Patrimonio e patrimoni: Alla ricerca dei confini attuali della responsabilita' patrimoniale

Il presente lavoro di tesi mira a ricostruire lo scenario evolutivo della responsabilità patrimoniale del debitore, a partire dai principi generali sanciti dall'art. 2740 c.c. sino al diffondersi, sempre più dilagante negli anni più recenti, del fenomeno dei patrimoni separati, il quale ha contribuito a quella che è stata definita da autorevole dottrina l’“erosione” del carattere universale della responsabilità patrimoniale. In questa prospettiva, la ricerca condotta dall'autore si propone il duplice obiettivo di dimostrare, da un lato, l’ormai sostanziale ribaltamento del rapporto regola(garanzia generica)–eccezione(separazione patrimoniale) previsto dalla norma succitata, e, dall’altro, il ridimensionamento del valore della riserva di legge imposta dal secondo comma dell’art. 2740 c.c. con riguardo all’individuazione e alla disciplina dei patrimoni separati, dovuto all’affermarsi di forme di segregazione di carattere generale e flessibile ed al conseguente potenziamento del ruolo assunto dall’autonomia privata nel campo della separazione patrimoniale. Al perseguimento di tale obiettivo si aggiunge, inoltre, una valutazione dei nuovi orizzonti del fenomeno della separazione patrimoniale e, in particolare, dei segnali di apertura del nostro ordinamento all’adozione di una regolamentazione interna del trust, i cui vantaggi e la cui compatibilità con il nostro sistema giuridico vengono dimostrati attraverso il confronto con la disciplina dell'istituto in esame nell’ordinamento inglese.

The Permanent Income Hypothesis: A Test on Czech Privatisation

Since the late eighties, economists have been regarding the transition from command to market economies in Central and Eastern Europe with intense interest. In addition to studying the transition per se, they have begun using the region as a testing ground on which to investigate the validity of certain classic economic propositions. In his research, comprising three articles written in English and totalling 40 pages, Mr. Hanousek uses the so-called "Czech national experiment" (voucher privatisation scheme) to test the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). He took as his inspiration Kreinin's recommendation: "Since data concerning the behaviour of windfall income recipients is relatively scanty, and since such data can constitute an important test of the permanent income hypothesis, it is of interest to bring to bear on the hypothesis whatever information is available". Mr. Hanousek argues that, since the transfer of property to Czech citizens from 1992 to 1994 through the voucher scheme was not anticipated, it can be regarded as windfall income. The average size of the windfall was more than three month's salary and over 60 percent of the Czech population received this unexpected income. Furthermore, there are other reasons for conducting such an analysis in the Czech Republic. Firstly, the privatisation process took place quickly. Secondly, both the economy and consumer behaviour have been very stable. Thirdly, out of a total population of 10 million Czech citizens, an astonishing 6 million, that is, virtually every household, participated in the scheme. Thus Czech voucher privatisation provides a sample for testing the PIH almost equivalent to a full population, thus avoiding problems with the distribution of windfalls. Compare this, for instance with the fact that only 4% of the Israeli urban population received personal restitution from Germany, while the number of veterans who received the National Service Life Insurance Dividends amounted to less than 9% of the US population and were concentrated in certain age groups. But to begin with, Mr. Hanousek considers the question of whether the public percieves the transfer from the state to individual as an increase in net wealth. It can be argued that the state is only divesting itself of assets that would otherwise provide a future source of transfers. According to this argument, assigning these assets to individuals creates an offsetting change in the present value of potential future transfers so that individuals are no better off after the transfer. Mr. Hanousek disagrees with this approach. He points out that a change in the ownership of inefficient state-owned enterprises should lead to higher efficiency, which alone increases the value of enterprises and creates a windfall increase in citizens' portfolios. More importantly, the state and individuals had very different preferences during the transition. Despite government propaganda, it is doubtful that citizens of former communist countries viewed government-owned enterprises as being operated in the citizens' best interest. Moreover, it is unlikely that the public fully comprehended the sophisticated links between the state budget, state-owned enterprises, and transfers to individuals. Finally, the transfers were not equal across the population. Mr. Hanousek conducted a survey on 1263 individuals, dividing them into four monthly earnings categories. After determining whether the respondent had participated in the voucher process, he asked those who had how much of what they received from voucher privatisation had been (a) spent on goods and services, (b) invested elsewhere, (c) transferred to newly emerging pension funds, (d) given to a family member, and (e) retained in their original form as an investment. Both the mean and the variance of the windfall rise with income. He obtained similar results with respect to education, where the mean (median) windfall for those with a basic school education was 13,600 Czech Crowns (CZK), a figure that increased to 15,000 CZK for those with a high school education without exams, 19,900 CZK for high school graduates with exams, and 24,600 CZK for university graduates. Mr. Hanousek concludes that it can be argued that higher income (and better educated) groups allocated their vouchers or timed the disposition of their shares better. He turns next to an analysis of how respondents reported using their windfalls. The key result is that only a relatively small number of individuals reported spending on goods. Overall, the results provide strong support for the permanent income hypothesis, the only apparent deviation being the fact that both men and women aged 26 to 35 apparently consume more than they should if the windfall were annuitised. This finding is still fully consistent with the PIH, however, if this group is at a stage in their life-cycle where, without the windfall, they would be borrowing to finance consumption associated with family formation etc. Indeed, the PIH predicts that individuals who would otherwise borrow to finance consumption would consume the windfall up to the level equal to the annuitised fraction of the increase in lifetime income plus the full amount of the previously planned borrowing for consumption. Greater consumption would then be financed, not from investing the windfall, but from avoidance of future repayment obligations for debts that would have been incurred without the windfall.

Umstrukturierung von kollektiven Kapitalanlagen

The issuance of the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes (CISA) in the year 2007 and the revision thereof in 2013 expanded the possibilities for restructuring of collective investment schemes and simplified the procedures. For instance, in article 95 the CISA contains a provision that deals in a non-conclusive way with the restructuring of open-ended collective investment schemes. As a novelty regulation, this provision allows for mergers not only of contractual funds but also of investment companies with variable capital (SICAV). Additionally, the transformation of an open-ended collective investment into another CISA legal form was also included into the catalogue of possible restructuring processes. Further, a SICAV still maintains the possibility for asset transfer according to article 69 ff. of the Federal Act on Merger, Demerger, Transformation and Transfer of Assets (MerA). However, not all open questions have been clarified. As long as the CISA does not contain restructuring provisions, as is the case with closed-ended collective investment schemes, generally the MerA and/or the Swiss Code of Obligations (CO) apply. The interplay of diverse, partly overlapping legislative bases leads to the emergence of unwanted gaps. Moreover, the partial revision of the CISA was not completely implemented at the ordinance level. Among others, the following issues have not been conclusively or clearly regulated: the permitted combinations of mergers, the merger procedure of the SICAV, the permitted restructurings, the transformation procedure as well as the application scope of the asset transfer for collective investment schemes according to the relevant merger regulations. Although these questions will be clarified in the following article through a systematic and teleological analysis of the relevant regulations, it is to be hoped that the gaps will be closed within the next CISA revision in order to guarantee comprehensive legal certainty.

Corporate aging and investment decisions

Paper I: Corporate aging and internal resource allocation Abstract Various observers argue that established firms are at a disadvantage in pursuing new growth opportunities. In this paper, we provide systematic evidence that established firms allocate fewer resources to high-growth lines of business. However, we find no evidence of inefficient resource allocation in established firms. Redirecting resources from high-growth to low-growth lines of business does not result in lower profitability. Also, resource allocation towards new growth opportunities does not increase when managers of established firms are exposed to takeover and product market threats. Rather, it seems that conservative resource allocation strategies are driven by pressures to meet investors’ expectations. Our empirical evidence, thus, favors the hypothesis that established firms wisely choose to allocate fewer resources to new growth opportunities as external pressures force them to focus on efficiency rather than novelty (Holmström 1989). Paper II: Corporate aging and asset sales Abstract This paper asks whether divestitures are motivated by strategic considerations about the scope of the firm’s activities. Limited managerial capacity implies that exploiting core competences becomes comparatively more attractive than exploring new growth opportunities as firms mature. Divestitures help stablished firms free management time and increase the focus on core competences. The testable implication of this attention hypothesis is that established firms are the main sellers of assets, that their divestiture activity increases when managerial capacity is scarcer, that they sell non-core activities, and that they return the divestiture proceeds to the providers of capital instead of reinvesting them in the firm. We find strong empirical support for these predictions. Paper III: Corporate aging and lobbying expenditures Abstract Creative destruction forces constantly challenge established firms, especially in competitive markets. This paper asks whether corporate lobbying is a competitive weapon of established firms to counteract the decline in rents over time. We find a statistically and economically significant positive relation between firm age and lobbying expenditures. Moreover, the documented age-effect is weaker when firms have unique products or operate in concentrated product markets. To address endogeneity, we use industry distress as an exogenous nonlegislative shock to future rents and show that established firms are relatively more likely to lobby when in distress. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that corporate lobbying efforts by established firms forestall the creative destruction process. In sum, our findings suggest that corporate lobbying is a competitive weapon of established firms to retain profitability in competitive environments.

Property Law

This chapter examines the economics of property rights and property law. Property law is a fundamental part of social organization and is also fundamental to the operation of the economy because it defines and protects the bundle of rights that constitute property. Property law thereby creates incentives to protect and invest in assets and establishes a legal framework within which market exchange of assets can take place. The purpose of this chapter is to show how the economics of property rights can be used to understand fundamental features of property law and related extra-legal institutions. The chapter will both examine the rationale for legal doctrine and the effects of legal doctrine regarding the exercise, enforcement, and transfer of rights. It will also examine various property rights regimes including open access, private ownership, common property and state property. The guiding questions are: How are property rights established? What explains the variation in the types of property rights? What governs the use and transfer of rights? And, how are property rights enforced?

Empresas públicas : de estatales a privadas (1976-2001)

La relación del Estado con las empresas públicas ha sido oscilante a lo largo de la historia argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar esta relación en el período que va desde 1976 hasta 2001. Mientras otros autores ven a este período como de liberalización de la economía, aquí se afirma que las instancias estatales siempre apuntalaron la dinámica de acumulación suscitada por la de las empresas públicas. Independientemente de que el rasgo característico del periodo analizado se destaque por la trasferencia de activos al sector privado, el Estado auspició este proceso favoreciendo la concentración económica.

Manipulación de la crisis a través de la acumulación por desposesión en México

La acumulación por desposesión es un ejercicio de poder que se ha expresado en el devenir histórico del capitalismo, aunque la acumulación por desposesión, cobra fuerza ideológica a partir del modelo neoliberal y representa, sino la única forma, si la más importante actualmente para sostener o incrementar la acumulación de capital en la geografía glocal (lograr el establishment del sistema bancario y de las grandes corporaciones y centros de poder -BM-FMI y BCE). El rasgo económico-político que definiría dicha acumulación por desposesión, es que su instrumentación para llevarse a cabo, necesita obligatoriamente que el Estado y los dueños de capital (productivo, comercial, financiero) tengan el interés común “contubernio" de que los espacios receptores sirvan para que el capital incremente su capital; esto sólo se logra expropiando el derecho del trabajador de vivir dignamente con un empleo bien remunerado. En palabras de David Harvey (2003, 2004, 2204b, 2007a, 2007b 2007c) quien posibilita la acumulación por desposesión es la liberación de un conjunto de activos, incluida la fuerza de trabajo a un coste muy bajo y en algunos casos, nulo.

Fragilidad de los espacios litorales : Lineamientos para comprender la erosión costera inducida en el litoral marítimo bonaerense. El caso de la localidad de Mar del Tuyú

El litoral atlántico bonaerense asiste en la actualidad a numerosas problemáticas ambientales, derivadas principalmente de un proceso de organización territorial que se ha llevado a cabo paralelamente al desarrollo y la creciente masificación de la actividad turística en nuestro país. La ausencia de un ordenamiento en cuanto al avance de la actividad, y el impacto que esta pudiera tener a futuro, avasallada por la lógica de acumulación de capital, han sido los factores desencadenantes de distintos conflictos, entre ellos la erosión costera. En el presente trabajo se hará un abordaje de la problemática en la localidad de Mar del Tuyú, cabecera del Partido de la Costa, enfatizando en indagar cómo se ha llevado a cabo el proceso de organización del espacio litoral, para intentar desentrañar las herencias territoriales que han inducido la problemática mencionada.

Fragilidad de los espacios litorales : Lineamientos para comprender la erosión costera inducida en el litoral marítimo bonaerense. El caso de la localidad de Mar del Tuyú

El litoral atlántico bonaerense asiste en la actualidad a numerosas problemáticas ambientales, derivadas principalmente de un proceso de organización territorial que se ha llevado a cabo paralelamente al desarrollo y la creciente masificación de la actividad turística en nuestro país. La ausencia de un ordenamiento en cuanto al avance de la actividad, y el impacto que esta pudiera tener a futuro, avasallada por la lógica de acumulación de capital, han sido los factores desencadenantes de distintos conflictos, entre ellos la erosión costera. En el presente trabajo se hará un abordaje de la problemática en la localidad de Mar del Tuyú, cabecera del Partido de la Costa, enfatizando en indagar cómo se ha llevado a cabo el proceso de organización del espacio litoral, para intentar desentrañar las herencias territoriales que han inducido la problemática mencionada.

Fragilidad de los espacios litorales : Lineamientos para comprender la erosión costera inducida en el litoral marítimo bonaerense. El caso de la localidad de Mar del Tuyú

El litoral atlántico bonaerense asiste en la actualidad a numerosas problemáticas ambientales, derivadas principalmente de un proceso de organización territorial que se ha llevado a cabo paralelamente al desarrollo y la creciente masificación de la actividad turística en nuestro país. La ausencia de un ordenamiento en cuanto al avance de la actividad, y el impacto que esta pudiera tener a futuro, avasallada por la lógica de acumulación de capital, han sido los factores desencadenantes de distintos conflictos, entre ellos la erosión costera. En el presente trabajo se hará un abordaje de la problemática en la localidad de Mar del Tuyú, cabecera del Partido de la Costa, enfatizando en indagar cómo se ha llevado a cabo el proceso de organización del espacio litoral, para intentar desentrañar las herencias territoriales que han inducido la problemática mencionada.

Valoración de recursos propios en empresas mineras: evidencia y comparación con otros sectores

El capital financiero es muy volátil y si el inversor no obtiene una remuneración adecuada al riesgo que asume puede plantearse el retirar su capital del patrimonio de la empresa y, en consecuencia, producir un cambio estructural en cualquier sector de la economía. El objetivo principal es el estudio de los coeficientes de regresión (coeficiente beta) de los modelos de valoración de activos empleados en Economía Financiera, esto es, el estudio de la variación de la rentabilidad de los activos en función de los cambios que suceden en los mercados. La elección de los modelos utilizados se justifica por la amplia utilización teórica y empírica de los mismos a lo largo de la historia de la Economía Financiera. Se han aplicado el modelo de valoración de activos de mercado (capital asset pricing model, CAPM), el modelo basado en la teoría de precios de arbitraje (arbitrage pricing theory, APT) y el modelo de tres factores de Fama y French (FF). Estos modelos se han aplicado a los rendimientos mensuales de 27 empresas del sector minero que cotizan en la bolsa de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) o en la de Londres (London Stock Exchange, LSE), con datos del período que comprende desde Enero de 2006 a Diciembre de 2010. Los resultados de series de tiempo y sección cruzada tanto para CAPM, como para APT y FF producen varios errores, lo que sugiere que muchas empresas del sector no han podido obtener el coste de capital. También los resultados muestran que las empresas de mayor riesgo tienden a tener una menor rentabilidad. Estas conclusiones hacen poco probable que se mantenga en el largo plazo el equilibrio actual y puede que sea uno de los principales factores que impulsen un cambio estructural en el sector minero en forma de concentraciones de empresas. ABSTRACT Financial capital is highly volatile and if the investor does not get adequate compensation for the risk faced he may consider withdrawing his capital assets from the company and consequently produce a structural change in any sector of the economy. The main purpose is the study of the regression coefficients (beta) of asset pricing models used in financial economics, that is, the study of variation in profitability of assets in terms of the changes that occur in the markets. The choice of models used is justified by the extensive theoretical and empirical use of them throughout the history of financial economics. Have been used the capital asset pricing model, CAPM, the model XII based on the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) and the three-factor model of Fama and French (FF). These models have been applied to the monthly returns of 27 mining companies listed on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) or LSE(London Stock Exchange), using data from the period covered from January 2006 to December 2010. The results of time series and cross sectional regressions for CAPM, APT and FF produce some errors, suggesting that many companies have failed to obtain the cost of capital. Also the results show that higher risk firms tend to have lower profitability. These findings make it unlikely to be mainteined over the long term the current status and could drive structural change in the mining sector in the form of mergers.

Tips and tricks about financial ratios: how to anticipate unpleasant surprises

Following recent accounting and ethical scandals within the Telecom Industry like Gowex case, old cards are laid on the table: what kind of management and control are we doing on our businesses and what use do we give to the specific tools we have at our disposition? There are indicators, that on a very specific, concise and accurate manner, aside from brief, allow us to analyze and capture the complexity of a business and also they constitute an important support when making optimal decisions. These instruments or indicators show, a priori, all relevant data from a purely economic perspective, while there also exist, the possibility of including factors that are not of this nature strictly. For instance, there are indicators that take into account the customer?s satisfaction, the corporate reputation among others. Both kind of performance indicators form, together, an integral dashboard while the pure economic side of it could be considered as a basic dashboard. Based on DuPont?s methodology, we will be able to calculate the ROI (Return on Investment) of a company from the disaggregation of very useful and much needed indicators like the ROE (Return on Equity) or the ROA (Return on Assets); thereby, we will be able to get to know, to control and, hence, to optimize the company?s leverage level, its liquidity ratio or its solvency ratio, among others; as well as the yield we will be able to obtain if our decisions and management are optimal related to the bodies of assets. Bear in mind and make the most of the abovementioned management tools and indicators that we have at our disposition, allow us to act knowing our path and taking full responsibility, as well as, to obtain the maximum planned benefits, instead of leaving them to be casual. We will be able to avoid errors that can lead the company to an unfortunate and non-desirable situation and, of course, we will detect, way in advance, the actual needs of the business in terms of accounting and financial sanitation before irreversible situations are reached.

Metodología de formulación de indicadores para la mejora en la implantación de los programas de calidad. Aplicación al caso de las universidades públicas españolas

El planteamiento fundamental del trabajo ha consistido en explorar las posibilidades existentes para establecer una metodología basada en un modelo cuantitativo para la condensación de indicadores relacionados con los sistemas de calidad en el ámbito universitario público. El modelo incluye tanto la evaluación de activos tangibles como intangibles. Se ha seguido una metodología adaptada al planteamiento: - Realizando un estudio tipo DELPHI (DELPHI 1) entre las Unidades Técnicas de Calidad de las universidades de la Comunidad de Madrid, para conocer la situación de la implantación de metodologías de planificación estratégica en la universidad. - Definiendo tres niveles de gestión (bases, activos e indicadores) para la construcción del modelo cuantitativo. - Realizando una propuesta inicial de bases, activos e indicadores, incluyendo activos intangibles. - Realizando un segundo estudio tipo DELPHI (DELPHI 2) entre expertos con responsabilidad directiva en universidades, para debatir y revisar la propuesta. - Por último diseñando una metodología y la correspondiente herramienta para la condensación de los indicadores. En resumen, se ha generado una propuesta consolidada y actualizada de las bases estratégicas, los activos tangibles e intangibles y los indicadores en ambos casos, diseñándose una metodología (herramienta) que permite implementar la definición de los tres niveles de control, establecer una ponderación de cada uno de los elementos en los tres niveles y establecer una cuantificación de la importancia o contribución de cada elemento para la propia institución, y sirve para facilitar la toma de decisiones por priorización de actuaciones, establecer objetivos para los indicadores, valorar el grado de cumplimiento y modificar la estrategia de una institución universitaria. ABSTRACT The fundamental approach of the work has been to explore the possibilities to establish a methodology based on a quantitative model for condensing indicators related to quality assurance systems in Higher Education Institutions (HEI), particularly public universities. The model includes both assessment of tangible and intangible assets. A methodology adapted to the approach has been followed: - Performing a type DELPHI study (DELPHI 1) between the Technical Quality Units of the universities of the Community of Madrid, to know the level of implementation of strategic planning methodologies in HEI. - Defining three levels of management (bases, assets and indicators) to build the quantitative model. - Performing an initial proposal bases, assets and indicators, including intangible assets. - Making a second study type DELPHI (DELPHI 2) between experts with managerial responsibility in universities, to discuss and review the proposal. - Finally designing a methodology and related tool for condensing indicators. In short, a proposal consolidated and updated for strategic bases, the tangible and intangible assets and indicators of both types of assets has been performed. A methodology (tool) that allows to implement the definition of the three levels of control, establish a weighting each of the elements on three levels and establish a quantification of the importance and contribution of each element to the institution itself, has been designed. The methodology serves: - To facilitate decision-making by prioritizing activities. - To set targets for indicators. - To assess the degree of compliance and - To modify the strategy of the HEI.

ESPIRITUALIDADE E PEDAGOGIA DO DESEJO: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE PAULO FREIRE E RENÉ GIRARD

A exploração e a manipulação do desejo são algumas das principais marcas da cultura de consumo. Nas sociedades em que predomina essa cultura, o consumo aparece como critério de humanização, e o sentido da vida o núcleo ético-mítico em torno do qual a sociedade se organiza é a busca de acumulação de riqueza para se consumir cada vez mais. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado os aspectos sagrados dessa cultura, que se tornou uma verdadeira religião da vida cotidiana, com suas devoções, espiritualidades, mitos e ritos. Da mesma forma, alguns estudos vêm demonstrando como essa cultura determina os projetos pedagógicos. Esses estudos não são acidentais, pois religião e educação são elementos fundamentais na origem e na manutenção de qualquer cultura e sociedade humanas. Todavia, podem ser também elementos de transformação. Paulo Freire acena com o interesse pela criação de uma Pedagogia do Desejo, compreendendo que este tema é de fundamental importância na luta pela superação da exclusão social, o que infelizmente não teve tempo de formulá-la. A obra de René Girard reforça a tese de que a religião é um processo fundamental para as sociedades humanas, considerando sua real função na origem da cultura. Segundo Girard, a religião é a educadora da humanidade no processo de humanização e socialização. E sua característica mais notável é justamente a de educar o desejo, pois, devido a sua natureza mimética, constantemente é gerador de violência. Nas pesquisas sobre as relações entre Religião/Teologia e Educação, recentemente tem sido realizado o estudo dos pressupostos teológicos e espirituais das propostas educacionais. Há muitos pontos de convergência entre Paulo Freire e René Girard, alguns até complementares. O diálogo entre esses dois autores se mostra muito profícuo na discussão do tema do desejo em relação com a espiritualidade e a educação. Este trabalho é uma tentativa de buscar elementos que favoreçam a elaboração de uma Pedagogia do Desejo a partir das contribuições das Ciências da Religião.(AU)

ESPIRITUALIDADE E PEDAGOGIA DO DESEJO: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE PAULO FREIRE E RENÉ GIRARD

A exploração e a manipulação do desejo são algumas das principais marcas da cultura de consumo. Nas sociedades em que predomina essa cultura, o consumo aparece como critério de humanização, e o sentido da vida o núcleo ético-mítico em torno do qual a sociedade se organiza é a busca de acumulação de riqueza para se consumir cada vez mais. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado os aspectos sagrados dessa cultura, que se tornou uma verdadeira religião da vida cotidiana, com suas devoções, espiritualidades, mitos e ritos. Da mesma forma, alguns estudos vêm demonstrando como essa cultura determina os projetos pedagógicos. Esses estudos não são acidentais, pois religião e educação são elementos fundamentais na origem e na manutenção de qualquer cultura e sociedade humanas. Todavia, podem ser também elementos de transformação. Paulo Freire acena com o interesse pela criação de uma Pedagogia do Desejo, compreendendo que este tema é de fundamental importância na luta pela superação da exclusão social, o que infelizmente não teve tempo de formulá-la. A obra de René Girard reforça a tese de que a religião é um processo fundamental para as sociedades humanas, considerando sua real função na origem da cultura. Segundo Girard, a religião é a educadora da humanidade no processo de humanização e socialização. E sua característica mais notável é justamente a de educar o desejo, pois, devido a sua natureza mimética, constantemente é gerador de violência. Nas pesquisas sobre as relações entre Religião/Teologia e Educação, recentemente tem sido realizado o estudo dos pressupostos teológicos e espirituais das propostas educacionais. Há muitos pontos de convergência entre Paulo Freire e René Girard, alguns até complementares. O diálogo entre esses dois autores se mostra muito profícuo na discussão do tema do desejo em relação com a espiritualidade e a educação. Este trabalho é uma tentativa de buscar elementos que favoreçam a elaboração de uma Pedagogia do Desejo a partir das contribuições das Ciências da Religião.(AU)