Is there a relationship between screening for diabetes related foot complications and limb amputation?

Background From the conservative estimates of registrants with the National Diabetes Supply Scheme, we will be soon passing 1.1 Million Australians affected by all types of diabetes. The diabetes complications of foot ulceration and amputation are costly to all. These costs can be reduced with appropriate prevention strategies, starting with identifying people at risk through primary care diabetic foot screening. Yet levels of diabetic foot screening in Australia are difficult to quantify. This presentation aims to report on foot screening rates as recorded in existing academic literature, national health surveys and national database reports. Methods Literature searches included diabetic foot screening that occurred in the primary care setting for populations over 2000 people from 2002 to 2014. Searches were performed using Medline and CINAHL as well as internet searches of Organisations for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries health databases. The focus is on type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults, and not gestational diabetes or children. The two primary outcome measures were foot -screening rates as a percentage of adult diabetic population and major lower limb amputation incidence rates from standardised OECD data. Results The most recent and accurate level for Australian population review was in the AUSDIAB (Australian Diabetes and lifestyle survey) from 2004. This survey reported screening in primary care to be as low as 50%. Countries such as the United Kingdom and United States of America have much higher reported rates of foot screening (67-86%) recorded using national databases and web based initiatives that involve patients and clinicians. By comparison major amputation rates for Australia were similar to the United Kingdom at 6.5 versus 5.1 per 100,000 population, but dis-similar to the United States of America at 17 per 100,000 population. Conclusions Australian rates of diabetic foot screening in primary care centres is ambiguous. There is no direct relationship between foot screening levels in a primary care environment and major lower limb amputation, based on national health survey's and OECD data. Uptake of national registers, incentives and web-based systems improve levels of diabetic foot assessment, which are the first steps to a healthier diabetic population.

Time to rest : Signals in shoot apex developmental transitions underlying dormancy

Vuodenajat rytmittävät monivuotisten kasvien elämää pohjoisella pallonpuoliskolla, jolla varmin merkki lähestyvästä talvikaudesta on asteittain lyhenevä päivänpituus. Kun päivänpituus on lyhentynyt tiettyyn raja-arvoon saakka, kasvu hiipuu ja kasvin kehityksessä tapahtuu suuria muutoksia. Väitöskirjatyössäni tutkittiin mekanismeja, jotka liittyvät pituuskasvun päättymiseen, silmujen lepotilan kehittymiseen ja kärkisilmun muodostumiseen hybridihaavan ja koivuntaimilla lyhyen päivänpituuden seurauksena kasvihuoneolosuhteissa. Vain lepotilaiset silmut selviytyvät luonnossa ankaran talvikauden yli, joten etenkin lepotilan kehittymisen tutkiminen on keskeistä pyrittäessä selvittämään monivuotisille kasveille tyypillisen kasvutavan mekanismeja. Jo pitkään on tiedetty, että täysikasvuiset lehdet vastaanottavat tiedon päivänpituudesta ja lähettävät signaaleja varren johtojänteissä ylöspäin kohti kasvin kärkiosaa. Sen sijaan varren kärjen ja kärkikasvupisteen roolia lepotilan kehittymisessä on selvitetty vain vähän. Kuitenkin juuri kärkikasvupisteen selviytyminen vuodesta toiseen on tärkeää, koska sen jakautumiskykyiset solukot tuottavat kasvin maanpäälliset osat. Tässä työssä tehdyissä varttamiskokeissa osoitettiin, että varren kärki ei ainoastaan vastaanota signaaleja lehdistä ja ajoita toimintaansa niiden mukaan, vaan myös kärjellä itsellään on aktiivinen rooli lepotilan kehittymisessä. Erityisesti kiinnitettiin huomiota kärkikasvupisteen eri alueiden, ns. apikaalimeristeemin ja rib-meristeemin erilaisiin tehtäviin ja pääteltiin, että molemmat vaikuttavat lepotilan kehittymiseen. Kokeissa käytettiin normaalien hybridihaapojen lisäksi siirtogeenisiä hybridihaapoja, jotka eivät lopeta kasvuaan lyhyt päivä –olosuhteissa. Siirtogeeniset hybridihaavat ilmensivät voimakkaasti fytokromi A -nimistä valon vastaanottajamolekyyliä rib-meristeemin alueella, mikä saattoi osaltaan vaikuttaa poikkeavaan pituuskasvukäyttäytymiseen. Myös useiden lepotilan kehittymiseen liittyvien geenien ilmenemisessä havaittiin poikkeavuuksia verrattuna ei-siirtogeenisiin kontrolleihin, joiden silmuissa kehittyi lepotila lyhyt päivä –altistuksen seurauksena. Väitöskirjatyössäni havaittiin, että myös kaasumainen kasvihormoni etyleeni toimii viestinvälittäjänä silmujen lepotilan kehittymisessä ja vaikuttaa etenkin lepotilan oikeaan ajoittumiseen. Etyleenillä huomattiin olevan määräävä rooli päätesilmun muodostumisessa: siirtogeeniset koivut, jotka eivät aisti etyleeniä, eivät muodostaneet päätesilmua. Silti siirtogeeniset koivut vaipuivat lepotilaan, joskin myöhemmin kuin ei-siirtogeeniset kontrollit. Tämän perusteella todettiin, että lepotilan ja päätesilmun kehittyminen ovat erillisiä kehitystapahtumia, vaikka ne saattavatkin ajoittua osaksi päällekkäin.

Human parvovirus B19: tissue persistence and prevalence of prototypic and new variants

Human parvovirus B19 is a minute ssDNA virus causing a wide variety of diseases, including erythema infectiosum, arthropathy, anemias, and fetal death. After primary infection, genomic DNA of B19 has been shown to persist in solid tissues of not only symptomatic but also of constitutionally healthy, immunocompetent individuals. In this thesis, the viral DNA was shown to persist as an apparently intact molecule of full length, and without persistence-specific mutations. Thus, although the mere presence of B19 DNA in tissue can not be used as a diagnostic criterion, a possible role in the pathogenesis of diseases e.g. through mRNA or protein production can not be excluded. The molecular mechanism, the host-cell type and the possible clinical significance of B19 DNA tissue persistence are yet to be elucidated. In the beginning of this work, the B19 genomic sequence was considered highly conserved. However, new variants were found: V9 was detected in 1998 in France, in serum of a child with aplastic crisis. This variant differed from the prototypic B19 sequences by ~10 %. In 2002 we found, persisting in skin of constitutionally healthy humans, DNA of another novel B19 variant, LaLi. Genetically this variant differed from both the prototypic sequences and the variant V9 also by ~10%. Simultaneously, B19 isolates with DNA sequences similar to LaLi were introduced by two other groups, in the USA and France. Based on phylogeny, a classification scheme based on three genotypes (B19 types 1-3) was proposed. Although the B19 virus is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route, blood and plasma-derived products contaminated with high levels of B19 DNA have also been shown to be infectious. The European Pharmacopoeia stipulates that, in Europe, from the beginning of 2004, plasma pools for manufacture must contain less than 104 IU/ml of B19 DNA. Quantitative PCR screening is therefore a prerequisite for restriction of the B19 DNA load and obtaining of safe plasma products. Due to the DNA sequence variation among the three B19 genotypes, however, B19 PCR methods might fail to detect the new variants. We therefore examined the suitability of the two commercially available quantitative B19 PCR tests, LightCycler-Parvovirus B19 quantification kit (Roche Diagnostics) and RealArt Parvo B19 LC PCR (Artus), for detection, quantification and differentiation of the three B19 types known, including B19 types 2 and 3. The former method was highly sensitive for detection of the B19 prototype but was not suitable for detection of types 2 and 3. The latter method detected and differentiated all three B19 virus types. However, one of the two type-3 strains was detected at a lower sensitivity. Then, we assessed the prevalence of the three B19 virus types among Finnish blood donors, by screening pooled plasma samples derived from >140 000 blood-donor units: none of the pools contained detectable levels of B19 virus types 2 or 3. According to the results of other groups, B19 type 2 was absent also among Danish blood-donors, and extremely rare among symptomatic European patients. B19 type 3 has been encountered endemically in Ghana and (apparently) in Brazil, and sporadical cases have been detected in France and the UK. We next examined the biological characteristics of these virus types. The p6 promoter regions of virus types 1-3 were cloned in front of a reporter gene, the constructs were transfected into different cell lines, and the promoter activities were measured. As a result, we found that the activities of the three p6 promoters, although differing in sequence by >20%, were of equal strength, and most active in B19-permissive cells. Furthermore, the infectivity of the three B19 types was examined in two B19-permissive cell lines. RT-PCR revealed synthesis of spliced B19 mRNAs, and immunofluorescence verified the production of NS1 and VP proteins in the infected cells. These experiments suggested similar host-cell tropism and showed that the three virus types are strains of the same species, i.e. human parvovirus B19. Last but not least, the sera from subjects infected in the past either with B19 type 1 or type 2 (as evidenced by tissue persistence of the respective DNAs), revealed in VP1/2- and VP2-EIAs a 100 % cross-reactivity between virus types 1 and 2. These results, together with similar studies by others, indicate that the three B19 genotypes constitute a single serotype.

Intensive versus conventional glycaemic control for treating diabetic foot ulcers

Background The estimated likelihood of lower limb amputation is 10 to 30 times higher amongst people with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. Of all non-traumatic amputations in people with diabetes, 85% are preceded by a foot ulcer. Foot ulceration associated with diabetes (diabetic foot ulcers) is caused by the interplay of several factors, most notably diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and changes in foot structure. These factors have been linked to chronic hyperglycaemia (high levels of glucose in the blood) and the altered metabolic state of diabetes. Control of hyperglycaemia may be important in the healing of ulcers. Objectives To assess the effects of intensive glycaemic control compared to conventional control on the outcome of foot ulcers in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Search methods In December 2015 we searched: The Cochrane Wounds Specialised Register; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid EMBASE; EBSCO CINAHL; Elsevier SCOPUS; ISI Web of Knowledge Web of Science; BioMed Central and LILACS. We also searched clinical trial databases, pharmaceutical trial databases and current international and national clinical guidelines on diabetes foot management for relevant published, non-published, ongoing and terminated clinical trials. There were no restrictions based on language or date of publication or study setting. Selection criteria Published, unpublished and ongoing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were considered for inclusion where they investigated the effects of intensive glycaemic control on the outcome of active foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Non randomised and quasi-randomised trials were excluded. In order to be included the trial had to have: 1) attempted to maintain or control blood glucose levels and measured changes in markers of glycaemic control (HbA1c or fasting, random, mean, home capillary or urine glucose), and 2) documented the effect of these interventions on active foot ulcer outcomes. Glycaemic interventions included subcutaneous insulin administration, continuous insulin infusion, oral anti-diabetes agents, lifestyle interventions or a combination of these interventions. The definition of the interventional (intensive) group was that it should have a lower glycaemic target than the comparison (conventional) group. Data collection and analysis All review authors independently evaluated the papers identified by the search strategy against the inclusion criteria. Two review authors then independently reviewed all potential full-text articles and trials registry results for inclusion. Main results We only identified one trial that met the inclusion criteria but this trial did not have any results so we could not perform the planned subgroup and sensitivity analyses in the absence of data. Two ongoing trials were identified which may provide data for analyses in a later version of this review. The completion date of these trials is currently unknown. Authors' conclusions The current review failed to find any completed randomised clinical trials with results. Therefore we are unable to conclude whether intensive glycaemic control when compared to conventional glycaemic control has a positive or detrimental effect on the treatment of foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Previous evidence has however highlighted a reduction in risk of limb amputation (from various causes) in people with type 2 diabetes with intensive glycaemic control. Whether this applies to people with foot ulcers in particular is unknown. The exact role that intensive glycaemic control has in treating foot ulcers in multidisciplinary care (alongside other interventions targeted at treating foot ulcers) requires further investigation.

A novel single pot synthesis of binuclear copper(II) complexes of macrocyclic and macroacyclic compartmental ligands: Structures and magnetic properties

Two binuclear copper(II) complexes one (complex 1) with a macrocyclic ligand (H(2)L1) and other (complex 2) with a macroacyclic (end-off type) compartmental ligand (HL2) have been synthesized from single pot template synthesis involving copper(II) nitrate, 1,2diaminoethane, 4-methyl-2,6-diformylphenol, and sodium azide. Structure analysis of complex I reveals that there are actually two half molecules present in the asymmetric unit and so two complexes (molecule-I and molecule-II) are present in unit cell, although they show slight differences. The two Cu(II) centers are in distorted square pyramidal coordination environment with two endogenous phenoxo bridges provided by the phenolate of H(2)L1 I having Cu-Cu separations of 2.9133(10) angstrom and 2.9103(10) in the two molecules. In complex 2 the coordination environments around two Cu(II) centers are asymmetric, Cu1 is in distorted square pyramidal environment whereas, the coordination environment around Cu2 is distorted octahedral. The two Cu(II) centers in complex 2 are connected by two different kinds of bridges, one is endogenous phenoxo bridge provided by the phenolate of the ligand HL2 and the other is exogenous azido bridge (mu-(1),(l) type) with Cu-Cu distance of 3.032(10) angstrom. Variable temperature magnetic studies show that two Cu(II) centers in both the complexes are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled with J = -625 +/- 5 cm(-1) and J = -188.6 +/- 1cm(-1) for complex 1 and 2, respectively. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Conformational studies on beta-bend containing a cis peptide unit

Conformational studies have been carried out on the X-cis-Pro tripeptide system (a system of three linked peptide units, in the trans-cis-trans configuration) using energy minimization techniques. For X, residues Gly, L-Ala, D-Ala and L-Pro have been used. The energy minima have been classified into different groups based upon the conformational similarity. There are 15, 20, 18 and 6 minima that are possible for the four cases respectively and these fall into 11 different groups. A study of these minima shows that, (i) some minima contain hydrogen bonds - either 4-->1 or 1-->2 type, (ii) the low energy minima qualify themselves as bend conformations, (iii) cis' and trans' conformations are possible for the prolyl residue as also the C(gamma)-endo and C(gamma)-exo puckerings, and (iv) for Pro-cis-Pro, cis' at the first prolyl residue is ruled out, due to the high energy. The available crystal structure data on proteins and peptides, containing cis-Pro segment have been examined with a view to find the minima that occur in solid state. The data from protein show that they fall under two groups. The conformation at X in X-cis-Pro is near extended when it is a non-glycyl residue. In both peptides and proteins there exists a preference for trans' conformation at prolyl residue over cis' when X is a non-glycyl residue. The minima obtained can be useful in modelling studies.

Lithium D-Isoascorbate Monohydrate, a New Nonlinear Optical Material

Single crystals of lithium D-isoascorbate monohydrate (LDAM), (C6H7O6Li center dot H2O), are grown by a solution growth method. The crystal structure of LDAM is solved using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The space group is orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) with four formula units per unit cell and lattice parameters a = 7.7836(3) angstrom, b = 8.7456(3) angstrom, and c = 11.0368(4) angstrom. Solubility of the material in water is determined thermogravimetrically and found to have a positive temperature coefficient of solubility. Large optical quality single crystals are subsequently grown from aqueous solution by a slow cooling method. The crystal has a bulky prismatic habit and among the prominent faces the c face appears as the only principal morphological face. The crystal exhibits a (010) cleavage. Dielectric spectroscopy reveals a nearly Debye type Cole-Cole behavior with anisotropy in relaxation. Optical transmission range is found to be from 300 to 1400 nm. The principal refractive indices of this biaxial crystal, measured using Brewster's angle method, at wavelengths 405, 543, and 632.8 nm, show high dispersion. The crystal is negative biaxial with 2V(z) = 107.8 degrees (405 nm) and belongs to the Hobden class 3. Theoretically generated type 1 and type 2 second order phase matching curves match very well with the experimental results. The second-order nonlinear coefficient d(14) was determined to be 7 x 10(-13) m/V. For the optimum phase matching direction (type 2), the second-order effective nonlinear coefficient and the walk off angle are determined to be 0.84 times d(14) and 3.5 degrees respectively. The crystal possesses high multiple surface damage thresholds of 18 GW/cm(2) and 8 GW/cm(2) at laser wavelengths 1064 and 532 nm, respectively.

Crystal growth and nonlinear optical properties of sodium D-isoascorbate monohydrate

Optical quality single crystals of sodium D-isoascorbate monohydrate were grown by a slow cooling technique. The crystal possesses a bulky prismatic morphology. Thermal analyses indicate that the crystals are stable up to 125 degrees C. The optical transmission window ranges from 307 nm to 1450 nm. The principal refractive indices have been measured employing Brewster's angle method. The crystallographic and the principal dielectric axes coincide with each other such that a lies along Z, b along X and c along Y. The optic axis is oriented 58 degrees (at 532 nm) to the crystallographic a axis in the XZ plane and the crystal is negative biaxial. Type 1 and type 2 phase matching curves are generated and experimentally verified. No polarization dependence of the light absorption was observed confirming the validity of Kleinman's symmetry conjecture, leading to a single nonvanishing nonlinear tensor component. According to Hobden's classification the crystal belongs to class 3. The crystal also exhibits second order noncollinear conic sections. The single shot and multiple shot surface laser damage thresholds are determined to be 32.7 GW cm(-2) and 6.5 GW cm(-2) respectively for 1064 nm radiation.

Coral diseases are major contributors to coral mortality in Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar, southeastern India

The present study reports coral mortality, driven primarily by coral diseases, around Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar (GOM), Indian Ocean. In total, 2910 colonies were permanently monitored to assess the incidence of coral diseases and consequent mortality for 2 yr. Four types of lesions consistent with white band disease (WBD), black disease (BD), white plaque disease (WPD), and pink spot disease (PSD) were recorded from 4 coral genera: Montipora, Pocillopora, Acropora, and Porites. Porites were affected by 2 disease types, while the other 3 genera were affected by only 1 disease type. Overall disease prevalence increased from 8% (n = 233 colonies) to 41.9% (n = 1219) over the 2 yr study period. BD caused an unprecedented 100% mortality in Pocillopora, followed by 20.4 and 13.1% mortality from WBD in Montipora and Acropora, respectively. Mean disease progression rates of 0.8 +/- 1.0 and 0.6 +/- 0.5 cm mo(-1) over live coral colonies were observed for BD and WBD. Significant correlations between temperature and disease progression were observed for BD (r = 0.86, R-2 = 0.75, p < 0.001) and WBD (R-2 = 0.76, p < 0.001). This study revealed the increasing trend of disease prevalence and progression of disease over live coral in a relatively limited study area; further study should investigate the status of the entire coral reef in the GOM and the role of diseases in reef dynamics.

Estudo estrutural e funcional das proteínas ligadoras de ácidos graxos (FABP- Fatty Acid Binding Proteins) de Fasciola hepatica

As proteínas ligadoras de ácidos graxos (Fatty Acid Binding Proteins, FABPs) de parasitos têm um papel importante no processo de infecção por estes organismos. Por este motivo, estas proteínas são antígenos candidatos para vacina contra a infecção por Schistosoma mansoni e Fasciola hepatica. No presente trabalho foram caracterizadas FABPs de F. hepatica e comparadas com a proteína Sm14 de S. mansoni, a FABP de parasito melhor caracterizada, mediante análise de sequências e estruturas modeladas. Também foram clonadas, expressas e purificadas as FABPs tipo 1 e tipo 3 de F. hepatica. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a FABP tipo 3 de F. hepatica é relacionada estrutural, imunológica e funcionalmente com a Sm14, um candidato vacinal amplamente estudado. Devido à importância da Sm14 como alvo para o desenvolvimento de vacina para a esquistossomose, as características apresentadas pela FhFABP3 de F. hepatica apontam esta proteína como um candidato importante também para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a fasciolose

Estudo de prevalência de disfunção tireoidiana em pacientes com diabetes mellitus acompanhados no ambulatório de diabetes do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto

O diabetes mellitus(DM) e as disfunções tireoidianas(DT) são as duas desordens endocrinológicas mais comuns na prática clínica. A DT não reconhecida pode interferir no controle metabólico e adicionar mais risco a um cenário predisponente à doença cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da DT em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e tipo 2 (DM1 e DM2) e avaliar o risco cardiovascular em pacientes com DM2 com e sem DT utilizando parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal. Foram avaliados 304 pacientes com DM2 e 82 pacientes com DM1. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um inquérito clínico-demográfico e avaliação laboratorial para determinação do perfil lipídico, glicídico e da função tireoidiana. Os pacientes com DM2 tiveram seus escores de risco cardiovascular em 10 anos determinados pelas equações de Framingham e do UKPDS risk engine. A frequência de disfunção tireoidiana entre os 386 pacientes foi de 14,7%, sendo de 13% nos que não possuíam disfunção prévia. A disfunção mais frequente encontrada foi de hipotireoidismo subclínico, com 13% no DM1 e de 12% no DM2. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-tireoperoxidase (TPO) positivos foi de 10,8%, sendo de14,6% em pacientes com DM1.Foram diagnosticados 44 (11,2%) novos casos de disfunção tireoidiana em pacientes que negavam ou desconheciam terem DT prévia.Destes novos casos, 12,8% em DM1 e 13,1% em DM2.Dos 49 pacientes com DT prévia, 50% dos DM1e 76% dos DM2 estavam compensados. Não foi observada diferença entre as médias do escore de risco de Framingham entre os pacientes DM2 com eutireoidismo e com hipotireoidismo subclínico. Observou-se uma associação entre o hipotireoidismo subclínico e risco cardiovascular nos pacientes com DM2 demonstrado pela diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias do escore UKPDS para doença coronariana não-fatal e fatal, acidente vascular cerebral fatal entre os dois grupos (p=0,007; 0,005;0,027 respectivamente). As demais funções tireodianas (hipotireoidismo clínico, hipertireoidismo clínico e subclínico) encontradas não foram analisadas devido ao pequeno número de pacientes em cada grupo.Concluímos que o rastreio da doença tireoidiana entre os pacientes com diabetes mellitus deve ser realizado rotineiramente considerando-se a prevalência de novos casos de DT diagnosticados e o fato de que os pacientes com DM2 e com hipotireoidismo subclínico avaliados possuírem um risco cardiovascular maior. Todavia, concluímos que estudos prospectivos e com maior número de pacientes são necessários para o esclarecimento do impacto da doença tireoidiana no risco cardiovascular do paciente com DM.

Produção de biodiesel a partir da transesterificação de óleo de soja ácido por via enzimática

Neste trabalho, foi estudada a transesterificação enzimática do óleo de soja com álcool catalisada por lipase comercial imobilizada. Inicialmente foram investigados os efeitos da temperatura, do tipo de enzima (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM e Lipozyme TL-IM) e do tipo de álcool (etanol ou butanol) na síntese de biodiesel utilizando óleo de soja refinado. A melhor temperatura observada para as reações empregando Lipozyme TL IM e Lipozyme RM IM foi de 50C, enquanto que para a Novozym 435, a temperatura ótima foi de 70C. O maior teor em biodiesel (~60%) foi obtido na etanólise do óleo de soja a 70C utilizando Novozym 435 a 5% m/m. Também foi avaliada a síntese de biodiesel por via enzimática a partir da etanólise de óleos ácidos com índice de acidez (IA) (de 8,5, 54,4 e 93,7). A conversão do ácido graxo livre foi superior a 90% nas reações conduzidas com Novozym 435 nas reações com os três óleos ácidos testados. O teor em biodiesel foi próximo a 50% na etanólise do óleo de soja com índice de acidez de 8,5 empregando Lipozyme TL IM, porém para índices de acidez maiores este rendimento diminuiu. Para as reações conduzidas com Lipozyme RM-IM, o teor em biodiesel manteve-se em torno de 30% para todos os óleos ácidos investigados. A etanólise do óleo de soja refinado empregando reator de leito fixo em modo contínuo, a 50C, foi investigada variando a velocidade espacial dos reagentes (0,255 e 0,508 h-1), o tipo de lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM e Lipozyme TL-IM) e a possibilidade de reuso do biocatalisador após lavagem com butanol. Na reação com Novozym 435, o teor em biodiesel foi de aproximadamente 50% e se manteve estável durante 4,5 h para as duas velocidades espaciais testadas. A lipase Lipozyme TL-IM apresentou teor em biodiesel maior do que o obtido nas reações com os outros biocatalisadores (~80%), porém não apresentou a mesma estabilidade. Foi observada uma queda significativa na produção de biodiesel nas reações empregando o reuso do biocatalisador

Efeitos tardios no tecido ovariano de ratas Wistar após tratamento com Docetaxel e Ciclofosfamida

O câncer de mama (CM) é o segundo tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo. Sabe-se que a maior incidência de CM ocorre nas mulheres pós-menopausa, entretanto é crescente o número de mulheres jovens acometidas por esta doença. O tratamento do CM pode incluir: quimioterapia, radioterapia e/ou hormonioterapia. A quimioterapia, por se ser um tratamento sistêmico, pode causar importantes efeitos colaterais, entre eles a falência ovariana induzida por quimioterapia (FOIQ). As principais consequências da FOIQ são a infertilidade, além de complicações tardias relacionadas à diminuição do estrogênio, como a osteoporose e doenças cardiovasculares. O regime quimioterápico TC, adota a associação do docetaxel com a ciclofosfamida, como uma opção por fármacos que resultem numa taxa de sobrevida livre do câncer, e menores efeitos colaterais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos tardios no ovário causados pelo tratamento com a associação dos quimioterápicos docetaxel e ciclofosfamida (TC), em modelo animal com ratos Wistar. Para verificar o sinergismo desses quimioterápicos e assim analisar o efeito da administração conjunta, ratos Wistar fêmeas foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo controle e um grupo que recebeu quimioterapia (TC). Os animais foram submetidos a eutanasia cinco meses após o fim do tratamento, e foram recolhidos o plasma e os ovários. Foram observadas alterações importantes. O nível de estradiol no plasma foi significativamente reduzido no grupo de TC em comparação com o grupo controle. Além disso, o número de núcleos apoptóticos foi maior no grupo TC. O papel da resposta inflamatória no desenvolvimento da lesão ovariana foi também investigado, e notou-se um aumento do número de mastócitos, e aumento da expressão de Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNF-α) no grupo TC. O envolvimento de fibrose nesse processo, foi também investigado. Os resultados mostraram que níveis de expressão de Fator de Crescimento Tumoral-β1 (TGF-β1), Colágeno Tipo I (Col-I) e Colágeno Tipo III (Col-III) estavam maiores no grupo TC em comparação com o grupo de controle. A análise ultraestrutural revelou a presença de feixes de colágeno no grupo tratado, e mostrou que a arquitetura do tecido do ovário estava mais desorganizada neste grupo comparado ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que a combinação de ciclofosfamida e docetaxel, um recente regime quimioterápico proposto para o tratamento do CM, pode levar a importantes alterações no ovário. O processo inflamatório, desencadeado pela administração dos quimioterápicos, estimula a apoptose e liberação de TGF-β no estroma ovariano, que induz a produção de matriz extracelular e subsequente, substituição do tecido sadio por tecido fibrótico. A principal consequência deste processo é a diminuição, ou perda, da função ovariana, levando à menopausa precoce e possível infertilidade. É importante compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na infertilidade provocada pelo regime TC, a fim de estudar novos métodos que evitem este efeito indesejável em mulheres submetidas a tratamento do CM.

嵩草属植物的系统学研究

嵩草属隶属于莎草科苔草亚科苔草族，主要分布于北半球温带地区，少数种类为环北极分布，有一种产于泰国清迈，一种产于苏门达腊岛北部高山。本‘文在形态学、微形态学、解剖学和胚胎学研究的基础上，对嵩草属植物进行了全面的分类学修订，根据属内各类群之间的系统演化关系建立了一个新的属下分类系统，确认了世界范围内53种3亚种嵩草属植物，并做出5个种上等级的新组合，描述了一个新亚组。 作者研究了国内外14家标本馆（室）的3000多份腊叶标本并进行多次野外的实地观察，对嵩草属植物的形态学性状进行了详细的比较和分析，评价了它们的系统学价值及其演化趋势。在嵩草属中，花序是由小穗排列成的圆锥花序或穗状花序，花序各部分的形态性状是种及种上等级分类的基础;花序的演化趋势是由圆锥花序到穗状花序，小穗是从由数朵雄花与1朵雌花组成简化到由1朵雌花组成。但是，花序和小穗由复杂到简单的进化在嵩草属中平行地发生于不同的类群中。先出叶的性状状态是分种的主要特征之一，通常认为边缘开裂的先出叶是原始的，边缘合生而为囊状的先出叶是进化的。同样，先出叶由开裂到合生的进化也是多次发生的。此外，根状茎、秆、叶鞘、叶片、柱头及小坚果等的性状状态对于种及种上等级的分类都具有重要的意义。 应用扫描电子显微镜对38种（或亚种）嵩草属植物的小坚果表面进行了观察，证明小坚果纹饰在种及种上等级的分类中具有重要的参考价值，并能揭示种及种下等级的亲缘关系。例如，分布于喜马拉雅东部至横断山地区的3种植物，K．clarkeana、K．curvata和K．fragilis外部形态非常相似，难于区分，而其小坚果的微形态特征却可以提供3种之间关系的证据。K．clarkeana与K．fragilis果实表面的特征完全一致，且与其它植物有显著区别，应为同种植物;K．curvata与它们明显不同，也与其它种有较大差异，应为独立的种。K．gramini folia，K．cercostach ys和K. nepalensis果实表面纹饰具有一些共同的特征，说明它们之间的亲缘关系较近。K．filicina和K．duthiei也存在同样的情形。 通过对秆和叶片的横切面和表皮的解剖学观察比较，发现嵩草属植物秆的横切面表现出由三角形到圆形的一系列变化。秆的横切面明显地分两个区域，中部的髓由较大而无色的细胞组成，其中心常碎裂形成大的气腔;外围的绿色部分，由绿色组织及分布其中的气腔和外韧维管束及与其相伴的厚壁组织组成。秆的表皮与叶片下表皮非常相象。叶片横切面的外形为V形、新月形或半圆形。V形的叶片具有明显发育的中脉并且在远轴面凸起，形成脊;新月形和半圆形的叶片中脉发育不明显，也无脊。叶片的表皮细胞均为长方形，垂周壁波纹状;平列型的气孔器纵向成行排列，多局限于下表皮;上表皮近边缘及脉附近的细胞常常在细胞的一端形成乳突。秆和叶片横切面的形态对于分种及种上等级的划分具有参考价值。 胚胎学研究表明小孢子、胚囊和胚的发育与莎草科其它类群一致。花粉为假单体花粉( pseudomonad)，成熟花粉三核。胚珠倒生，厚珠心，双层珠被，珠孑L由内珠被形成。胚囊的发育为蓼型，原胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。首次观察到，在大孢子四分体时期，合点端和珠孔端两个大孢子细胞开始时体积都增大，而中部两个很快退化，稍后珠孔端一个也退化，合点端一个为功能大孢子，发育成为胚囊。根据胚胎学证据，不支持将嵩草属与苔草族一起另立为嵩草科。 嵩草属中较原始的一个亚属subg. Compositae主要分布于西喜马拉雅至横断山地区，还有一种见于泰国，一种产于苏门达腊，而后2种植物还具有一些最原始的形态性状。结合地史的变化推测，嵩草属可能在第三纪早期起源于古地中海的东部和北部。 根据形态学和解剖学性状的分析表明，许多性状在嵩草属中是平行演化的，如花序和小穗由复杂到简单、秆由圆柱形到三棱形、叶片横切面由V形到半圆形等。该属的属下分类应该追溯这些平行的演化线，而不能像以前的分类那样，将它们横向地划分为几个组或亚属。作者认为嵩草属有3个大的进化分支，据此将其划分为3个亚属。Subg. Compositae，12种，是较原始的一个分支。叶近基生，叶片扁平;花序多疏松圆锥状，少穗状，苞片多为叶状;小穗两性到单性，先出叶多为囊状，少边缘分离，退化小穗轴明显、扁平、较长。Subg. Blysmocarex，仅2种，是较早分化而相对隔离的一个分支。根状茎匍匐状;花序由圆锥状到穗状，小穗两性或单性;柱头2。Subg. Kobresia，种类最多。叶片扁平或内卷;秆三棱形到圆柱形;花序紧密，复杂到简单，苞片不为叶状;小穗两性或单性，先出叶由开裂到合生，退化小穗轴较小而不显著。根据该亚属呈现出的不同的性状演化系列，可以分为3个组。Sect. Kobresia花序圆锥状至穗状，小穗多为两性，少为单性，先出叶边缘分离。含3个亚组：subsect. Kobresia，8种2亚种．植株纤细，秆与叶均为丝状;subsect. Royleanae，8种l亚种，植株较粗壮，叶片扁平或对折;subsect. Sibiri-cae，4种，秆较粗，叶片内卷。Sect. Psmmostachys，仅2种，小穗两性，先出叶完全合生为囊状。Sect．Hemicarex花序一般为穗状，稀圆锥状，小穗多为单性，少两性。分为四个亚组：subsect. Forexeta，6种，叶片内卷或对折，先出叶线形，边缘分离或合生;subsect. Chlorostachys，3种，叶片扁平，小穗两性;subsect. Holmia，4种，叶片扁平，小穗单性;subsect．Utriculatae，5种，叶片丝状，先出叶完全合生为囊状，不为线形。嵩草属的属下分类纲要如下： Subgenus 1. Compositae (Clarke) Kukkonen Type: K. laxa Nees. Subgenus 2. Blysmocarex (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. macrantha Boeck. Subgenus 3. Kobresia Section 1. Kobresia Subsection 1. Kobresia Type: K. simpliciuscula (Wahl. ) Mack. Subsection 2. Royleanae (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. royleana (Nees) Boeck. Subsection 3. Sibiricae (Ivanova) Egorova Type: K. sibirica (Turcz. ex Ledeb. ) Boeck. Section 2. Psmmostachys Ivanova Type: K. robusta Maxim. Section 3. Hemicarex (Bentham) Clarke Subsection 4. Forexeta (Raffin. ) S. R. Zhang Type: K. cercostachys (Franch. ) C. B. Clarke. Subsection 5. Chlorostachys (Ivanova) S. R. Zhang Type: K. duthiei C B. Clarke. Subsection 6. Holmia (Boern. ) S. R. Zhang Type: K. esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie. Subsection 7. Utriculatae S. R. Zhang Type: K. prainii Kukenthal.

Diel movements of fishes linked to benthic seascape structure in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem

Many common fishes associated with Caribbean coral reef ecosystems use resources from more than 1 patch type during routine daily foraging activities. Few studies have provided direct evidence of connectivity across seascapes, and the importance of benthic seascape structure on movement behavior is poorly known. To address this knowledge gap, we coupled hydro-acoustic technology to track fish with seafloor mapping and pattern analysis techniques from landscape ecology to quantify seascape structure. Bluestriped grunts Haemulon sciurus and schoolmaster snapper Lutjanus apodus were tracked over 24 h periods using boat-based acoustic telemetry. Movement pathways, and day and night activity spaces were mapped using geographical information system (GIS) tools, and seafloor structure within activity spaces was mapped from high-resolution aerial photography and quantified using spatial pattern metrics. For both fish species, night activity spaces were significantly larger than day activity spaces. Fish exhibited a daytime preference for seascapes with aggregate coral reef and colonized bedrock, then shifted to night activity spaces with lower complexity soft sediment including sand, seagrass, and scattered coral/rock. Movement path complexity was negatively correlated with seascape complexity. This demonstrates direct connectivity across multiple patch types and represents the first study to apply quantitative landscape ecology techniques to examine the movement ecology of marine fish. The spatially explicit approach facilitates understanding to the linkages between biological processes and the heterogeneity of the landscape. Such studies are essential for identifying ecologically relevant spatial scales, delineating essential fish habitat and designing marine protected areas.