Los Escolapios en Le??n desde su fundaci??n en 1799 hasta 1805

Averiguar que ocurri?? exactamente para que los Escolapios tuvieran que cerrar su colegio en Le??n en 1823. Centrar s??lo el trabajo en la Fundaci??n del Colegio de San Jos?? de Calasanz en Le??n, su preparaci??n y su consecuci??n. La diferencia existente entre los reales con que contaban y los reales que necesitaban en realidad. Y esto, a pesar de que el 26 de Junio de 1799, el Supremo Consejo aprob?? el acuerdo relativo al n??mero de religiosos, al m??todo de ense??anza y a la cantidad que deb??an pagar los seminaristas. Consciente el ayuntamiento de la situaci??n por la que atravesaban los Padres, y comprendiendo que su labor con la juventud ven??a siendo muy beneficiosa, no tard?? en concederse el permiso, con lo cual y a fuerza de buena voluntad y muchas estrecheces, los Padres que entonces formaban la comunidad fueron subsistiendo y ejerciendo su labor todo lo mejor que podian. Al tes??n de estos hombres y algunos otros como ellos, debe la ciudad de Le??n, la formaci??n de sus j??venes desde 1799 hasta 1823, a??o en que tuvieron que cerrar su Colegio.

Las escuelas de p??rvulos de la F??brica Nacional de Tabacos de Madrid (1841-1859)

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Para uma história de uma ordem secreta de filiação monárquica : Sociedade Secreta de São Miguel da Ala (1848-1859)

De óbvias inspirações maçónico-Carbonárias, “mas com intenções absolutamente contrárias”, a Ordem de São Miguel da Ala era uma associação secreta, militante e política, sobretudo “revolucionária e anti-dinástica”, tendo D. Miguel de Bragança como força centrífuga/centrípeta. Em outras palavras, “a sociedade era Católica, Apostólica, Romana e Miguelista e, no entanto, absolutamente secreta,exigindo o juramento inviolável sobre pessoas e coisas”.

Poéticas del silencio: el Color de lo blanco, de Alvaro Rodríguez y Sacra, de Alexis Naranjo

La presente disertación constituye un breve acercamiento a las poéticas del silencio, constitutivas de El color de lo blanco del poeta colombiano Álvaro Rodríguez Torres y de Sacra del poeta ecuatoriano Alexis Naranjo. Para la aproximación teórica a los textos poéticos, he aplicado ciertas categorías fundamentales de la hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur. El aporte del pensador francés es interpretar los poemas como un escenario de convergencia entre los niveles semántico, morfosintáctico y fonológico. Así, tras un capítulo introductoria, donde marco la orientación teórica y metodológica de la tesis, he procedido a revisar cada texto de los libros. Dicho estudio lo realicé bajo la premisa de encontrar los distintos elementos compositivos que caracterizan –o caracterizarían- a una determinada poética del silencio. Como parte de las conclusiones preliminares y finales, he propuesto una clasificación de las poéticas del silencio: el despojamiento y la contención. Debo apuntar, además, que las imágenes míticas presentes en cada uno de los textos han sido estudiadas con el propósito de evitar cualquier tipo de digresiones.

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 3 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: ÁMBITO: REVISTA CULTURAL DEL PERIÓDICO -¡AHORA! (Holguin), VII, 9 (Febrero de 1995). -- Guillermo Mariaca Iturri, EL PODER DE LA PALABRA: ENSAYOS SOBRE LA MODERNIDAD DE LA CRÍTICA LITERARIA LATINOAMERICANA. La Paz: Casa de las América, 1993, 160 pp. -- Jorge Dávila Vásquez, CUENTOS BREVES Y FANTÁSTICOS. Quito: Editorial El Conejo, 1994, 166 pp. -- lván Egüez, HISTORIAS LEVES. Quito: Abrapalabra Editores, 1994, 142 pp. -- Juan León Mera, ANTOLOGÍA ESENCIAL, edición de Xavier Michelena. Quito: Abya Yala, 1994, lxx , 428 pp. -- Alexis Naranjo, EL ORO DE LAS RUINAS. Quito: Libri-Mundi, 1994; 92 pp. -- Raúl Pérez Torres, SÓLO CENIZAS HALLARÁS. Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana 1995, 24 pp.

Brief and precarious lives: Infant mortality in contrasting sites from medieval and post-medieval England (AD 850-1859)

This study compares the infant mortality profiles of 128 infants from two urban and two rural cemetery sites in medieval England. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of urbanization and industrialization in terms of endogenous or exogenous causes of death. In order to undertake this analysis, two different methods of estimating gestational age from long bone lengths were used: a traditional regression method and a Bayesian method. The regression method tended to produce more marked peaks at 38 weeks, while the Bayesian method produced a broader range of ages and were more comparable with the expected "natural" mortality profiles. At all the sites, neonatal mortality (28-40 weeks) outweighed post-neonatal mortality (41-48 weeks) with rural Raunds Furnells in Northamptonshire, showing the highest number of neonatal deaths and post-medieval Spitalfields, London, showing a greater proportion of deaths due to exogenous or environmental factors. Of the four sites under study, Wharram Percy in Yorkshire showed the most convincing "natural" infant mortality profile, suggesting the inclusion of all births (i.e., stillbirths and unbaptised infants).

Sociable widow spiders? Evidence of subsociality in Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae)

A first case of subsociality is reported for the genus Latrodectus. Individuals were found sharing the same web and feeding together. In captivity they showed mutual tolerance and communal feeding. This finding is remarkable for two reasons. First, widow spiders, even compared with other spiders, are famously aggressive and cannibalistic so that social behavior in the genus was unexpected. Second, the genus nests outside the ""Anelosimus + lost colulus"" clade where all the other social theridiids are found.

The effect of water deprivation on the expression of atrial natriuretic pepide and its receptors in the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis

This study investigated the mRNA expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system (peptide and receptors) during water deprivation in the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, a native of central and western Australia that is well adapted to survive in arid environments. Initially, ANP, NPR-A and NPR-C cDNAs (partial for receptors) were cloned and sequenced, and were shown to have high homology with those of rat and mouse. Using a semi-quantitative multiplex PCR technique, the expression of cardiac ANP mRNA and renal ANP, NPR-A, and NPR-C mRNA was determined in 7- and 14-day water-deprived hopping mice, in parallel with control mice (access to water). The levels of ANP mRNA expression in the heart remained unchanged, but in the kidney ANP mRNA levels were increased in the 7-day water-deprived mice, and were significantly decreased in the 14-day water-deprived mice. NPR-A mRNA levels were significantly higher in 7-day water-deprived mice while no change for NPR-A mRNA expression was observed in 14-day water-deprived mice. No variation in NPR-C mRNA levels was observed. This study shows that water deprivation differentially affects the expression of the ANP system, and that renal ANP expression is more important than cardiac ANP in the physiological adjustment to water deprivation.

Cloning and mRNA expression of guanylin, uroguanylin, and guanylyl cyclase C in the Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis

Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides that activate guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) receptors in the intestine and kidney, which causes an increase in the excretion of salt and water. The Spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, is a desert rodent that can survive for extended periods without free access to water and it was hypothesised that to conserve water, the expression of guanylin, uroguanylin, and GC-C would be down-regulated to reduce the excretion of water in urine and faeces. Accordingly, this study examined the expression of guanylin, uroguanylin, and GC-C mRNA in Notomys under normal (access to water) and water-deprived conditions. Initially, guanylin and uroguanylin cDNAs encoding the full open reading frame were cloned and sequenced. A PCR analysis showed guanylin and uroguanylin mRNA expression in the small intestine, caecum, proximal and distal colon, heart, and kidney. In addition, a partial GC-C cDNA was obtained and GC-C mRNA expression was demonstrated in the proximal and distal colon, but not the kidney. Subsequently, a semi-quantitative PCR method showed that water deprivation in Notomys caused a significant increase in guanylin and uroguanylin mRNA expression in the distal colon, and in guanylin and GC-C mRNA expression in the proximal colon. No significant difference in guanylin and uroguanylin mRNA expression was observed in the kidney. The results of this study indicate that there is, in fact, an up-regulation of the colonic guanylin system in Notomys after 7 days of water deprivation.