Calibration and Validation of SWAT for the Upper Maquoketa River Watershed, June 2005

A validation study has been performed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model with data collected for the Upper Maquoketa River Watershed (UMRW), which drains over 16,000 ha in northeast Iowa. This validation assessment builds on a previous study with nested modeling for the UMRW that required both the Agricultural Policy EXtender (APEX) model and SWAT. In the nested modeling approach, edge-offield flows and pollutant load estimates were generated for manure application fields with APEX and were then subsequently routed to the watershed outlet in SWAT, along with flows and pollutant loadings estimated for the rest of the watershed routed to the watershed outlet. In the current study, the entire UMRW cropland area was simulated in SWAT, which required translating the APEX subareas into SWAT hydrologic response units (HRUs). Calibration and validation of the SWAT output was performed by comparing predicted flow and NO3-N loadings with corresponding in-stream measurements at the watershed outlet from 1999 to 2001. Annual stream flows measured at the watershed outlet were greatly under-predicted when precipitation data collected within the watershed during the 1999-2001 period were used to drive SWAT. Selection of alternative climate data resulted in greatly improved average annual stream predictions, and also relatively strong r2 values of 0.73 and 0.72 for the predicted average monthly flows and NO3-N loads, respectively. The impact of alternative precipitation data shows that as average annual precipitation increases 19%, the relative change in average annual streamflow is about 55%. In summary, the results of this study show that SWAT can replicate measured trends for this watershed and that climate inputs are very important for validating SWAT and other water quality models.

Archaeospicularia, new radiolarian order; a new step for the classification of the Lower Paleozoic Radiolaria.

A new radiolarian order - Archaeospicularia - is proposed for some Lower Paleozoic radiolarians previously considered to belong to Spumellaria and to Collodaria. It is characterized by a globular shell made of several spicules which can be free, interlocked, or fused to formed a latticed wall. The present paper gives the definition of this order and proposes a first classification. It is supposed that the Archaeospicularia represents the oldest radiolarian group and that in the Lower Paleozoic it gave rise to the orders Entactinaria, Albaillellaria, and probably Spumellaria by the reduction of the number of initial spicules. The origin of this order and its relationships with other groups of organisms with siliceous skeletons are also briefly discussed. (C) 2000 Academie des sciences / Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.

The Carboniferous Baralacha La basaltic dykes (Upper Lahul, Ladakh): remnants of an early rifting event along the Indian northern plate

The Lower Carboniferous Baralacha La basaltic dykes were emplaced along transtensional faults. The basalts exhibit tholeiitic and alkaline affinities. The tholeiites are TiO2-poor, moderately enriched in light rare earth (LREE), and display Nb and Ta negative and Th positive anomalies. The alkali basalts, compared to the tholeiites, have higher TiO2, rare earth and highly incompatible trace element contents and greater LREE enrichments. The Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the Baralacha La basalts suggest that they derive from the partial melting of an enriched OIB mantle source. characterized by a HIMU component, and contaminated by the lower continental crust. The Baralacha La dyke swarm represent the remnants of an early rifting event on the northern Indian passive margin.

Appropriate management of special situations in Crohn's disease (upper gastro-intestinal; extra-intestinal manifestations; drug safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding): results of a multidisciplinary international expert panel-EPACT II

Introduction: High-grade evidence is lacking for most therapeutic decisions in Crohn's disease. Appropriateness criteria were developed for upper gastro-intestinal, extra-intestinal manifestations and drug safety during conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding in patients with Crohn's disease, to assist the physician in clinical decision making. Methods: The European Panel on the Appropriateness of Crohn's Disease Therapy (EPACT II), a multidisciplinary international European expert panel, rated clinical scenarios based on evidence from the published literature and panelists' own clinical expertise. Median ratings (on a 9-point scale) were stratified into three categories: appropriate (7-9), uncertain (4-6 with or without disagreement) and inappropriate (1-3). Experts were also asked to rank appropriate medications by priority. Results: Proton pump inhibitors, steroids, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and infliximab are appropriate for upper gastro-duodenal Crohn's disease; for stenosis, endoscopic balloon dilation is the first-tine therapy, although surgery is also appropriate. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the only appropriate treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Infliximab is appropriate for Pyoderma gangrenosum, ankylosing spondylitis and uveitis, steroids for Pyoderma gangrenosum and ankylosing spondylitis, adalimumab for Pyoderma gangrenosum and ankylosing spondylitis, cyclosporine-A/tacrolimus for Pyoderma gangrenosum. Mesalamine, sulfasalazine, prednisone, azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine, ciprofloxacin, and probiotics, may be administered safety during pregnancy or for patients wishing to conceive, with the exception that mate patients considering conception should avoid sulfasalazine. Metronidazol is considered safe in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters whereas infliximab is rated safe in the 1st trimester but uncertain in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Methotrexate is always contraindicated at conception, during pregnancy or during breastfeeding, due to its known teratogenicity. Mesalamine, prednisone, probiotics and infliximab are considered safe during breastfeeding. Conclusion: EPACT II recommendations are freely available online (www.epact.ch). The validity of these criteria should now be tested by prospective evaluation. (C) 2009 European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geological transect across the Northwestern Himalaya in eastern Ladakh and Lahul (A model for the continental collision of India and Asia)

The detailed geological mapping and structural study of a complete transect across the northwestern Himalaya allow to describe the tectonic evolution of the north Indian continental margin during the Tethys ocean opening and the Himalayan Orogeny. The Late Paleozoic Tethys rifting is associated with several tectonomagmatic events. In Upper Lahul and SE Zanskar, this extensional phase is recorded by Lower Carboniferous synsedimentary transtensional faults, a Lower Permian stratigraphic unconformity, a Lower Permian granitic intrusion and middle Permian basaltic extrusions (Panjal Traps). In eastern Ladakh, a Permian listric normal fault is also related to this phase. The scarcity of synsedimentary faults and the gradual increase of the Permian syn-rift sediment thickness towards the NE suggest a flexural type margin. The collision of India and Asia is characterized by a succession of contrasting orogenic phases. South of the Suture Zone, the initiation of the SW vergent Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe corresponds to an early phase of continental underthrusting. To the S, in Lahul, an opposite underthrusting within the Indian plate is recorded by the NE vergent Tandi Syncline. This structure is associated with the newly defined Shikar Beh Nappe, now partly eroded, which is responsible for the high grade (amphibolite facies) regional metamorphism of South Lahul. The main thrusting of the Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe followed the formation of the Shikar Beh Nappe. The Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe developed by ductile shear of the upper part of the subducted Indian continental margin and is responsible for the progressive regional metamorphism of SE Zanskar, reaching amphibolite facies below the frontal part of the nappe, near Sarchu. In Upper Lahul, the frontal parts of the Nyimaling-Tsarap and Shikar Beh nappes are separated by a zone of low grade metamorphic rocks (pumpellyite-actinolite facies to lower greenschist facies). At high structural level, the Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe is characterized by imbricate structures, which grade into a large ductile shear zone with depth. The related crustal shortening is about 87 km. The root zone and the frontal part of this nappe have been subsequently affected by two zones of dextral transpression and underthrusting: the Nyimaling Shear Zone and the Sarchu Shear Zone. These shear zones are interpreted as consequences of the counterclockwise rotation of the continental underthrusting direction of India relative to Asia, which occurred some 45 and 36 Ma ago, according to plate tectonic models. Later, a phase of NE vergent `'backfolding'' developed on these two zones of dextral transpression, creating isoclinal folds in SE Zanskar and more open folds in the Nyimaling Dome and in the Indus Molasse sediments. During a late stage of the Himalayan Orogeny, the frontal part of the Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe underwent an extension of about 15 km. This phase is represented by two types of structures, responsible for the tectonic unroofing of the amphibolite facies rocks of the Sarchu area: the Sarchu high angle Normal Fault, cutting a first set of low angle normal faults, which have been created by reactivation of older thrust planes related to the Nyimaling-Tsarap Nappe.

The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu

This paper deals with the linguistic and historical relationships between Papiamentu and Upper Guinea Creole as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance. In the linguistic section, the hypothesis that Papiamentu is a relexified offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Creole variety is lent support by focusing on the structural correspondences of the function words in five grammatical categories (pronouns, question words, prepositions, conjunctions and reciprocity and reflexivity). In addition, salient data from several early (18th and 19th century) Papiamentu texts is presented. The historical section provides a framework that accounts for the linguistic transfer from Upper Guinea to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century

Upper Guinea Creole Evidence in favor of a Santiago birth

This paper addresses the debate on the place of origin of the Upper Guinea branch of Portuguese Creole (UGPC) as spoken in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance (GBC)1 and on the Santiago Island of Cape Verde (SCV). The hypothesis that UGPC emerged on Santiago rather than on the mainland is underpinned both historically and linguistically. First, a historical framework is presented that accounts for the linguistic transfer from Santiago to Cacheu. Secondly, Parkvall’s (2000) lexical evidence in favor of a Santiago birth will be analyzed and corroborated. Thirdly, a phonological trait that separates GBC from SCV is highlighted and shown to favor a Santiago origin. Finally, lexical and phonological features typical of 15th–16th century Portuguese shared by GBC and SCV are combined with historical data to further strengthen the Santiago birth hypothesis.

The contribution of schooling in development accounting: Results from a nonparametric upper bound

How much would output increase if underdeveloped economies were toincrease their levels of schooling? We contribute to the development accounting literature by describing a non-parametric upper bound on theincrease in output that can be generated by more schooling. The advantage of our approach is that the upper bound is valid for any number ofschooling levels with arbitrary patterns of substitution/complementarity.Another advantage is that the upper bound is robust to certain forms ofendogenous technology response to changes in schooling. We also quantify the upper bound for all economies with the necessary data, compareour results with the standard development accounting approach, andprovide an update on the results using the standard approach for a largesample of countries.

Cooperative Lakes Area Monitoring Project-Upper Gar Lake, 2007

Water fact sheet for Iowa Department of Natural Resources and the Geological Bureau.

A new order, a new family and a new genus of Paleozoic Radiolaria: Latentifistularia, Cauletellidae and Cauletella

Since the genus Deflandrella De Wever and Caridroit 1984 is a homonym of Deflandrella Loeblich and Tappan 1961, the new name Cauletella is :herein proposed, and the genus is redefined. Consequently, the family name Deflandrellidae De Wever and Caridroit, previously erected, becomes Cauletellidae, and its definiton is emended. This important radiolarian group, typical of the Permian times, is closely related to the families Ruzhencevispongidae Kozur 1980 and Latentifistulidae Nazarov and Ormiston 1983. These Paleozoic radiolarians are characterized by an initial skeleton quite different from that of the other radiolarian orders and are assigned to the new order Latentifistularia, which is herein defined and briefly discussed. ((C) 1999 Academie des sciences/ Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.).

A new way of quantifying dominant upper-limb mobility in healthy and painful shoulders

Introduction: Quantification of daily upper-limb activity is determinant in the evaluation of shoulder surgery. For a number of shoulder diseases, roblems in performing daily activities have been expressed in terms of upper-limb usage. Althought many instruments measure upper-limb movements, there is no accepted standard or widely used objective measure and no device to differenciate left or right shoulder usage. We present an objective method to measure the mobility and quantify the usage of dominant and healthy or painfull shoulder movement during daily life. Methods: 12 patients with unilateral pathological shoulder (rotator cuff disease) are compared to 18 control subjects (10 right and 8 left handed). Both SST and DASH questionnaires were completed by each one. Three inertial miniature modules including triaxial gyroscopes and accelerometers were fixed on the dorsal side of both humerus, and on the thorax. An ambulatory datalogger have recorded the signals during one day. Results: We observed that right handed healthy subjects used 18% and 26% more their dominant shoulder during respectively stand and sit postures while left handed subjects used 8% and 18% more their left side. In walking periods, shoulder mobility was quite alike for both sides. Patients affected on their dominant arm (PD group) mostly used their non-dominant side (respectively 5% and 9% during stand and sit). For the patients affected on their non-dominant shoulder (PND group), this difference is respectively 28% and 26%. Moreover, we can note that, during walking periods, a difference can be observed (on the contrary to controls). Patients used 13% and 15% more their nonpathologic side respectively for PD and PND groups. Conclusion: Inertial sensors, during long-term ambulatory monitoring of upper limbs, can quantify the difference between dominant and nondominant sides. Patients used more their non affected shoulder during daily life. For the PD group, the difference with control can be shown during walking. These results are very encouraging for future evaluation of patients with shoulder injuries since it can provide an objective evaluation of the shoulder mobility and of the treatment outcome during daily life.

Report on a review of Upper Des Moines Opportunity, Inc. (UDMO) for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2007

Report on a review of Upper Des Moines Opportunity, Inc. (UDMO) for the period October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2007