Coronary revascularization and TAVI: before, during, after or never?

Aortic valve stenosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently coexist in elderly patients selected for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Therapeutic strategies to manage concomitant obstructive CAD are therefore an important consideration in the overall management of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing TAVI. Conventional surgical aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting is the treatment of choice for low and intermediate risk patients with symptomatic severe AS and concomitant obstructive CAD. However, TAVI and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are viable alternative options for high-risk or inoperable patients presenting with symptomatic severe AS. PCI has been shown to be feasible and safe in selected high-risk or inoperable patients with symptomatic severe AS. However, the optimal timing of PCI relative to the TAVI procedure has been a subject of debate. The most frequent approch is staged PCI typically performed a few weeks prior to TAVI. However, concomitant PCI has also been shown to be a feasible and safe approach, particularly in patients with a low level of CAD complexity and an absence of severe renal impairment. Conversely, staged PCI should be considered in patients with higher degrees of CAD complexity, particularly in the presence of severe renal impairment. The aim of the present review is to discuss the safety and feasibility of performing PCI in elderly patients with severe AS and the optimal timing of PCI relative to the TAVI procedure using the most up-to-date available evidence.

Coronary artery disease in patients undergoing TAVI: why, what, when and how to treat.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic valve stenosis (AS) are frequently coexisting. It has been reported that CAD is present in 40% of patients with AS undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement, and in up to 60% of patients with AS undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Elderly patients with CAD and AS are characterised by higher baseline risk profiles as compared to patients with isolated AS, increasing the complexity of their therapeutic management. In patients with CAD and AS the combination of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and surgical aortic valve replacement has been shown to improve survival. Therefore, CABG is recommended in patients with CAD and AS undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement according to current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA). Conversely, whether the presence of CAD has any prognostic implications in elderly patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI is still a matter of debate. Of note, according to the most recent ESC guidelines on myocardial revascularisation, percutaneous revascularisation should be considered in patients undergoing TAVI with a stenosis >70% in proximal coronary segments (class IIa, level of evidence C). The aim of this article is to provide an overview of evidence supporting the need for coronary revascularisation in patients with severe AS and CAD undergoing TAVI, and to summarise optimal timing and treatment modalities for percutaneous coronary interventions in these patients.

Assessment of low-flow, low-gradient, severe aortic stenosis: an invasive evaluation is required for decision making.

Low-flow, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis (AS) is characterised by a small aortic valve area (AVA) and low mean gradient (MG) secondary to a low cardiac output and may occur in patients with either a preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Symptomatic patients presenting with low-flow, low-gradient severe AS have a dismal prognosis independent of baseline LVEF if managed conservatively and should therefore undergo aortic valve replacement if feasible. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the first-line investigation for the assessment of AS haemodynamic severity. However, when confronted with guideline-discordant AVA (small) and MG (low) values, there are several reasons other than severe AS combined with a low cardiac output which may lead to such a situation, including erroneous measurements, small body size, inherent inconsistencies in the guidelines' criteria, prolonged ejection time and aortic pseudostenosis. The distinction between these various entities poses a diagnostic challenge. However, it is important to make a distinction because each has very different implications in terms of risk stratification and therapeutic management. In such instances, cardiac catheterisation forms an integral part of the work-up of these patients in order to confirm or refute the echocardiographic findings to guide management decisions appropriately.

Preinterventional screening of the TAVI patient: how to choose the suitable patient and the best procedure.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a novel therapy, which has transformed the management of inoperable patients presenting with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). It is also a proven and less invasive alternative therapeutic option for high-risk symptomatic patients presenting with severe AS who are otherwise eligible for surgical aortic valve replacement. Patient age is not strictly a limitation for TAVI but since this procedure is currently restricted to high-risk and inoperable patients, it follows that most patients selected for TAVI are at an advanced age. Patient frailty and co-morbidities need to be assessed and a clinical judgment made on whether the patient will gain a measureable improvement in their quality of life. Risk stratification has assumed a central role in selecting suitable patients and surgical risk algorithms have proven helpful in this regard. However, limitations exist with these risk models, which must be understood in the context of TAVI. When making final treatment decisions, it is essential that a collaborative multidisciplinary "heart team" be involved and this is stressed in the most recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. Choosing the best procedure is contingent upon anatomical feasibility, and multimodality imaging has emerged as an integral component of the pre-interventional screening process in this regard. The transfemoral route is now considered the default approach although vascular complications remain a concern. A minimal vessel diameter of 6 mm is required for currently commercial available vascular introducer sheaths. Several alternative access routes are available to choose from when confronted with difficult iliofemoral anatomy such as severe peripheral vascular disease or diffuse circumferential vessel calcification. The degree of aortic valve leaflet and annular calcification also needs to be assessed as the latter is a risk factor for post-procedural paravalvular aortic regurgitation. The ultimate goal of patient selection is to achieve the highest procedural success rate while minimizing complications and to choose patients most likely to derive tangible benefit from this procedure.

Novel emboli protection system during cardiac surgery: a multi-center, randomized, clinical trial.

BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during open-heart surgery. Up to 60% of intraoperative cerebral events are emboli induced. This randomized, controlled, multicenter trial is the first human study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a novel aortic cannula producing simultaneous forward flow and backward suction for extracting solid and gaseous emboli from the ascending aorta and aortic arch upon their intraoperative release. METHODS Sixty-six patients (25 females; 68±10 years) undergoing elective aortic valve replacement surgery, with or without coronary artery bypass graft surgery, were randomized to the use of the CardioGard (CardioGard Medical, Or-Yehuda, Israel) Emboli Protection cannula ("treatment") or a standard ("control") aortic cannula. The primary endpoint was the volume of new brain lesions measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Device safety was investigated by comparisons of complications rate, namely neurologic events, stroke, renal insufficiency and death. RESULTS Of 66 patients (34 in the treatment group), 51 completed the presurgery and postsurgery MRI (27 in the treatment group). The volume of new brain lesion for the treatment group was (mean±standard error of the mean) 44.00±64.00 versus 126.56±28.74 mm3 in the control group (p=0.004). Of the treatment group, 41% demonstrated new postoperative lesions versus 66% in the control group (p=0.03). The complication rate was comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The CardioGard cannula is safe and efficient in use during open-heart surgery. Efficacy was demonstrated by the removal of a substantial amount of emboli, a significant reduction in the volume of new brain lesions, and the percentage of patients experiencing new brain lesions.

Clinical performance of a sutureless aortic bioprosthesis: five-year results of the 3f Enable long-term follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE Sutureless valves are designed to facilitate surgical implantation, including less-invasive techniques in aortic valve replacement, by maintaining surgical precision of implantation compared with transcatheter techniques. Long-term clinical experience with sutureless valves is lacking. We report the 5-year follow-up results of an international, prospective, multicenter study evaluating the clinical performance and safety of the 3f Enable valve (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, Minn). METHODS Between March 2007 and December 2009, 141 patients (54 male; mean age, 76.1±5.7 years) undergoing aortic valve replacement with the 3f Enable valve were enrolled in 10 European sites. The mean follow-up was 2.76 years (range, 2 days to 5.1 years; total, 388.7 patient-years). Echocardiographic valvular hemodynamic and morphologic analyses were performed by an independent core laboratory. RESULTS The mean systolic gradient was 10.4±4.4 mm Hg at discharge and 7.7±4.1 mm Hg at 5 years. The mean effective orifice area was 1.7±0.5 cm2 at discharge and 1.6±0.2 cm2 at 5 years. Freedom from all-cause and valve-related mortality was 87.6%±2.9% and 96.8%±1.6% at 1 year (113 patients at risk) and 77.0%±7.5% and 93.8%±4.8% at 5 years (24 patients at risk), respectively. Six patients underwent reoperation (4 because of major paravalvular leakage and 2 because of endocarditis). Freedom from reoperation was 95.4%±1.9% at 1 year and 95.4%±6.1% at 5 years. No structural valve deterioration occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS The sutureless 3f Enable valve represents a safe and effective treatment for aortic valve stenosis, providing an excellent hemodynamic profile. This study represents the longest follow-up study for a sutureless bioprosthesis. Sutureless valves may become an option for all patients with indicated biological aortic valve replacement.

Komplikationen beim kathetergestützten Aortenklappenersatz nach transfemoralem Zugang

Hintergund Seit mehr als 10 Jahren wird der kathetergestützte Aortenklappenersatz (Transkatheter-Aortenklappenimplantation, „transcatheter aortic valve implantation“, TAVI) durchgeführt. Bereits in der Anfangsphase haben sich eingriffstypische Komplikationen nach transfemoralem Zugang herauskristallisiert. Ziel der Arbeit Beispielhaft wird anhand von 4 Sektionsfällen beschrieben, wie die Indikationsstellung zur TAVI und die Vermeidbarkeit der Komplikation zu prüfen ist. Material und Methoden Bei einer 86-jährigen Frau war es im Rahmen eines Repositionsversuchs des Implantats zu einem Abriss der rechten Beckengefäße gekommen. Bei einer 82-jährigen Frau war es während der Intervention zu einem Einriss des Aortenklappenrings mit Perikardtamponade gekommen. Eine 89-jährige Frau erlitt während der Intervention eine gedeckte Aortenverletzung und war während der anschließenden operativen Versorgung des Defekts verstorben. Im vierten Fall war bei einer 83 Jahre alt gewordenen Patientin im Rahmen des transfemoralen Klappenersatzes die Positionierung der Klappe misslungen, und ventrikelwärts entwickelte sich eine Embolisation der entfalteten Klappe. Es wurde eine zweite gleichartige Klappe positioniert, die in der Aorta hielt. Ergebnisse Die Indikationsstellung zur TAVI war in den 4 Fällen der multimorbiden Patientinnen gerechtfertigt. Die Komplikationen waren sehr unterschiedlich und die Gefäßverletzungen in 2 Fällen aufgrund der begonnenen Operationen nicht mehr zu prüfen. Schlussfolgerungen Die Versorgung einer Komplikation ist beim indikationsgerechten Patientenkollektiv aufgrund der Multimorbidität extrem schwierig und mit zahlreichen weiteren Komplikationen behaftet. Schlüsselwörter Herzklappenerkrankungen – Herzklappenprothese – Minimalinvasive Verfahren – Behandlungsfehler – Inoperabilität

Early identification of symptomatic aortic stenosis using echocardiographic data

Background: Heart failure (CHF) is the most frequent and prognostically severe symptom of aortic stenosis (AS), and the most common indication for surgery. The mainstay of treatment for AS is aortic valve replacement (AVR), and the main indication for an AVR is development of symptomatic disease. ACC/AHA guidelines define severe AS as an aortic valve area (AVA) ≤1cm², but there is little data correlating echocardiogram AVA with the onset of symptomatic CHF. We evaluated the risk of developing CHF with progressively decreasing echocardiographic AVA. We also compared echocardiographic AVA with Jet velocity (V2) and indexed AVA (AVAI) to assess the best predictor of development of symptomatic CHF.^ Methods and Results: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 518 patients with asymptomatic moderate or severe AS from a single community based cardiology practice. A total of 925 echocardiograms were performed over an 11-year period. Each echocardiogram was correlated with concurrent clinical assessments while the investigator was blinded to the echocardiogram severity of AS. The Cox Proportional hazards model was used to analyze the relationship between AVA and the development of CHF. The median age of patients at entry was 76.1 years, with 54% males. A total of 116 patients (21.8%) developed new onset CHF during follow-up. Compared to patients with AVA >1.0cm², patients with lower AVA had an exponentially increasing risk of developing CHF for each 0.2cm² decrement in AVA, becoming statistically significant only at an AVA less than 0.8 cm². Also, compared to V2 and AVAI, AVA added more information to assessing risk for development of CHF (p=0.041). ^ Conclusion: In patients with normal or mildly impaired LVEF, the risk of CHF rises exponentially with decreasing valve area and becomes statistically significant after AVA falls below 0.8cm². AVA is a better predictor of CHF when compared to V2 or AVAI.^

Long-Term Clinical and Imaging Follow-Up After Reinforced Pulmonary Autograft Ross Procedure.

The Ross operation remains a controversially discussed procedure when performed in the full root technique because concern exists regarding late dilatation of the pulmonary autograft and regurgitation of the neo-aortic valve. In 2008, we published our short-term experience when using external reinforcement of the autograft, which was inserted into a prosthetic Dacron graft. This detail was thought to prevent neoaortic root dilatation. Since 2006, 22 adult patients have undergone a Ross procedure using this technique. Indications were aortic regurgitation (n = 2), aortic stenosis (n = 15), and combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency (n = 5). A bicuspid aortic valve was present in 10 patients. Prior balloon valvuloplasty had been performed in seven patients. No early or late deaths occurred in this small series. One patient required aortic valve replacement early postoperatively, but freedom from late reoperation is 100% in the 21 remaining patients. Echocardiography confirmed the absence of more than trivial aortic insufficiency in 15 patients after a mean of 70 months (range, 14 to 108 months). No autograft dilatation was observed during follow-up and all patients are in New York Heart Association Class I. Autograft reinforcement is a simple and reproducible technical adjunct that may be especially useful in situations known for late autograft dilatation, namely, bicuspid aortic valve, predominant aortic insufficiency, and ascending aortic enlargement. The mid- to long-term results are encouraging because no late aortic root enlargement has been observed and the autograft valve is well functioning in all cases.

Surgical cryoablation for ventricular tachyarrhythmia arising from the left ventricular outflow tract region.

BACKGROUND Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) region can be inaccessible for ablation because of epicardial fat or overlying coronary arteries. OBJECTIVE We describe surgical cryoablation of this type of VA. METHODS From March 2009 to 2014, 190 consecutive patients with VAs originating from the LVOT underwent ablation at our institution. Four patients (2%) underwent surgical cryoablation for highly symptomatic VAs after failing catheter ablation. RESULTS In all patients, endocardial or percutaneous epicardial mapping was consistent with origin in the LVOT. In 2 patients, the points of earliest activation during VAs were marked with a bipolar pacing lead in the overlying cardiac vein for guidance during surgery. Surgical cryoablation was successful in 3 of the 4 patients. The fourth patient subsequently had successful endocardial catheter ablation. During a mean follow-up of 22 ± 16 months (range 4-42 months), all patients showed abolition of or marked reduction in symptomatic VA. However, 1 patient subsequently required percutaneous intervention to the left anterior descending coronary artery; another developed progressive left ventricular systolic dysfunction caused by nonischemic cardiomyopathy; and a third patient underwent permanent pacemaker implantation because of complete atrioventricular block after concomitant aortic valve replacement. CONCLUSION Surgical cryoablation is an option for highly symptomatic drug-resistant VAs emanating from the LVOT region. Despite extensive preoperative mapping, the procedure is not effective for all patients, and coronary injury is a risk.

The use of recombinant activated factor VII for refractory bleeding post complex cardiothoracic surgery

We reviewed the outcome following use of recombinant activated factor VII (rVIIa) in patients with major bleeding post cardiothoracic surgery in our unit between January 2002 and July 2004. The unit consists of 16 cardiothoracic intensive care beds in a public metropolitan teaching hospital which serves as a referral centre for heart and lung transplant surgery Patients with refactory bleeding following cardiothoracic surgical procedures who were treated with rVIIa were identified. A total of 12 episodes of rVIIa use were recorded in ten patients, including three episodes with ventricular assist devices, and 5 heart and/or lung transplants. The median dose used was 85 mu g/kg. Chest tube drainage decreased in all patients following administration of rVIIa; median chest tube drainage decreased front 445 ml/h to 171 ml/h (P=0.03). Despite cessation of bleeding, mortality was high, when rVIIa was used after more than 24 hours. In six episodes, despite early rVIIa use (within six hours), continued bleeding necessitated return to theatre, where a surgical source of bleeding was found. In this small retrospective study, rVIIa significantly reduced bleeding that was refractory to standard blood product transfusion. In this series of patients., those that did not respond to rVIla early in the postoperative phase were found to have a surgical source of bleeding.

Evaluation of PCR in the molecular diagnosis of endocarditis

Objective. Infective endocarditis (IE) is diagnosed by the Duke criteria, which can be inconclusive particularly when blood cultures are negative. This study investigated the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify bacterial DNA in excised valvular tissue, and its role in establishing the diagnosis of IE. Methods. Ninety-eight patients undergoing valve replacement surgery were studied. Twenty-eight patients were confirmed as definite for endocarditis by the Duke criteria; nine were considered as possible and 61 had no known or previous microbial infection of the endocardium. A broad-range PCR technique was used to amplify prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes present within homogenised heart valve tissue. Subsequent DNA sequencing of the PCR amplicon allowed identification of the infecting microorganism. Results. PCR results demonstrated the presence of bacterial DNA in the heart valves obtained from 14 out of 20 (70%) definite IE patients with positive blood cultures preoperatively. The causative microorganism for one patient with definite culture negative endocarditis was identified by PCR. Two out of nine (22%) of the valves from possible endocarditis patients also had bacterial DNA present converting them into the definite criteria whereas in the valves of seven out of nine (78%) of these patients no bacterial DNA was detected. Conclusion. The application of PCR to the explanted valves in patients with possible or confirmed diagnosis can augment the Duke criteria thereby improving post-surgical antimicrobial therapeutic options. © 2003 The British Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two cases of right atrial myxoma in redo patients. A mere coincidence?

We describe two cases of right atrial myxoma in redo patients who had previously undergone to coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABGs) and mitral valve replacement respectively. Both of patients experienced effort dyspnea and were assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography, revealing the right atrial masses. They were operated on for myxoma resection and postoperative course was uneventful. Our report deals with the interesting topic of the location of benign masses that are usually more common in the left atrium. Should we hypothesize that the right atrial manipulation during the previous surgery induces the onset of the right atrial mass? It is an interesting matter to debate.

Trattamento della stenosi valvolare aortica: nuovi scenari dalla biologia molecolare alle nuove tecnologie

La stenosi valvolare aortica è la più frequente patologia valvolare cardiaca nei paesi sviluppati come diretta conseguenza dell’aumentata aspettativa di vita. In Europa si stima che il numero di soggetti sintomatici per stenosi valvolare aortica aumenterà da 1.3 milioni nel 2025 a 2.1 milioni in 2050. Di conseguenza la stenosi aortica ha e avrà un forte impatto sulla salute pubblica e sui costi che ne determina, poiché spesso associata a un declino funzionale dei pazienti ed aumentata incidenza di ospedalizzazione. D’altra parte è noto che la stenosi valvolare aortica severa non trattata si associa a prognosi infausta con una sopravvivenza del 50% a 2 anni dall’insorgenza dei sintomi e del 20% a 5 anni. Ad oggi non esiste una terapia medica efficace per la stenosi valvolare aortica in quanto andando a costituire un’ostruzione meccanica, resta di competenza del cardiochirurgo o del cardiologo interventista. La sostituzione valvolare aortica, sia essa chirurgica o percutanea, resta pertanto il solo trattamento definitivo per la stenosi valvolare aortica. Nel tempo il rischio operatorio è estremamente diminuito e i vantaggi in termini di miglioramento della qualità di vita sono evidenti. Questo progetto di ricerca prevede pertanto un’analisi delle più recenti tecnologie per il trattamento chirurgico della stenosi valvolare aortica a partire dalla tipologia di approccio chirurgico, se mini-invasivo o tradizionale, fino all’utilizzo delle più recenti protesi biologiche sutureless studiandone i vantaggi, svantaggi e risultati. Prima ancora, tuttavia, saranno analizzati i meccanismi di biologia molecolare alla base dell’eziologia della stenosi aortica al fine di poter identificare precocemente i pazienti, di prevedere l’andamento della patologia e forse, in futuro, anche di ipotizzare una terapia farmacologica mirata.

Trattamento transcatetere e chirurgico della stenosi valvolare aortica severa in Hesperia Hospital Modena nella seconda decade del ventunesimo secolo

Scopo Confrontare il trattamento transcatetere (TAVI) balloon-expandable con il trattamento chirurgico di sostituzione valvolare aortica (AVR) della stenosi valvolare aortica severa (SVAS) nella pratica clinica real world. Materiali e metodi Nel decennio 2010-2020, 1486 pazienti con SVAS isolata sono stati sottoposti a AVR (n=1049) o TAVI balloon-expandable (n=437) presso Hesperia Hospital Modena. Sono stati analizzati la Mortality nell’intera popolazione e gli episodi di ricovero cardiovascolare nei 5 anni precedenti e durante il follow-up nella popolazione residente in Emilia Romagna (n=1196) al momento della procedura (AVR n=879, TAVI balloon-expandable n=317). Risultati La popolazione TAVI è risultata mediamente più anziana di quella AVR (età media 82.2 vs. 72.7 anni) e maggiormente gravata da comorbidità. L’In-hospital mortality è stata del 1.4% nella AVR e 2.1% nella TAVI (pNS). La sopravvivenza a 5 anni è stata del 85.74% nella AVR e del 59.45% nella TAVI, con la TAVI come fattore predittivo di All-cause mortality (HR 1.44 95%CI 1.14-1.82). La riospedalizzazione per Heart Failure a 5 anni è stata del 20.6% per AVR e 51.3% per TAVI, con dialisi preoperatoria (HR 5.67 95%CI 3.06-10.49) come principale fattore predittivo. Il tasso di All Stroke a 5 anni è stato del 3.7% nella AVR e del 7.5% nella TAVI, con fibrillazione atriale preoperatoria come principale fattore predittivo (HR 1.91 95%CI 1.06-3.45). Il tasso di angioplastica coronarica percutanea (PCI) a 5 anni è stato del 3.1% sia nella AVR che nella TAVI, con previous PCI come principale fattore predittivo (HR 4.86 95%CI 2.57-9.21). L’impianto di pacemaker a 30 giorni è stato del 2.9% nella AVR e 3.4% nella TAVI (pNS). Conclusioni Nella pratica clinica real-world 2010-2020 di un centro cardiochirurgico a medio volume, la TAVI balloon-expandable ha mostrato una eccellente performance a 30 giorni in confronto con la AVR, che invece ha evidenziato una migliore performance durante follow-up.