Consciência fonológica: uma competência linguística fundamental na transição do Pré-Escolar para o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

De acordo com os dados fornecidos pelo Gabinete de Avaliação Educacional do Ministério da Educação (GAVE) acerca do relatório do Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) em 2006, os resultados das provas de aferição, do 4º ano de escolaridade do 1º ciclo do ensino básico (CEB), revelam o fraco desempenho das crianças portuguesas nas tarefas de leitura e de escrita. Os dados fornecidos do Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), em 2011, mostram que o conhecimento do alfabeto que é fornecido através da consciência fonológica é o melhor preditor do sucesso da leitura. Assim, os objectivos desta investigação são: diagnosticar os níveis de consciência fonológica das crianças que estão em transição entre a educação pré-escolar e o 1.º CEB; implementar e validar um programa de treino da consciência fonológica; e saber até que ponto o treino da consciência fonológica influencia na aquisição dos conhecimentos a longo prazo. Nos três estudos efectuados participaram 346 sujeitos que frequentavam o pré-escolar e o 1º CEB, 49,4% do sexo feminino e 50,6% do sexo masculino. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Prova de Segmentação Linguística (Alpha de Cronbach = 0,94) e o Programa de Treino da Consciência Fonológica (PTCF). Verificaram-se melhorias significativas no pós-teste do grupo experimental relativamente ao grupo de controlo. Verificou-se, ainda, que as habilitações académicas dos pais influenciam positivamente na aquisição desta habilidade metalinguística e são um bom preditor da mesma.

Calheta e Funchal: estudo dialetal e sociolinguístico de alguns regionalismos madeirenses (comparação da sua vitalidade nos dois concelhos)

Este estudo enquadra-se na área da Dialetologia e da Sociolinguística Variacionista, centrando-se na análise de alguns regionalismos madeirenses recolhidos no concelho da Calheta. Estes foram testados através de um questionário semânticolexical aplicado no mesmo concelho e no concelho do Funchal com uma amostra de cento e oito informantes, seis por freguesia, estratificados por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Para o tratamento dos dados usámos a metodologia quantitativa, recorrendo ao programa Microsoft Office Access, que nos dá conta do número de respostas e percentagens registadas, no que respeita ao conhecimento dos cinquenta e dois vocábulos estudados, tendo em conta os fatores de variação social (género, idade e escolaridade) e o fator geográfico (rural vs. urbano). Na análise qualitativa, elaborámos um glossário que sistematiza os significados indicados pelos informantes, registando as diferentes aceções e exemplos de uso dos vocábulos. Alguns destes podem ser classificados como arcaísmos, neologismos regionais e regionalismos usuais ou correntes, sendo que não confirmámos a existência de nenhum populismo, o que nos permite aferir a vitalidade dos regionalismos testados no Português falado nos concelhos da Calheta e do Funchal. Concluímos que a idade e a escolaridade influenciam o maior conhecimento dos vocábulos, ou seja, os falantes mais idosos com baixo grau de escolaridade, independentemente do concelho, mostram-se mais conservadores do que os adultos e do que os jovens. No entanto, o fator geográfico também se revelou pertinente, dado que os adultos e os jovens com ensino secundário e superior, respetivamente, do concelho da Calheta revelaram conhecer mais vocábulos do que os do concelho do Funchal. Apesar da crescente valorização do património lexical madeirense, verificamos que muitos regionalismos virão a desaparecer porque estarão a cair em desuso com as novas gerações.

Variação no conteúdo protéico e pigmentar em variantes cromáticas de Gracilaria domingensis nas populações naturais de Rio do Fogo-RN, BRASIL

The seaweed Gracilaria domingensis is a common species in the coast of Rio Grande do Norte. This species lives in the intertidal zone, where colour strains (red, green and brown) co-occur during the whole year. Seaweeds that live in this region are exposed to daily changes and to the rhythm of the tide. During the low tide they are exposed to dissection, hiper-or hipo-osmotic shock, high temperatures and high irradiance. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the pigment and protein content of the colour strains of G. domingensis is affected by some environmental parameters in a temporal scale. The seaweeds were collected during 10 months in the seashore of Rio do Fogo (RN). The total soluble proteins and the phycobiliprotein were extracted in phosphate buffer and the carotenoids were analyzed by a standardized method through HPLC-UV. The pigments analysis showed that phycoerithrin is the most abundant pigment in the three strains. This pigment was strongly correlated with nitrogen and the photosynthetically active radiation. Chlorophyll presented higher concentrations than carotenoids during the whole, but the ratio carotenoid/chlorophyll-a was modified by incident radiation. The most abundant carotenoid was ß-carotene and zeaxanthin, which had higher concentrations in the higher radiation months. The concentration increase of zeaxanthin in this period indicated a photoprotective response of the seaweed. The three strains presented a pigment profile that indicates different radiation tolerance profile. Our results pointed that the green strain is better adapted to high irradiance levels than the red and brown strains

Influência dos fatores abióticos sobre a variação espaço-temporal de paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875) (pisces, sciaenidae) componente da fauna acompanhante da pesca de camarões no litoral Norte de São Paulo

Knowledge of the environmental factors influence on the spatial-temporal variation of fishes is important to fisheries management and conservation. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the abiotical factors on the spatial-temporal distribution of Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Pisces, Sciaenidae) caught by-catch with the shrimp fishing of Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba regions, north coast of São Paulo State. The fishes were captured every month from January to December 2002. Samples were collected by otter trawl at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35m depths. The temperatures (surface and bottom), salinities (surface and bottom), sediment features and organic matters were verified for each depth. During all period of the study 12.642 specimens of P. brasiliensis were captured at Ubatuba and 17.166 at Caraguatatuba, which totalized the biomass of 267 for the first and 339kg for the other region. The females outnumbered males in fish population. The greatest values of biomass and number of individuals were registered at the summer and autumn seasons, while the lowest values were observed at the winter and spring seasons. The greatest abundances were found from 15 to 25m depth. In this study, it was verified that P. brasiliensis is a coastal waters associate species. The spatialtemporal distribution of P. brasiliensis is affected by intrusion of SACW and depth for the coastal region and by depth and sediment in sheltered areas such as Caraguatatuba

Variação temporal da Comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em um riacho intermitente do semiárido brasileiro

In Brazilian semiarid region, the majority of water bodies are temporary and the biodiversity in these ecosystems is poorly known. The goal of this study was to describe the temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrates in an intermittent stream in the Brazilian semiarid region. From March to July of 2009, surveys of benthic macroinvertebrates and water physiochemical parameters were done in a first order stream located at Piranhas-Açu River basin. 25 macroinvertebrates families were found, 21 belonging to Insecta class. The chironomids were the most abundant group during all study period and were represented by 19 genus. The largest densities and taxonomic richness were seen in the drying phase of the stream while the smallest values were found in the period with the heaviest rainfalls ( wet phase ). Only the families Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae were found during all study period, suggesting that these groups have better adaptations to support floods and droughts. Furthermore, these two groups seemed to be pioneering in this stream. Among the chironomids, Paratendipes dominated the period of floods while Tanytarsus were more abundant in the drying phase . This study showed that hydrological fluctuation is the main force influencing the macroinvertebrate community in this stream, therefore, efforts seeking the conservation and management of Brazilian semiarid water bodies should consider this high natural variability in flow regime

Estudo comparativo da variação temporal da comunidade fitoplanctônica do açude Cruzeta inserido no bioma caatinga, Rio Grande do Norte

The Cruzeta impoundment, situated in the city of Cruzeta, hinterland of the state of the Rio Grande do Norte state has significant importance to the municipality as it represents the only source of supplying water to the region. It was hypothesized that the regional consequence of the global warming and the warming of surface water could substantially contribute the significant growth of the aquatic macrophytes in the years 2008-2009. The growth of these vegetation believed to be improved the degree of water transparency and as a consequence of the improved growth of phytoplankton species and chlorophyll biomass. At the same time the aquatic macrophyte could interact and compete potentially for the dissolved inorganic nutrients resources and the phytoplankton community. This study presents a comparison of years 2004-2005 when it did not have the expressive presence of the aquatic macrophyte community or restricted to the littoral region. In contrast, the years 2008-2009 showed a significant growth of the aquatic macrophyte in the Cruzeta/RN impoundments. The present study is an attempt to elucidate the significant presence of the aquatic macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes, Ceratophyllum submersum, Nymphea sp and Pistia sp, and its interference on the ecology of phytoplankton. The samplings had been carried out from September of 2008 to April of 2009 and consistently between 10:00 h and 12:00 h with the aid of Van Dorn bottle and the plankton net of mesh size 20 Qm. The collections were made in three depths ie., surface, mid-column and bottom. The Physical-Chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen had been analyzed in situ. The samples for analysis of nutrients and chlorophyll were kept under refrigeration for posterior analysis in the laboratory. Phytoplankton samples were preserved in Lugol-iodine and kept for sedimentation for quali-quantitative analysis of phytoplankton. Enumeration of cells, colonies and filaments was done with the aid of Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber and expressed as numbers/ml. Chlorophyll a was analyzed as a functional component of phytoplankton biomass and extracted with cold 90% acetone. The results indicate that the chlorophyll concentration varied between 5,65-8,08 Qg.L-1 for the dry period and 5,09-6,23 Qg.L-1 for the rainy period and showed considerable reduction when compared to the values to the 2004-2005 study period. The temperature was always presented higher in relation to the 2004-2005 study. Phytoplankton species showed a relative abundance of the Cyanophyceae for both the period of dry and rainy. The predominance species are filamentous Leptolymbya geophila Borzi (Planctolyngbya sp), Anabaena plankctônica Brunnthaler, Oscillatória limosa Ag. and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wolosz). The concentration of the nutrients such as nitrate and orto-phosfato had always presented higher values during the rainy period and the ammoniacal nitrogen retained moderate values in the dry period and a slight increase in rainy season. The main conclusions are the reduction of the concentration of chlorophyll, diversity of phytoplankton, and the increase in temperature and transparency of the water during the period of the study