Concomitant expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers in breast ductal carcinoma: Association with progression

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process implicated in cancer progression in which the underlying cellular changes have been identified mainly using in vitro models. We determined the expression of some putative EMT biomarkers including E-cadherin, beta-catenin, zinc finger factor Snail (Snail), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), TGF beta type II receptor (TBRII) and the HGF receptor (c-met) and their possible correlation to progression and overall survival in a series of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). Biomarkers were immunohistochemically determined in 55 IDC specimens from which 21 had lymph node metastases and in 95 DCIS specimens, 46 of these cases associated to invasive carcinoma, in a tissue microarray (TMA). Positive cytoplasmic staining of TGF beta 1 (78.2%), c-met (43.6%), Snail (34.5%), TBRII (100%), membranous E-cadherin (74.5%) and membranous/cytoplasmic beta-catenin (71%) were detected in the IDC samples. Metastatic lymph node samples displayed similar frequencies. A significant increase of c-met and TGF beta 1 positivity along DCIS to IDC progression was noted but only TGF beta 1 positivity was associated with presence of lymph node metastases and advanced stages in IDC. The evaluation of the other EMT markers in DCIS did not show differences in positivity rate as compared to invasive carcinomas. DCIS either pure or associated to IDC showed similar expression of the analyzed biomarkers. All the carcinomas exhibited positive expression of TBRII. Associations between the markers, determined by Spearman`s correlation coefficient, showed a significant association between TGF beta 1 and respectively E-cadherin, beta-catenin and cmet in DCIS cases, but in invasive carcinomas only cadherin and catenin were positively correlated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that none of the EMT biomarkers analyzed were correlated with survival, which was significantly determined only by clinical and hormone receptor parameters.

Pleural fluid cytokines correlate with tissue inflammatory expression in tuberculosis

SETTING: A tertiary care research centre in Sao Paolo, Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To quantify interleukin (IL) 8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta(1), (TGF-beta(1))in pleural fluid from tuberculous patients, correlating its values with the histopathological patterns in pleural biopsies. DESIGN: Cytokines were quantified in patients with transudatcs secondary to congestive heart failure (n = 8) and exudates secondary to tuberculosis (TB; n = 39). In parietal pleural biopsies from TB patients, the histological patterns of the inflammatory response were quantified by morphometric analysis (stereological point-counting method). RESULTS: IL-8, TNF-alpha, VEGF and TGF-beta(1) levels were higher in TB than in transudates. A positive correlation existed between components of the fibrinoid exudative phase with pleural fluid IL-8 (R = 0.52, P = 0.004) and VEGF (R = 0.42, P = 0.0021) levels. A negative correlation existed between pleural fluid IL-8 (R = -0.37, P = 0.048) and VEGF (R = -0.44, P = 0.0015) levels with tissue components of fibroproliferation. CONCLUSION: The high pleural levels of TNF-a, IL-8, VEGF and TGF-beta(1) suggest the involvement of these cytokines in the TB immunological response. The positive correlation between pleural fluid IL-8 and VEGF with the components of the acute exudative phase and the negative correlation between these cytokines with the fibroproliferative components suggest a temporary inflammatory response in the pleural space.

Influence of parecoxib (cox-2 inhibitor) in experimental pleurodesis

Background: The intrapleural instillation of a sclerosing agent produces an inflammatory process frequently followed by pain. The treatment can include the use of analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs. Previously, it was demonstrated (experimental studies) that corticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) reduce the inflammation and fibrosis produced by talc but not by transforming growth factor-P or silver nitrate. The objective of this study was to determine whether parecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) affects pleurodesis induced by talc or silver nitrate. Methods: 140 rabbits received intrapleural. injection (2 mL) of 400 mg/kg of talc or 0.5% silver nitrate. A subgroup of 70 animals received additional daily intramuscular parecoxib (1 mg/kg). They were sacrificed at 4, 24, 48, 72 h or 7, 14, or 28 days after the procedure. The pleural fluid was quantified; biochemical examinations (glucose, lactic dehydrogenase, and proteins) and immunologic dosages (interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta(1)) were analyzed in pleural fluid and blood. Finally, macro- and microscopic pleura and lung studies were performed. Results: Evaluation after 28 days demonstrated that parecoxib reduced pleural and pulmonary inflammation but not pleural adhesions. The changes were observed precociously (72 h) and were more evident after silver nitrate injection. Conclusion: Systemic parecoxib injection does not interfere with talc or silver nitrate pleurodesis. These results suggest that use of COX-2 inhibitors can be considered and depending of the results of other studies, recommended in human pleurodesis. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysms of the human ascending aorta share activation of the Smad2 pathway

Common features such as elastic fibre destruction, mucoid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell apoptosis are co-localized in aneurysms of the ascending aorta of various aetiologies. Recent experimental studies reported an activation of TGF-beta in aneurysms related to Marfan (and Loeys-Dietz) syndrome. Here we investigate TGF-beta signalling in normal and pathological human ascending aortic wall in syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysmal disease. Aneurysmal ascending aortic specimens, classified according to aetiology: syndromic MFS (n = 15, including two mutations in TGFBR2), associated with BAV (n = 15) or degenerative forms (n = 19), were examined. We show that the amounts of TGF-beta 1 protein retained within and released by aneurysmal tissue were greater than for control aortic tissue, whatever the aetiology, contrasting with an unchanged TGF-beta 1 mRNA level. The increase in stored TGF-beta 1 was associated with enhanced LTBP-I protein and mRNA levels. These dysiregulations of the extracellular ligand are associated with higher phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad2 mRNA levels in the ascending aortic wall from all types of aneurysm. This activation correlated with the degree of elastic fibre fragmentation. Surprisingly, there was no consistent association between the nuclear location of pSmad2 and extracellular TGF-beta 1 and LTBP-I staining and between their respective mRNA expressions. In parallel, decorin. was focally increased in aneurysmal media, whereas biglycan was globally decreased in aneurysmal aortas. In conclusion, this study highlights independent dysregulations of TGF-beta retention and Smad2 signalling in syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysms of the ascending aorta. Copyright (C) 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Enamel matrix derivative induces matrix synthesis by cultured human periodontal fibroblast cells

Background: Periodontal wound healing and regeneration require that new matrix be synthesized, creating an environment into which cells can migrate. One agent which has been described as promoting periodontal regeneration is an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD). Since no specific growth factors have been identified in EMD preparations, it is postulated that EMD acts as a matrix enhancement factor. This study was designed to investigate the effect of EMD in vitro on matrix synthesis by cultured periodontal fibroblasts. Methods: The matrix response of the cells was evaluated by determination of the total proteoglycan synthesis, glycosaminoglycan profile, and hyaluronan synthesis by the uptake of radiolabeled precursors. The response of the individual proteoglycans, versican, decorin, and biglycan were examined at the mRNA level by Northern blot analysis. Hyaluronan synthesis was probed by identifying the isotypes of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) expressed in periodontal fibroblasts as HAS-2 and HAS-3 and the effect of EMD on the levels of mRNA for each enzyme was monitored by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Comparisons were made between gingival fibroblast (GF) cells and periodontal ligament (PDLF) cells. Results: EMD was found to significantly affect the synthesis of the mRNAs for the matrix proteoglycans versican, biglycan, and decorin, producing a response similar to, but potentially greater than, mitogenic cytokines. EMD also stimulated hyaluronan synthesis in both GF and PDLF cells. Although mRNA for HAS-2 was elevated in GF after exposure to EMD, the PDLF did not show a similar response. Therefore, the point at which the stimulation of hyaluronan becomes effective may not be at the level of stimulation of the mRNA for hyaluronan synthase, but, rather, at a later point in the pathway of regulation of hyaluronan synthesis. In all cases, GF cells appeared to be more responsive to EMD than PDLF cells in vitro. Conclusions: EMD has the potential to significantly modulate matrix synthesis in a manner consistent with early regenerative events.

Role of cytokine gene polymorphisms in acute rejection and renal impairment after liver transplantation

Although immunosuppressive regimens are effective, rejection occurs in up to 50% of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and there is concern about side effects from long-term therapy. Knowledge of clinical and immunogenetic variables may allow tailoring of immunosuppressive therapy to patients according to their potential risks. We studied the association between transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphisms and graft rejection and renal impairment in 121 white liver transplant recipients. Clinical variables were collected retrospectively, and creatinine clearance was estimated using the formula of Cockcroft and Gault. Biallelic polymorphisms were detected using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Thirty-seven of 121 patients (30.6%) developed at least 1 episode of rejection. Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh score (P =.001), immune-mediated liver disease (P =.018), normal pre-OLT creatinine clearance (P =.037), and fewer HLA class 1 mismatches (P =.038) were independently associated with rejection, Renal impairment occurred in 80% of patients and was moderate or severe in 39%, Clinical variables independently associated with renal impairment were female sex (P =.001), pre-OLT renal dysfunction (P =.0001), and a diagnosis of viral hepatitis (P =.0008), There was a significant difference in the frequency of TNF-alpha -308 alleles among the primary liver diseases. After adjustment for potential confounders and a Bonferroni correction, the association between the TNF-alpha -308 polymorphism and graft rejection approached significance (P =.06). Recipient cytokine genotypes do not have a major independent role in graft rejection or renal impairment after OLT, Additional studies of immunogenetic factors require analysis of large numbers of patients with appropriate phenotypic information to avoid population stratification, which may lead to inappropriate conclusions.

The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus

Both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). Antigen-specific mechanisms in OLP include antigen presentation by basal keratinocytes and antigen-specific keratinocyte killing by CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells. Non-specific mechanisms include mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in OLP lesions. These mechanisms may combine to cause T-cell accumulation in the superficial lamina propria, basement membrane disruption, intra-epithelial T-cell migration, and keratinocyte apoptosis in OLP. OLP chronicity may be due, in part, to deficient antigen-specific TGF-beta1-mediated immunosuppression. The normal oral mucosa may be an immune privileged site (similar to the eye, testis, and placenta), and breakdown of immune privilege could result in OLP and possibly other autoimmune oral mucosal diseases. Recent findings in mucocutaneous graft-versus-host disease, a clinical and histological correlate of lichen planus, suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha, CD40, Fas, MMPs, and mast cell degranulation in disease pathogenesis. Potential roles for oral Langerhans cells and the regional lymphatics in OLP lesion formation and chronicity are discussed. Carcinogenesis in OLP may be regulated by the integrated signal from various tumor inhibitors (TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12) and promoters (MIF, MMP-9). We present our recent data implicating antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OLP and propose a unifying hypothesis suggesting that both may be involved in lesion development. The initial event in OLP lesion formation and the factors that determine OLP susceptibility are unknown.

Evidence for a sub-morphological inflammatory process in the liver in haemochromatosis

Background/Aims: The role of cytokines in hepatic injury has been examined for many liver diseases however little is known of the cytokine involvement in haemochromatosis. The aim of the current study was to examine the hepatic gene expression of potential proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines in haemochromatosis. Methods: Interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta(1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression was assessed in liver tissue from 20 haemochromatosis patients, eight controls and eight chronic hepatitis C patients. To assess the immunophenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate in haemochromatosis, liver sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry using markers for macrophages (CD68, HAM56, MAC387) or T cells (CD3 and CD45RO). Results: Interferon-gamma mRNA was increased in both haemochromatosis (0.29+/-0.08%, P=0.01) and hepatitis C patients (1.02+/-0.32%, P=0.03) compared to controls (0.04+/-0.01%). Interleukin-10 mRNA was significantly decreased in both haemochromatosis and hepatitis C patients (0.01+/-0.003%, P=0.008 and 0.03+/-0.015%, P=0.02, respectively) compared to controls (0.12+/-0.01%). CD3 positive T-cell number was significantly correlated with increasing hepatic iron concentration (r=0.56, P=0.03). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated a distinct pattern of cytokine gene expression in haemochromatosis, which resembles that of inflammatory conditions such as chronic hepatitis C. These factors may play a role in the development of iron-induced hepatic fibrosis in haemochromatosis. (C) 2003 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Efeitos da ingestão de simbiótico e indol-3-carbinol sobre o processo de carcinogênese química de cólon em ratos Wistar alimentados com dieta contendo heme

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

GW501516-activated PPARβ/δ promotes liver fibrosis via p38-JNK MAPK-induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: After liver injury, the repair process comprises activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) is highly expressed in these cells, but its function in liver repair remains incompletely understood. This study investigated whether activation of PPARβ/δ with the ligand GW501516 influenced the fibrotic response to injury from chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment in mice. Wild type and PPARβ/δ-null mice were treated with CCl4 alone or CCl4 co-administered with GW501516. To unveil mechanisms underlying the PPARβ/δ-dependent effects, we analyzed the proliferative response of human LX-2 HSCs to GW501516 in the presence or absence of PPARβ/δ. RESULTS: We found that GW501516 treatment enhanced the fibrotic response. Compared to the other experimental groups, CCl4/GW501516-treated wild type mice exhibited increased expression of various profibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes, such as those involved in extracellular matrix deposition and macrophage recruitment. Importantly, compared to healthy liver, hepatic fibrotic tissues from alcoholic patients showed increased expression of several PPAR target genes, including phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, transforming growth factor beta-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. GW501516 stimulated HSC proliferation that caused enhanced fibrotic and inflammatory responses, by increasing the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases through the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase-C alpha/beta mixed lineage kinase-3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified the mechanism underlying GW501516-dependent promotion of hepatic repair by stimulating proliferation of HSCs via the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways.

Diabetes mellitus affects the biomechanical function of the callus and the expression of TGF-beta1 and BMP2 in an early stage of fracture healing

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) are important regulators of bone repair and regeneration. In this study, we examined whether TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expressions were delayed during bone healing in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Tibial fractures were created in 95 diabetic and 95 control adult male Wistar rats of 10 weeks of age. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after fracture induction, five rats were sacrificed from each group. The expressions of TGF-β1 and BMP2 in the fractured tibias were measured by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, weekly for the first 5 weeks post-fracture. Mechanical parameters (bending rigidity, torsional rigidity, destruction torque) of the healing bones were also assessed at 3, 4, and 5 weeks post-fracture, after the rats were sacrificed. The bending rigidity, torsional rigidity and destruction torque of the two groups increased continuously during the healing process. The diabetes group had lower mean values for bending rigidity, torsional rigidity and destruction torque compared with the control group (P<0.05). TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the control group than in the diabetes group at postoperative weeks 1, 2, and 3. Peak levels of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 expression were delayed by 1 week in the diabetes group compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that there was a delayed recovery in the biomechanical function of the fractured bones in diabetic rats. This delay may be associated with a delayed expression of the growth factors TGF-β1 and BMP-2.

Rôle du système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal dans l’hypertension et les dommages rénaux chez les souris transgéniques diabétiques

Plusieurs expériences et études cliniques ont démontré que l’activation du système rénine-angiotensine (RAS) peut induire l’hypertension, un facteur de risque majeur pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales. L’angiotensinogène (Agt) est l’unique substrat du RAS. Cependant, il n’a pas encore été démontré si l’activation du RAS intrarénal peut à elle seule induire des dommages rénaux, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique, et ainsi jouer un rôle prépondérant dans la progression de la néphropathie diabétique. Afin d’explorer le rôle du RAS intrarénal dans les dommages rénaux, un diabète a été induit par l’injection de streptozotocin chez des souris transgéniques (Tg) surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein (RPTC). Les souris Tg diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS (perindopril et losartan), de l’insuline ou une combinaison des deux pour 4 semaines avant d’être euthanasiées. Pour une autre étude, des souris Tg non-diabétiques ont été traitées soit avec des inhibiteurs du RAS, l’hydralazine (vasodilatateur) ou l’apocynine (inhibiteur de la NADPH oxydase) pour une période de 8 semaines avant l’euthanasie. Des souris non-Tg ont été utilisées comme contrôles. Des cellules immortalisées de tubule proximal de rat (IRPTC) transfectées de manière stable avec un plasmide contenant l’Agt ou un plasmide contrôle ont été employées comme modèle in vitro. Nos résultats ont démontré que les souris Tg présentaient une augmentation significative de la pression systolique, l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC et l’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg. Les mêmes changements ont été observés chez les souris Tg diabétiques par rapport aux souris non-Tg diabétiques. L’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS ont permis d’atténuer ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était réduite que par les inhibiteurs du RAS. Chez les IRPTC transfectées avec l’Agt in vitro, les hautes concentrations de glucose augmentent l’apoptose et l’activité de la caspase-3 par rapport aux cellules contrôles et l’insuline et/ou les inhibiteurs du RAS empêchent ces augmentations. En plus des changements physiologiques, les RPTC des souris Tg présentent aussi une augmentation significative de la production des espèces réactive de l’oxygène (ROS) et de l’activité de la NADPH oxydase, ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’expression du facteur de croissance transformant-beta 1 (TGF-β1), de l’inhibiteur activateur du plasminogène de type 1 (PAI-1), des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire, du collagène de type IV et de la sousunité p47 de la NADPH oxydase. Le traitement des souris Tg avec l’apocynine et le perindopril a permis d’améliorer tous ces changements, sauf l’hypertension qui n’était pas corrigée par l’apocynine. D’autre part, l’hydralazine a prévenu l’hypertension, sans modifier l’albuminurie, l’apoptose des RPTC ou l’expression des gènes pro-apoptotiques. Ces résultats montrent bien que l’activation du RAS intrarénal et l’hyperglycémie agissent de concert pour induire l’albuminurie et l’apoptose des RPTC, indépendamment de l’hypertension systémique. La génération des ROS via l’activation de la NADPH oxydase induit en partie l’action du RAS intrarénal sur l’apoptose des RPTC, la fibrose tubulo-interstitielle et l’albuminurie chez les souris Tg. D’autre part, une expérience en cours a tenté d’encore mieux délimiter les effets de l’activation du RAS intrarénal, tout en éliminant la néphrotoxicité du STZ. Pour cette étude, les souris Tg surexprimant l’Agt de rat dans leurs RPTC ont été croisées aux souris Ins2Akita, un modèle spontané de diabète de type I, afin de générer des souris Akita-rAgt-Tg. Les résultats préliminaires indiquent que le RAS intrarénal est activé dans les souris Akita et que la combinaison avec l’hyperglycémie induit du stress du réticulum endoplasmique (ER) dans les RPTC in vivo. Le stress du ER contribue à l’apoptose des RPTC observée dans le diabète, à tout le moins dans le modèle Akita. Le traitement avec des inhibiteurs du RAS permet d’atténuer certains des dommanges rénaux observés dans les souris Akita-rAgt-Tg.

Allogeneic apoptotic thymocyte-stimulated dendritic cells expand functional regulatory T cells

P>Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the clearance of apoptotic cells. The removal of apoptotic cells leads to peripheral tolerance, although their role is still not clear. We show that the uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by DCs converts these cells into tolerogenic DCs resistant to maturation by lipopolysaccharide, modulating the production of interleukin-12 and up-regulating the expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) latency associated peptide. We also observed that DCs pulsed with apoptotic cells in the allogeneic context were more efficient in the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and that this expansion requires contact between DCs and the T cell. The Tregs sorted from in vitro culture suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro in a specific and non-specific manner. In the in vivo model, the transfer of CD4+ CD25- cells to Nude mice induced autoimmunity, with cell infiltrate found in the stomach, colon, liver and kidneys. The co-transfer of CD4+ CD25- and CD4+ CD25+ prevented the presence of cell infiltrates in several organs and increased the total cell count in lymph nodes. Our data indicate that apoptotic cells have an important role in peripheral tolerance via induction of tolerogenic DCs and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells that present regulatory functions.

Coffee and Caffeine Protect against Liver Injury Induced by Thioacetamide in Male Wistar Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of green Coffea arabica L. seed oil on extracellular matrix components and water-channel expression in in vitro and ex vivo human skin models

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)