Um novo sistema de refrigera����o com controle de temperatura, compressor aberto, m��quina de indu����o trif��sica com velocidade vari��vel e corre����o ativa do fator de pot��ncia do est��gio de entrada

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Desenvolvimento de metodologia high-throughput para estudo populacional do mosquito Aedes aegypti e compara����o de dados de genes mitocondriais

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

An assessment of the economic impact of climate change on the Agriculture Sector in Guyana

Climate change is anticipated to have potentially disastrous impacts on the economic viability of the agricultural sector, insomuch as traditional agricultural practices render the agricultural sector climate-dependent. Increased temperatures and increased intensity, timing and occurrence of hydro events are expected to challenge plant and animal viability. Under such circumstances, vector control is expected to become more difficult, which may further prejudice the prosperity of plant, livestock and fisheries growth. The impact is expected to be on the quality of agricultural produce and thereby, indirectly, on human health outcomes. The key threat mechanisms are debilitated plant vitality and increased propagation of pests, as drought periods increase the breeding of vectors through water pooling and soil erosion associated with the increased intensity of hydro events. In addition, climate change is likely to affect crop productivity in specific geographical areas through its impact on growing seasons and crop patterns, to the extent that crop varieties cannot adapt.

An assessment of the economic impact of climate change on the health sector In Jamaica

Climate change is a naturally occurring phenomenon in which the earth���s climate goes through cycles of warming and cooling; these changes usually take place incrementally over millennia. Over the past century, there has been an anomalous increase in global temperature, giving rise to accelerated climate change. It is widely accepted that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities such as industries have contributed significantly to the increase in global temperatures. The existence and survival of all living organisms is predicated on the ability of the environment in which they live not only to provide conditions for their basic needs but also conditions suitable for growth and reproduction. Unabated climate change threatens the existence of biophysical and ecological systems on a planetary scale. The present study aims to examine the economic impact of climate change on health in Jamaica over the period 2011-2050. To this end, three disease conditions with known climate sensitivity and importance to Jamaican public health were modelled. These were: dengue fever, leptospirosis and gastroenteritis in children under age 5. Historical prevalence data on these diseases were obtained from the Ministry of Health Jamaica, the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, the Climate Studies Group Mona, University of the West Indies Mona campus, and the Meteorological Service of Jamaica. Data obtained spanned a twelve-year period of 1995-2007. Monthly data were obtained for dengue and gastroenteritis, while for leptospirosis, the annual number of cases for 1995-2005 was utilized. The two SRES emission scenarios chosen were A2 and B2 using the European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM) global climate model to predict climate variables for these scenarios. A business as usual (BAU) scenario was developed using historical disease data for the period 2000-2009 (dengue fever and gastroenteritis) and 1995-2005 (leptospirosis) as the reference decades for the respective diseases. The BAU scenario examined the occurrence of the diseases in the absence of climate change. It assumed that the disease trend would remain unchanged over the projected period and the number of cases of disease for each decade would be the same as the reference decade. The model used in the present study utilized predictive empirical statistical modelling to extrapolate the climate/disease relationship in time, to estimate the number of climate change-related cases under future climate change scenarios. The study used a Poisson regression model that considered seasonality and lag effects to determine the best-fit model in relation to the diseases under consideration. Zhang and others (2008), in their review of climate change and the transmission of vector-borne diseases, found that: ���Besides climatic variables, few of them have included other factors that can affect the transmission of vector-borne disease���.��� (Zhang 2008) Water, sanitation and health expenditure are key determinants of health. In the draft of the second communication to IPCC, Jamaica noted the vulnerability of public health to climate change, including sanitation and access to water (MSJ/UNDP, 2009). Sanitation, which in its broadest context includes the removal of waste (excreta, solid, or other hazardous waste), is a predictor of vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue fever), diarrhoeal diseases (such as gastroenteritis) and zoonoses (such as leptospirosis). In conceptualizing the model, an attempt was made to include non-climate predictors of these climate-sensitive diseases. The importance of sanitation and water access to the control of dengue, gastroenteritis and leptospirosis were included in the Poisson regression model. The Poisson regression model obtained was then used to predict the number of disease cases into the future (2011-2050) for each emission scenario. After projecting the number of cases, the cost associated with each scenario was calculated using four cost components. 1. Treatment cost morbidity estimate. The treatment cost for the number of cases was calculated using reference values found in the literature for each condition. The figures were derived from studies of the cost of treatment and represent ambulatory and non-fatal hospitalized care for dengue fever and gastroenteritis. Due to the paucity of published literature on the health care cost associated with leptospirosis, only the cost of diagnosis and antibiotic therapy were included in the calculation. 2. Mortality estimates. Mortality estimates are recorded as case fatality rates. Where local data were available, these were utilized. Where these were unavailable, appropriate reference values from the literature were used. 3. Productivity loss. Productivity loss was calculated using a human capital approach, by multiplying the expected number of productive days lost by the caregiver and/or the infected person, by GDP per capita per day (US$ 14) at 2008 GDP using 2008 US$ exchange rates. 4. No-option cost. The no-option cost refers to adaptation strategies for the control of dengue fever which are ongoing and already a part of the core functions of the Vector Control Division of the Ministry of Health, Jamaica. An estimated US$ 2.1 million is utilized each year in conducting activities to prevent the post-hurricane spread of vector borne diseases and diarrhoea. The cost includes public education, fogging, laboratory support, larvicidal activities and surveillance. This no-option cost was converted to per capita estimates, using population estimates for Jamaica up to 2050 obtained from the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN, 2006) and the assumption of one expected major hurricane per decade. During the decade 2000-2009, Jamaica had an average inflation of 10.4% (CIA Fact book, last updated May 2011). This average decadal inflation rate was applied to the no-option cost, which was inflated by 10% for each successive decade to adjust for changes in inflation over time.

Avalia����o do n��vel de suscetibilidade de linhagens de Aedes aegypti (D��ptera: Culicidae) aos inseticidas utilizados para seu controle

P��s-gradua����o em Sa��de Coletiva - FMB

Contribui����o ao conhecimento da fauna anof��lica antropof��lica da Praia da Saudade na Ilha de Cotijuba - Bel��m - Par��: uma ��rea end��mica da mal��ria

Apesar da sua localiza����o perto de Bel��m, Par��, a Ilha de Cotijuba tem sido assolada por surtos de mal��ria durante os ��ltimos anos, principalmente nos meses de abril a maio. A ilha faz parte de um arquip��lago situado ��s margens da ba��a do Maraj��, a 29 km de Bel��m, constituindo uma parte insular dessa cidade, e possui uma ��rea de cerca de 60 km�� e uma costa com 20 km de praias, que corresponde a 66% da ��rea total da ilha. Por causa da epidemia, tomou-se necess��rio conhecer as esp��cies de anofelinos vetores de mal��ria na ilha. Nos anos de 2002 a 2004 foram realizadas coletas peri��dicas de larvas e adultos de mosquitos e os seus criat��rios foram localizados e caracterizados. Os imaturos foram coletados com aux��lio de conchas e em bandejas pl��sticas. Para os adultos utilizou-se o m��todo de captura manual com isca humana. Duas coletas de adultos na floresta foram realizadas, uma no per��odo seco e outra no per��odo chuvoso, com dura����o de 24 horas ininterruptas. Seis coletas bimensais no peridomic��lio foram feitas, com dura����o de 6 horas. Tanto na floresta como no peridomicilio foram registradas apenas duas esp��cies em atividade atacando o homem, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis e Anopheles (Anopheles) intermedius. A. aquasalis foi mais freq��ente no peridomic��lio, enquanto A. intermedius teve maior freq����ncia na floresta. Verificou-se que o maior n��mero de casos de mal��ria na ilha ocorre dois meses depois do in��cio das chuvas, no m��s de maio. Na i, como um todo, existem quatro lagos que s��o os poss��veis criat��rios de anofelinos da ilha e o lago da Gabriela �� o principal criat��rio da ilha de Cotijuba, sendo responslha de Cotijuba��vel por 42% dos casos de mal��ria na ilha no ano de 2003. As condi����es clim��ticas, o comportamento dos residentes e a falta de recursos para o efetivo controle dos vetores da doen��a, entre outros fatores, favorecem a persist��ncia de mal��ria na Ilha de Cotijuba.

Acionamento vetorial por controlador fuzzy modo deslizante de motor de indu����o

Este trabalho estuda a t��cnica de acionamento vetorial aplicado ao motor de indu����o trif��sico (MIT), utilizando como estrat��gia de controle a combina����o de controle fuzzy com controladores chaveados do tipo modo deslizante, em uma configura����o aqui denominada de Controlador Fuzzy Modo Deslizante (FSMC ��� Do ingl��s: Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control). Um modelo din��mico do MIT �� desenvolvido em vari��veis ���d-q��� o que conduziu a um modelo eletromec��nico em espa��o de estados que exibe fortes n��o linearidades. A este modelo s��o aplicadas as condi����es de controle vetorial que permitem desacoplar o torque e o fluxo no MIT, de maneira que o seu comportamento din��mico se assemelha ��quele verificado em uma m��quina de corrente cont��nua. Nesta condi����o, s��o implementados controladores do tipo proporcional e integral (PI) ��s malhas de controle de corrente e velocidade do motor, e s��o realizadas simula����es computacionais para o rastreamento de velocidade e perturba����o de carga, o que levam a resultados satisfat��rios do ponto de vista din��mico. Visando investigar o desempenho das estrat��gias n��o lineares nesta abordagem �� apresentado o estudo da t��cnica de controle a estrutura chaveada do tipo modo deslizante. Um controlador modo deslizante convencional �� implementado, onde se verifica que, a despeito do excelente desempenho din��mico a ocorr��ncia do fen��meno do ���chettering��� inviabiliza a aplica����o desta estrat��gia em testes reais. Assim, �� proposta a estrat��gia de controle FSMC, buscando associar o bom resultado din��mico obtido com o controlador modo deslizante e a supress��o do fen��meno do chettering, o que se atinge pela defini����o de uma camada de chaveamento do tipo Fuzzy. O controlador FSMC proposto �� submetido aos mesmos testes computacionais que o controlador PI, conduzindo a resultados superiores a este ��ltimo no transit��rio da resposta din��mica, por��m com a presen��a de erro em regime permanente. Para atacar este problema �� implementada uma combina����o Fuzzy das estrat��gias FSMC com a a����o de controle PI, onde o primeiro busca atuar em regi��es afastadas da superf��cie de chaveamento e o segundo busca introduzir o efeito da a����o integral pr��ximo �� superf��cie. Os resultados obtidos mostram a viabilidade da estrat��gia em acionamento de velocidade vari��vel que exigem elevado desempenho din��mico.

Variabilidade gen��tica e varia����o das regi��es heterocrom��ticas em linhagens de Triatoma infestans (Heteroptera : Reduviidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Recent and future environmental suitability to dengue fever in Brazil using species distribution model

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Utiliza����o de armadilha de emers��o para captura de flebotom��neos em ��rea com transmiss��o e sem transmiss��o de LVA e LTA, na regi��o centro-oeste do estado de S��o Paulo, Brasil

P��s-gradua����o em Medicina Veterin��ria - FMVZ

Atividade larvicida dos ��leos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum e Citrus sinensis em popula����es de Aedes aegypti

P��s-gradua����o em Bioci��ncias - FCLAS

An��lise temporal da din��mica populacional de Aedes aegypti

Dengue virus is a major public health problem worldwide. Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is the main dengue vector. Since there is no specific treatment or effective vaccine, control measure is focused on vector control. It is believed that population density is higher in the warmer/rainy season than in cold/dry. The study aimed to genetically characterize population dynamics of Ae. aegypti during climatic variations. Collections were performed at least once in both periods over five years by oviposition traps at Botucatu city. The technique of TaqMan allelic discrimination was used for genetic analysis, in which SNPs from nine genes distributed on three chromosomes of the mosquito were genotyped. Bayesian analysis did not show variance on population structure over the five year period. The percentage of variation among samples in statistical analysis was low (Fst = 0.0028, p = 0.7634), furthermore the allele frequencies were constant. The results show that despite wide variation in the density of adults, population size does not vary. Therefore, there is variation in the prevalence of the species life stages: adults in warmer/rainy, and possibly eggs in cold/dry, resulting in different control strategies for each period. Moreover, estimation of population size should not consider only winged adults, but all other found life stages forms

Estudo fotodin��mico da clorofila a, azul de metileno e rosa bengala como agente inseticida contra Aedes aegypti

Photodynamic therapy, term introduced by von Tapeiner in 1900, can be defined as the administration of a non toxic drug, i.e., a dye, known as photosensitizer (FS), which subsequently will be illuminated with light of specific wavelength. PDT is based on the interaction among FS, oxygen and light, which through photochemical reactions cause cell death. The FS molecules must have a high probability to form the singlet state after the excitation, which can induce chemical changes in the neighborhood in two ways, called reactions type I and type II. The type II reaction is based on the exchange of energy to molecular oxygen, exciting it to its state of higher energy (singlet), which is highly reactive. The proposed mechanisms for cell death are linked to damage to the DNA, mitochondria and to the cytoplasmic membrane. Several pre���clinical and clinical trials have been carried out and the PDT is already used in many countries for treatment mainly against certain types of cancer. The therapy also has been gaining strength in antimicrobial control, since the microorganisms have appeared increasingly resistant to current antibiotics. Another attempt to use the PDT is for the inactivation of macro���organisms, such as micro���crustaceans and mosquitoes. To this end I tested whether the photosensitizers methylene blue, rose Bengal and the chlorophyll a has insecticidal activity against the yellow fever and dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Since these diseases have no effective treatments, its control is linked to the vector control, which has shown resistance to chemical pesticides used. Based on this, this work shows its importance, because it is a new type of mosquito control since all the photosensitizers used are low cost, do not generate toxic products at the concentrations used and showed good results in mortality. The best photosensitizer was rose Bengal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Rela����o entre presen��a de anticorpos anti-leishmania spp. e carga parasit��ria em sangue de c��es de ��rea end��mica para leishmaniose visceral

P��s-gradua����o em Ci��ncia Animal - FMVA

Entoepidemiology of Chagas disease in the Western region of the State of Sao Paulo from 2004 to 2008, and cytogenetic analysis in Rhodnius neglectus (Hemiptera, Triatominae)

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)