Magnetic-field-induced transition in a wide parabolic well superimposed with a superlattice

We study a Al(x)Ga(x-1)As parabolic quantum well (PQW) with GaAs/Al(x)Ga(x-1)As square superlattice. The magnetotransport in PQW with intentionally disordered short-period superlattice reveals a surprising transition from electrons distribution over whole parabolic well to independent-layer states with unequal density. The transition occurs in the perpendicular magnetic field at Landau filling factor v approximate to 3 and is signaled by the appearance of the strong and developing fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states and by the enhanced slope of the Hall resistance. We attribute the transition to the possible electron localization in the x-y plane inside the lateral wells, and formation of the FQH states in the central well of the superlattice, driven by electron-electron interaction.

Dynamical Conductivity at the Dirty Superconductor-Metal Quantum Phase Transition

We study the transport properties of ultrathin disordered nanowires in the neighborhood of the superconductor-metal quantum phase transition. To this end we combine numerical calculations with analytical strong-disorder renormalization group results. The quantum critical conductivity at zero temperature diverges logarithmically as a function of frequency. In the metallic phase, it obeys activated scaling associated with an infinite-randomness quantum critical point. We extend the scaling theory to higher dimensions and discuss implications for experiments.

Posttranslational mechanisms associated with reduced NHE3 activity in adult vs. young prehypertensive SHR

Crajoinas RO, Lessa LMA, Carraro-Lacroix LR, Davel APC, Pacheco BPM, Rossoni LV, Malnic G, Girardi ACC. Posttranslational mechanisms associated with reduced NHE3 activity in adult vs. young prehypertensive SHR. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299:F872-F881, 2010. First published July 14, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00654.2009.-Abnormalities in renal proximal tubular (PT) sodium transport play an important role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) represents the major route for sodium entry across the apical membrane of renal PT cells. We therefore aimed to assess in vivo NHE3 transport activity and to define the molecular mechanisms underlying NHE3 regulation before and after development of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). NHE3 function was measured as the rate of bicarbonate reabsorption by means of in vivo stationary microperfusion in PT from young prehypertensive SHR (Y-SHR; 5-wk-old), adult SHR (A-SHR; 14-wk-old), and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found that NHE3-mediated PT bicarbonate reabsorption was reduced with age in the SHR (1.08 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.04 nmol/cm(2)xs), while it was increased in the transition from youth to adulthood in the WKY rat (0.59 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.26 +/- 0.11 nmol/cm(2)xs). Higher NHE3 activity in the Y-SHR compared with A-SHR was associated with a predominant microvilli confinement and a lower ratio of phosphorylated NHE3 at serine-552 to total NHE3 (P-NHE3/total). After development of hypertension, P-NHE3/total increased and NHE3 was retracted out of the microvillar microdomain along with the regulator dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Collectively, our data suggest that the PT is playing a role in adapting to the hypertension in the SHR. The molecular mechanisms of this adaptation possibly include an increase of P-NHE3/total and a redistribution of the NHE3-DPPIV complex from the body to the base of the PT microvilli, both predicted to decrease sodium reabsorption.

Life transitions and changing physical activity patterns in young women

Background: Physical activity (PA) patterns are likely to change in young adulthood in line with changes in lifestyle that occur in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether key life events experienced by young women in their early twenties are associated with increasing levels of inactivity. Methods: This was a 4-year follow-up of 7281 participants (aged 18 to 23 years at baseline) in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health, with self-reported measures of PA, life events, body mass index (BMI), and sociodemographic variables. Results: The cross-sectional data indicated no change in PA between baseline (57% active) and follow-up (56% active). However, for almost 40% of the sample, PA category changed between baseline and follow-up, with approximately 20% of the women changing from being active to inactive, and another 20% changing from being inactive to active. After adjustment for age, other sociodemographic variables, BMI, and PA at baseline, women who reported getting married, having a first or subsequent child, or beginning paid work were more likely to be inactive at follow-up than those who did not report these events. Conclusions: The results suggest that life events such as getting married, having children, and starting work are associated with decreased levels of PA in young adult women. Strategies are needed to promote maintenance of activity at the time when most women experience these key life-stage transitions.

Comportamentos de risco em jovens universitários : consumo de substâncias psicoativas

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, especialidade de Contextos Comunitários, 23 Fevereiro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Phonological development in relation to native language and literacy: Variations on a theme in six alphabetic orthographies

Phonological development was assessed in six alphabetic orthographies (English, French, Greek, Icelandic, Portuguese and Spanish) at the beginning and end of the first year of reading instruction. The aim was to explore contrasting theoretical views regarding: the question of the availability of phonology at the outset of learning to read (Study 1); the influence of orthographic depth on the pace of phonological development during the transition to literacy (Study 2); and the impact of literacy instruction (Study 3). Results from 242 children did not reveal a consistent sequence of development as performance varied according to task demands and language. Phonics instruction appeared more influential than orthographic depth in the emergence of an early meta-phonological capacity to manipulate phonemes, and preliminary indications were that cross-linguistic variation was associated with speech rhythm more than factors such as syllable complexity. The implications of the outcome for current models of phonological development are discussed.

Utilidade da tomografia computorizada cardíaca na avaliação da doença coronária

RESUMO: Apesar de toda a evolução farmacológica e de meios complementares de diagnóstico possível nos últimos anos, o enfarte agudo do miocárdio e a morte súbita continuam a ser a primeira manifestação da aterosclerose coronária para muitos doentes, que estavam previamente assintomáticos. Os exames complementares de diagnóstico tradicionalmente usados para avaliar a presença de doença coronária, baseiam‐se na documentação de isquémia do miocárdio e por este motivo a sua positividade depende da presença de lesões coronárias obstrutivas. As lesões coronárias não obstrutivas estão também frequentemente implicadas no desenvolvimento de eventos coronários. Apesar de o risco absoluto de instabilização por placa ser superior para as lesões mais volumosas e obstrutivas, estas são menos prevalentes do que as placas não obstrutivas e assim, por questões probabilísticas, os eventos coronários resultam com frequência da rotura ou erosão destas últimas. Estudos recentes de imagiologia intracoronária avançada forneceram evidência de que apesar de ser possível identificar algumas características de vulnerabilidade em placas associadas ao desenvolvimento subsequente de eventos coronários, a sua sensibilidade e especificidade é muito baixa para aplicação clínica. Mais do que o risco associado a uma placa em particular, para o doente poderá ser mais importante o risco global da sua árvore coronária reflexo da soma das probabilidade de todas as suas lesões, sendo que quanto maior for a carga aterosclerótica maior será o seu risco. A angio TC cardíaca é a mais recente técnica de imagem não invasiva para o estudo da doença coronária e surgiu nos últimos anos fruto de importantes avanços na tecnologia de TC multidetectores. Estes avanços, permitiram uma progressiva melhoria da resolução espacial e temporal, contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade dos exames, bem como uma significativa redução da dose de radiação. A par desta evolução tecnológica, foi aumentando a experiência e gerada mais evidência científica, tornando a angio TC cardíaca cada vez mais robusta na avaliação da doença coronária e aumentando a sua aplicabilidade clínica. Mais recentemente apareceram vários trabalhos que validaram o seu valor prognóstico, assinalando a sua chegada à idade adulta. Para além de permitir excluir a presença de doença coronária e de identificar a presença de estenoses significativas, a angio TC cardíaca permite identificar a presença de lesões coronárias não obstrutivas, característica impar desta técnica como modalidade de imagem não invasiva. Ao permitir identificar a totalidade das lesões ateroscleróticas (obstrutivas e não obstrutivas), a 18 angio TC cardíaca poderá fornecer uma quantificação da carga aterosclerótica coronária total, podendo essa identificação ser útil na estratificação dos indivíduos em risco de eventos coronários. Neste trabalho foi possível identificar preditores demográficos e clínicos de uma elevada carga aterosclerótica coronária documentada pela angioTC cardíaca, embora o seu poder discriminativo tenha sido relativamente modesto, mesmo quando agrupados em scores clínicos. Entre os vários scores, o desempenho foi um pouco melhor para o score de risco cardiovascular Heartscore. Estas limitações espelham a dificuldade de prever apenas com base em variáveis clínicas, mesmo quando agrupadas em scores, a presença e extensão da doença coronária. Um dos factores de risco clássicos, a obesidade, parece ter uma relação paradoxal com a carga aterosclerótica, o que pode justificar algumas limitações da estimativa com base em scores clínicos. A diabetes mellitus, por outro lado, foi um dos preditores clínicos mais importantes, funcionando como modelo de doença coronária mais avançada, útil para avaliar o desempenho dos diferentes índices de carga aterosclerótica. Dada a elevada prevalência de placas ateroscleróticas identificáveis por angio TC na árvore coronária, torna-‐se importante desenvolver ferramentas que permitam quantificar a carga aterosclerótica e assim identificar os indivíduos que poderão eventualmente beneficiar de medidas de prevenção mais intensivas. Com este objectivo, foi desenvolvido um índice de carga aterosclerótica que reúne a informação global acerca da localização, do grau de estenose e do tipo de placa, obtida pela angio TC cardíaca, o CT--‐LeSc. Este score poderá vir a ser uma ferramenta útil para quantificação da carga aterosclerótica coronária, sendo de esperar que possa traduzir a informação prognóstica da angio TC cardíaca. Por fim, o conceito de árvore coronária vulnerável poderá ser mais importante do que o da placa vulnerável e a sua identificação pela angio TC cardíaca poderá ser importante numa estratégia de prevenção mais avançada. Esta poderá permitir personalizar as medidas de prevenção primária, doseando melhor a sua intensidade em função da carga aterosclerótica, podendo esta vir a constituir uma das mais importantes indicações da angio TC cardíaca no futuro.---------------- ABSTRACT Despite the significant advances made possible in recent years in the field of pharmacology and diagnostic tests, acute yocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death remain the first manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis in a significant proportion of patients, as many were previously asymptomatic. Traditionally, the diagnostic exams employed for the evaluation of possible coronary artery disease are based on the documentation of myocardial ischemia and, in this way, they are linked to the presence of obstructive coronary stenosis. Nonobstructive coronary lesions are also frequently involved in the development of coronary events. Although the absolute risk of becoming unstable per plaque is higher for more obstructive and higher burden plaques, these are much less frequent than nonobstructive lesions and therefore, in terms of probability for the patient, coronary events are often the result of rupture or erosion of the latter ones. Recent advanced intracoronary imaging studies provided evidence that although it is possible to identify some features of vulnerability in plaques associated with subsequente development of coronary events, the sensitivity and sensibility are very limited for clinical application. More important than the individual risk associated with a certain plaque, for the patient it might be more important the global risk of the total coronary tree, as reflected by the sum of the diferent probabilities of all the lesions, since the higher the coronary Atherosclerotic burden, the higher the risk for the patient. Cardiac CT or Coronary CT angiography is still a young modality. It is the most recente noninvasive imaging modality in the study of coronary artery disease and its development was possible due to important advances in multidetector CT technology. These allowed significant improvements in temporal and spatial resolution, leading to better image quality and also some impressive reductions in radiation dose. At the same time, the increasing experience with this technique lead to a growing body of scientific evidence, making cardiac CT a robust imaging tool for the evaluation of coronary artery disease and increased its clinical indications. More recently, several publications documented its prognostic value, marking the transition of cardiac CT to adulthood. Besides being able to exclude the presence of coronary artery disease and of obstructive lesions, Cardiac CT allows also the identification of nonobstructive lesions, making this a unique tool in the field of noninvasive imaging modalities. By evaluating both obstructive and nonobstructive lesions, cardiac CT can provide for the quantification of total coronary atherosclerotic burden, and this can be useful to stratify the risk of future coronary events. In the present work, it was possible to identify significant demographic and clinical predictors of a high coronary atherosclerotic burden as assessed by cardiac CT, but with modest odds ratios, even when the individual variables were gathered in clinical scores. Among these diferent clinical scores, the performance was better for the Heartscore, a cardiovascular risk score. This modest performance underline the limitations on predicting the presence and severity of coronary disease based only on clinical variables, even when optimized together in risk scores, One of the classical risk factors, obesity, had in fact a paradoxical relation with coronary atherosclerotic burden and might explain some of the limitations of the clinical models. On the opposite, diabetes mellitus was one of the strongest clinical predictors, and was considered to be a model of more advanced coronary disease, useful to evaluate the performance of diferent plaque burden scores. In face of the high prevalence of plaques that can be identified in the coronary tree of patients undergoing cardiac CT, it is of utmost importance to develop tools to quantify the total coronary atherosclerotic burden providing the identification of patients that could eventually benefit from more intensive preventive measures. This was the rational for the development of a coronary atherosclerotic burden score, reflecting the comprehensive information on localization, degree of stenosis and plaque composition provided by cardiac CT – the CT-LeSc. This score may become a useful tool to quantify total coronary atherosclerotic burden and is expected to convey the strong prognostic information of cardiac CT. Lastly, the concept of vulnerable coronary tree might become more important than the concept of the vulnerable plaque and his assessment by cardiac CT Might become important in a more advance primary prevention strategy. This Could lead to a more custom-made primary prevention, tailoring the intensity of preventive measures to the atherosclerotic burden and this might become one of the most important indications of cardiac CT In the near future.

First- and second-time parents’ couple relationship: from pregnancy to second year postpartum

First- and second-time parents’ couple relationships were studied from early pregnancy to the second year postpartum. The Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) was administered to Portuguese couples (N = 82), first- or second-time parents, at the first, second and third pregnancy trimester, childbirth, 3 and 18 months postpartum. Adverse changes in positive and negative partner relationship dimensions were reported from early pregnancy to the second year postpartum by all participants; in the same way by mothers and fathers and by first- and second-time parents. Second-time parents reported a worse couple relationship (lower RQ-positive scores) than first-time parents, but only during pregnancy. Results from the present study suggest a decline in partner relationship quality during the transition to parenthood both in mothers and fathers, as well as in first- and second-time parents.

Screening for depression and anxiety disorders from pregnancy to postpartum with the EPDS and STAI

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) are widely used self-report measures that still need to be further validated for the perinatal period. The aim of this study was to examine the screening performance of the EPDS and the STAI-S in detecting depressive and anxiety disorders at pregnancy and postpartum. Women screening positive on EPDS (EPDS ≥ 9) or STAI-S (STAI-S ≥ 45) during pregnancy (n = 90), as well as matched controls (n = 58) were selected from a larger study. At 3 months postpartum, 99 of these women were reassessed. At a second stage, women were administered a clinical interview to establish a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis yielded areas under the curve higher than .80 and .70 for EPDS and STAI-S, respectively. EPDS and STAI-S optimal cut-offs were found to be lower at postpartum (EDPS = 7; STAI-S = 34) than during pregnancy (EPDS = 9; STAI-S = 40). EPDS and STAI-S are reasonably valid screening tools during pregnancy and the postpartum.

Anxiety and depression symptoms in women and men from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum: parity differences and effects

This study aimed to investigate both anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum, comparing women and men and first and second-time parents. Methods: A sample of 260 Portuguese couples (N=520), first or second-time parents, recruited in an Obstetrics Out-patients Unit, filled in the State-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pregnancy trimesters, childbirth, and 3-months postpartum. Results: A decrease in anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum was found in both women and men, as well as in first and second-time parents. Men presented less anxiety and depression symptoms than women, but the same pattern of symptoms over time. Second-time parents showed more anxiety and depression symptoms than first-time parents and a different pattern of symptoms over time: an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms from the 3rd trimester to childbirth was observed in first-time parents versus a decrease in second-time parents. Limitations: The voluntary nature of the participation may have lead to a selection bias; women and men who agreed to participate could be those who presented fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. Moreover, the use of self-report symptom measures does not give us the level of possible disorder in participants. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression symptoms diminish from pregnancy to the postpartum period in all parents. Patterns of anxiety and depression symptoms from early pregnancy to 3-months postpartum are similar in women and men, but somewhat different in first and second time parents. Second-time parents should also be considered while studying and intervening during pregnancy and the postpartum.

Present development concerning antimalarial activity of phospholipid metabolism inhibitors with special reference to in vivo activity

The systematic screening of more than 250 molecules against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro has previously shown that interfering with phospholipid metabolism is lethal to the malaria parasite. These compounds act by impairing choline transport in infected erythrocytes, resulting in phosphatidylcholine de novo biosynthesis inhibition. A thorough study was carried out with the leader compound G25, whose in vitro IC50 is 0.6 nM. It was very specific to mature parasites (trophozoïtes) as determined in vitro with P. falciparum and in vivo with P. chabaudi -infected mice. This specificity corresponds to the most intense phase of phospholipid biosynthesis activity during the parasite cycle, thus corroborating the mechanism of action. The in vivo antimalarial activity (ED50) against P. chabaudi was 0.03 mg/kg, and a similar sensitivity was obtained with P. vinckei petteri, when the drug was intraperitoneally administered in a 4 day suppressive test. In contrast, P. berghei was revealed as less sensitive (3- to 20-fold, depending on the P. berghei-strain). This difference in activity could result either from the degree of synchronism of every strain, their invasion preference for mature or immature red blood cells or from an intrinsically lower sensitivity of the P. berghei strain to G25. Irrespective of the mode of administration, G25 had the same therapeutic index (lethal dose 50 (LD50)/ED50) but the dose to obtain antimalarial activity after oral treatment was 100-fold higher than after intraperitoneal (or subcutaneous) administration. This must be related to the low intestinal absorption of these kind of compounds. G25 succeeded to completely inhibiting parasitemia as high as 11.2% without any decrease in its therapeutic index when administered subcutaneously twice a day for at least 8 consecutive days to P. chabaudi -infected-rodent model. Transition to human preclinical investigations now requires a synthesis of molecules which would permit oral absorption.

IPH Submission to Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government Climate Change Response Bill 2010

The main purpose of the Clmate Change Bill is to provide for the adoption of a national policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; to support this through the making of mitigation and adaptation action plans; and to make provision for emission reduction targets to support the objective of transition to a low carbon, climate resilient and environmentally sustainable economy.The remit of the Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) is to promote cooperation for public health between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in the areas of research and information, capacity building and policy advice. Our approach is to support Departments of Health and their agencies in both jurisdictions, and maximise the benefits of all-island cooperation to achieve practical benefits for people in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.IPH has a keen interest in the effects of climate change on health. In September 2010 the IPH published a paper – Climate Change and Health: A platform for action - to inform policy-makers and the public about the health benefits in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper followed a seminar with international speakers, opened by Minister Gormley, on the same topic in February 2010. 

Continuing to care for people with dementia: Alzheimer Society of Ireland

The Alzheimer Society of Ireland in conjunction with St. Luke’s Home has published a report ‘Continuing to care for people with dementia’ which explores Irish family carers’ experience of their relative’s transition to a nursing home.�� The report was researched and written by Professor Murna Downs, Bradford Dementia Group, University of Bradford. The full report is available below:Continuing to care for people with dementia����

Dynamic arterial elastance to predict arterial pressure response to volume loading in preload-dependent patients

INTRODUCTION Hemodynamic resuscitation should be aimed at achieving not only adequate cardiac output but also sufficient mean arterial pressure (MAP) to guarantee adequate tissue perfusion pressure. Since the arterial pressure response to volume expansion (VE) depends on arterial tone, knowing whether a patient is preload-dependent provides only a partial solution to the problem. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of a functional evaluation of arterial tone by dynamic arterial elastance (Ea(dyn)), defined as the pulse pressure variation (PPV) to stroke volume variation (SVV) ratio, to predict the hemodynamic response in MAP to fluid administration in hypotensive, preload-dependent patients with acute circulatory failure. METHODS We performed a prospective clinical study in an adult medical/surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital, including 25 patients with controlled mechanical ventilation who were monitored with the Vigileo(®) monitor, for whom the decision to give fluids was made because of the presence of acute circulatory failure, including arterial hypotension (MAP ≤65 mmHg or systolic arterial pressure <90 mmHg) and preserved preload responsiveness condition, defined as a SVV value ≥10%. RESULTS Before fluid infusion, Ea(dyn) was significantly different between MAP responders (MAP increase ≥15% after VE) and MAP nonresponders. VE-induced increases in MAP were strongly correlated with baseline Ea(dyn) (r(2) = 0.83; P < 0.0001). The only predictor of MAP increase was Ea(dyn) (area under the curve, 0.986 ± 0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.84-1). A baseline Ea(dyn) value >0.89 predicted a MAP increase after fluid administration with a sensitivity of 93.75% (95% CI, 69.8%-99.8%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 66.4%-100%). CONCLUSIONS Functional assessment of arterial tone by Ea(dyn), measured as the PVV to SVV ratio, predicted arterial pressure response after volume loading in hypotensive, preload-dependent patients under controlled mechanical ventilation.

Reliability and validity of physiological data obtained within a cycle-run transition test in age-group triathletes.

This study examined the validity and reliability of a sequential "Run-Bike-Run" test (RBR) in age-group triathletes. Eight Olympic distance (OD) specialists (age 30.0 ± 2.0 years, mass 75.6 ± 1.6 kg, run VO2max 63.8 ± 1.9 ml· kg(-1)· min(-1), cycle VO2peak 56.7 ± 5.1 ml· kg(-1)· min(-1)) performed four trials over 10 days. Trial 1 (TRVO2max) was an incremental treadmill running test. Trials 2 and 3 (RBR1 and RBR2) involved: 1) a 7-min run at 15 km· h(-1) (R1) plus a 1-min transition to 2) cycling to fatigue (2 W· kg(-1) body mass then 30 W each 3 min); 3) 10-min cycling at 3 W· kg(-1) (Bsubmax); another 1-min transition and 4) a second 7-min run at 15 km· h(-1) (R2). Trial 4 (TT) was a 30-min cycle - 20-min run time trial. No significant differences in absolute oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), or blood lactate concentration ([BLA]) were evidenced between RBR1 and RBR2. For all measured physiological variables, the limits of agreement were similar, and the mean differences were physiologically unimportant, between trials. Low levels of test-retest error (i.e. ICC <0.8, CV<10%) were observed for most (logged) measurements. However [BLA] post R1 (ICC 0.87, CV 25.1%), [BLA] post Bsubmax (ICC 0.99, CV 16.31) and [BLA] post R2 (ICC 0.51, CV 22.9%) were least reliable. These error ranges may help coaches detect real changes in training status over time. Moreover, RBR test variables can be used to predict discipline specific and overall TT performance. Cycle VO2peak, cycle peak power output, and the change between R1 and R2 (deltaR1R2) in [BLA] were most highly related to overall TT distance (r = 0.89, p < 0. 01; r = 0.94, p < 0.02; r = 0.86, p < 0.05, respectively). The percentage of TR VO2max at 15 km· h(-1), and deltaR1R2 HR, were also related to run TT distance (r = -0.83 and 0.86, both p < 0.05).