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were observed at 1 year (prasugrel/clopidogrel: cardiac death 2.6%/4.2%, myocardial infarction 2.7%/3.8%, revascularisation 5.9%/6.7%, stroke 1.0%/1.6%). Of note, this study was not designed to compare efficacy between prasugrel and clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective ACS cohort, patients treated with prasugrel according to current guidelines (ie, in patients without cerebrovascular disease, old age or underweight) had a similar safety profile compared with patients treated with clopidogrel. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: SPUM-ACS: NCT01000701; COMFORTABLE AMI: NCT00962416.

Copeptin is associated with kidney length, renal function, and prevalence of simple cysts in a population-based study.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has a key role in osmoregulation by facilitating water transport in the collecting duct. Recent evidence suggests that AVP may have additional effects on renal function and favor cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease. Whether AVP also affects kidney structure in the general population is unknown. We analyzed the association of copeptin, an established surrogate for AVP, with parameters of renal function and morphology in a multicentric population-based cohort. Participants from families of European ancestry were randomly selected in three Swiss cities. We used linear multilevel regression analysis to explore the association of copeptin with renal function parameters as well as kidney length and the presence of simple renal cysts assessed by ultrasound examination. Copeptin levels were log-transformed. The 529 women and 481 men had median copeptin levels of 3.0 and 5.2 pmol/L, respectively (P<0.001). In multivariable analyses, the copeptin level was associated inversely with eGFR (β=-2.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -3.3 to -0.8; P=0.002) and kidney length (β=-1.2; 95% CI, -1.9 to -0.4; P=0.003) but positively with 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (β=0.11; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.20; P=0.03) and urine osmolality (β=0.08; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.10; P<0.001). A positive association was found between the copeptin level and the presence of renal cysts (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.4; P=0.02). These results suggest that AVP has a pleiotropic role in renal function and may favor the development of simple renal cysts.