H4 exponential finite-difference scheme for convective diffusion-equations

Perturbations are applied to the convective coefficients and source term of a convection-diffusion equation so that second-order corrections may be applied to a second-order exponential scheme. The basic Structure of the equations in the resulting fourth-order scheme is identical to that for the second order. Furthermore, the calculations are quite simple as the second-order corrections may be obtained in a single pass using a second-order scheme. For one to three dimensions, the fourth-order exponential scheme is unconditionally stable. As examples, the method is applied to Burgers' and other fluid mechanics problems. Compared with schemes normally used, the accuracies are found to be good and the method is applicable to regions with large gradients.

A comprehensive method for the elastic calculation of the two-point wheel-rail contact

This work shows the method developed to solve the wheel-rail contact problem via a look-up table with a three-dimensional elastic model. This method enables introduction of the two contact point effect on vehicle movement using three-dimensional analysis of surfaces including the influence of the angle of attack. This work presents several dynamic simulations and studies the impact that the introduction of the two contact points on three dimensions has on wear indexes and derailment risk against traditional bidimensional analysis. Furthermore, it studies advantages and disadvantages of using a look-up table against an on-line resolution of the problem.

Edge and Size Effects in Micro Composite Structure

Because of the load transfer effect of interface layer, the stress distribution inside the composite structure of film/substrate can be very different from the Timoshenko's model. In this paper, we give the derivation and analysis of such load transfer effect of shear-lag (S-L) model. The micro-structure size (boundary conditions) effect together with interface load transfer effect becomes more and more important as the microstructure size including the three dimensions of thickness, width and length shrinks. The microstructure size is also responsible for the so-called edge-induced stress. The edge effect and difference of S-L model and Timoshenko model are also demonstrated.

Thin metastructures with engineered thermal expansion

The geometry and constituent materials of metastructures can be used to engineer the thermal expansion coefficient. In this thesis, we design, fabricate, and test thin thermally stable metastructures consisting of bi-metallic unit cells and show how the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of these metastructures can be finely and coarsely tuned by varying the CTE of the constituent materials and the unit cell geometry. Planar and three-dimensional finite element method modeling is used to drive the design and inform experiments, and predict the response of these metastructures. We demonstrate computationally the significance of out-of-plane effects in the metastructure response. We develop an experimental setup using digital image correlation and an infrared camera to experimentally measure full displacement and temperature fields during testing and accurately measure the metastructures’ CTE. We experimentally demonstrate high aspect ratio metastructures of Ti/Al and Kovar/Al which exhibit near-zero and negative CTE, respectively. We demonstrate robust fabrication procedures for thermally stable samples with high aspect ratios in thin foil and thin film scales. We investigate the lattice structure and mechanical properties of thin films comprising a near-zero CTE metastructure. The mechanics developed in this work can be used to engineer metastructures of arbitrary CTE and can be extended to three dimensions.

Conformal geometry processing

This thesis introduces fundamental equations and numerical methods for manipulating surfaces in three dimensions via conformal transformations. Conformal transformations are valuable in applications because they naturally preserve the integrity of geometric data. To date, however, there has been no clearly stated and consistent theory of conformal transformations that can be used to develop general-purpose geometry processing algorithms: previous methods for computing conformal maps have been restricted to the flat two-dimensional plane, or other spaces of constant curvature. In contrast, our formulation can be used to produce---for the first time---general surface deformations that are perfectly conformal in the limit of refinement. It is for this reason that we commandeer the title Conformal Geometry Processing.

The main contribution of this thesis is analysis and discretization of a certain time-independent Dirac equation, which plays a central role in our theory. Given an immersed surface, we wish to construct new immersions that (i) induce a conformally equivalent metric and (ii) exhibit a prescribed change in extrinsic curvature. Curvature determines the potential in the Dirac equation; the solution of this equation determines the geometry of the new surface. We derive the precise conditions under which curvature is allowed to evolve, and develop efficient numerical algorithms for solving the Dirac equation on triangulated surfaces.

From a practical perspective, this theory has a variety of benefits: conformal maps are desirable in geometry processing because they do not exhibit shear, and therefore preserve textures as well as the quality of the mesh itself. Our discretization yields a sparse linear system that is simple to build and can be used to efficiently edit surfaces by manipulating curvature and boundary data, as demonstrated via several mesh processing applications. We also present a formulation of Willmore flow for triangulated surfaces that permits extraordinarily large time steps and apply this algorithm to surface fairing, geometric modeling, and construction of constant mean curvature (CMC) surfaces.

Proximity effect in Ag-Pb alloys

The superconducting properties and the microstructure of the Ag_100-xPb_x alloys, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, prepared by rapid quenching from the liquid state with and without subsequent heat treatments, have been studied. The x-ray diffraction measurements show that supersaturated solid solutions of Pb in Ag can be obtained up to 3.2 at.% Pb as compared to less than 0.1 at.% Pb at equilibrium. It was found that by suitable heat treatment it is possible to vary the size and distribution of the Pb precipitates in the Ag matrix and reproducible superconducting properties in the alloy can be observed. The superconducting transition temperature of these samples can be qualitatively explained by the Silvert and Singh's theoretical calculation. The theory developed for the case of layer structure can be extended to three dimensions to explain the critical current versus temperature behavior. The critical current versus field behavior of these alloys can be explained by the modification of the Josephson effect. Combining these results together with the critical magnetic field measurements and the microstructure studies of the alloys, it can be concluded that the three-dimensional proximity effect is the main mechanism for the superconductivity in the Ag-Pb alloys. Based on the Hilsch empirical formula which was based on experimental results obtained on layer structures, the experimental data in this investigation show that the electron-phonon-electron interaction in silver is attractive. The interaction parameter NV obtained is approximately 0.06, which would lead to a value of 10^-5 °K for the superconducting transition temperature of Ag. These values are in agreement with other determinations which were done on vapor-deposited metallic film sandwiches. Hence, the Hilsch empirical relation valid for layer structures is also valid in the three-dimensional case. Because the transition temperature and the critical current can be varied in a wide range by controlling the heat treatments, the Ag-Pb superconductors might have some useful applications.

General-domain compressible Navier-Stokes solvers exhibiting quasi-unconditional stability and high-order accuracy in space and time

This thesis presents a new class of solvers for the subsonic compressible Navier-Stokes equations in general two- and three-dimensional spatial domains. The proposed methodology incorporates: 1) A novel linear-cost implicit solver based on use of higher-order backward differentiation formulae (BDF) and the alternating direction implicit approach (ADI); 2) A fast explicit solver; 3) Dispersionless spectral spatial discretizations; and 4) A domain decomposition strategy that negotiates the interactions between the implicit and explicit domains. In particular, the implicit methodology is quasi-unconditionally stable (it does not suffer from CFL constraints for adequately resolved flows), and it can deliver orders of time accuracy between two and six in the presence of general boundary conditions. In fact this thesis presents, for the first time in the literature, high-order time-convergence curves for Navier-Stokes solvers based on the ADI strategy---previous ADI solvers for the Navier-Stokes equations have not demonstrated orders of temporal accuracy higher than one. An extended discussion is presented in this thesis which places on a solid theoretical basis the observed quasi-unconditional stability of the methods of orders two through six. The performance of the proposed solvers is favorable. For example, a two-dimensional rough-surface configuration including boundary layer effects at Reynolds number equal to one million and Mach number 0.85 (with a well-resolved boundary layer, run up to a sufficiently long time that single vortices travel the entire spatial extent of the domain, and with spatial mesh sizes near the wall of the order of one hundred-thousandth the length of the domain) was successfully tackled in a relatively short (approximately thirty-hour) single-core run; for such discretizations an explicit solver would require truly prohibitive computing times. As demonstrated via a variety of numerical experiments in two- and three-dimensions, further, the proposed multi-domain parallel implicit-explicit implementations exhibit high-order convergence in space and time, useful stability properties, limited dispersion, and high parallel efficiency.

Análise do nível de aderência do modelo conceitual do sistema de custos às teorias da contabilidade de custo: experiência no governo federal para configuração e implantação do sistema de informações de custos - SIC

Este estudo expõe os objetivos, as diretrizes, o modelo conceitual e o processo desenvolvido para a implantação do Sistema de Informações de Custos do Governo Federal (SIC), descrevendo e explicando o marco conceitual e suas principais características, a abordagem em três dimensões (conceitual, tecnológica e cultural), as razões para os procedimentos adotados na sua construção, trabalhando a correspondência entre os conceitos da contabilidade governamental e da contabilidade de custos. O trabalho teve como proposta identificar e apresentar a configuração do sistema de informações de custos (SIC) a ser adotado pelo Brasil no âmbito da Administração Pública Federal como uma solução conciliatória junto aos atores envolvidos, e analisar e revelar o nível de aderência do SIC às teorias da Contabilidade de Custos, para tal fim foi desenvolvida a pesquisa exploratóriodescritiva, socorrendo-se em pesquisas bibliográfica e documental; na coleta de informações aplicando as técnicas de entrevista e observação direta intensiva; e na análise dos dados levantados, a técnica de análise de conteúdo. A importância do SIC é enfatizada como elemento de mensuração de custos, de melhoria da qualidade do gasto público e de vetor indutor da construção da mentalidade de custos na Administração Pública Federal que, poderá vir a ser o grande salto da administração patrimonial e burocrática para a administração gerencial.

Conserved quantities and the formation of black holes in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation

In Part I, we construct a symmetric stress-energy-momentum pseudo-tensor for the gravitational fields of Brans-Dicke theory, and use this to establish rigorously conserved integral expressions for energy-momentum Pⁱ and angular momentum J^ik. Application of the two-dimensional surface integrals to the exact static spherical vacuum solution of Brans leads to an identification of our conserved mass with the active gravitational mass. Application to the distant fields of an arbitrary stationary source reveals that Pⁱ and J^ik have the same physical interpretation as in general relativity. For gravitational waves whose wavelength is small on the scale of the background radius of curvature, averaging over several wavelengths in the Brill-Hartle-Isaacson manner produces a stress-energy-momentum tensor for gravitational radiation which may be used to calculate the changes in Pⁱ and J^ik of their source.

In Part II, we develop strong evidence in favor of a conjecture by Penrose--that, in the Brans-Dicke theory, relativistic gravitational collapse in three dimensions produce black holes identical to those of general relativity. After pointing out that any black hole solution of general relativity also satisfies Brans-Dicke theory, we establish the Schwarzschild and Kerr geometries as the only possible spherical and axially symmetric black hole exteriors, respectively. Also, we show that a Schwarzschild geometry is necessarily formed in the collapse of an uncharged sphere.

Appendices discuss relationships among relativistic gravity theories and an example of a theory in which black holes do not exist.

A fully-nonlocal energy-based formulation and high-performance realization of the quasicontinuum method

The quasicontinuum (QC) method was introduced to coarse-grain crystalline atomic ensembles in order to bridge the scales from individual atoms to the micro- and mesoscales. Though many QC formulations have been proposed with varying characteristics and capabilities, a crucial cornerstone of all QC techniques is the concept of summation rules, which attempt to efficiently approximate the total Hamiltonian of a crystalline atomic ensemble by a weighted sum over a small subset of atoms. In this work we propose a novel, fully-nonlocal, energy-based formulation of the QC method with support for legacy and new summation rules through a general energy-sampling scheme. Our formulation does not conceptually differentiate between atomistic and coarse-grained regions and thus allows for seamless bridging without domain-coupling interfaces. Within this structure, we introduce a new class of summation rules which leverage the affine kinematics of this QC formulation to most accurately integrate thermodynamic quantities of interest. By comparing this new class of summation rules to commonly-employed rules through analysis of energy and spurious force errors, we find that the new rules produce no residual or spurious force artifacts in the large-element limit under arbitrary affine deformation, while allowing us to seamlessly bridge to full atomistics. We verify that the new summation rules exhibit significantly smaller force artifacts and energy approximation errors than all comparable previous summation rules through a comprehensive suite of examples with spatially non-uniform QC discretizations in two and three dimensions. Due to the unique structure of these summation rules, we also use the new formulation to study scenarios with large regions of free surface, a class of problems previously out of reach of the QC method. Lastly, we present the key components of a high-performance, distributed-memory realization of the new method, including a novel algorithm for supporting unparalleled levels of deformation. Overall, this new formulation and implementation allows us to efficiently perform simulations containing an unprecedented number of degrees of freedom with low approximation error.

Formation of jets by implusive acceleration of a curved free surface

The sudden axial acceleration of a column of liquid bounded at one end by a concave free surface has been found, experimentally, to produce a jet which issues from the free surface with a speed several times that imparted to the column.

Theoretical approximations to such flows, valid for small time, are formulated subject to the assumption that the fluid is inviscid and incompressible. In a special two-dimensional case, it is found that, for vanishingly small time, the velocity at the point on the free surface from which the jet emanates is π/2 times the velocity imparted to the column. The solutions to several problems in two and three dimensions assuming that the initial curvature of the free surface is small, lead to values for this ratio dependent upon the curvature—the initial velocity in the case of axial symmetry exceeding that of the analogous two-dimensional problem by approximately 25%.

Experiments conducted upon the phenomenon give values systematically in excess of those predicted by the theory, although theory and experiment are in qualitative agreement with respect to the displacement of the free surface. It is suggested that the discrepancy is attributable to effects of finite curvature having been imperfectly accounted for in the axially-symmetric analysis.

Photographic materials on pp. 115, 120, and 121 are essential and will not reproduce clearly on Xerox copies. Photographic copies should be ordered.

Trazendo à baila a voz que fomenta pesquisas em linguagem: uma análise crítica do discurso do professor-orientador através do Sistema de Transitividade

A Nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira (LDB 9.394/96) prevê que a educação superior promova criticidade, reflexibilidade, correlação de saberes, mas também o incentivo ao trabalho de pesquisa e investigação científica, visando ao desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia e da criação e difusão da cultura e, desse modo, desenvolver o entendimento do homem e do meio em que vive. (Artigo 43, inciso III). Entretanto, pouco se ouve sobre essas questões a partir da voz do orientador de pesquisas acadêmicas, o que esta pesquisadora considera um problema de ordem social, tendo em vista a importância desses atores sociais para o campo acadêmico. Os poucos trabalhos que abordam o tema limitam-se a identificar o orientador a partir das impressões empíricas dos orientandos e a refletir as atuações a partir de questões político-educacionais (FLECHA, 2003; MAZZILLI, 2003; BIANCHETTI & MACHADO, 2006). Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procura responder, através da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), o que os orientadores têm a dizer sobre sua prática social. De caráter interpretativo (ALVEZ-MAZZOTTI, 1999), conta com dados gerados por orientadores de mestrado em Linguística/Linguística Aplicada, das esferas federal, estadual e privada, do Rio de janeiro, sendo dois participantes de cada esfera. Na primeira etapa, os sujeitos responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. A segunda etapa consta de: a) um questionário; b) correspondências eletrônicas; c) os regimentos dos programas de pós-graduação; e d) revisão histórica da orientação no Brasil. O caráter social deste estudo é a relação dialética entre linguagem e sociedade, já que a ACD considera qualquer evento discursivo ao mesmo tempo um texto (primeira dimensão), uma prática discursiva (segunda dimensão) e uma prática social (terceira dimensão): o modelo tridimensional (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). O Sistema de Transitividade da LSF pautou a análise da primeira dimensão, confirmando outros estudos sobre o ranking da recorrência dos processos (LIMA LOPES, 2001). A interpretação dessa primeira dimensão aponta que os orientadores atuam na idiossincrasia, e que os principais atores sociais desse fazer são o orientador e o orientando, em relação assimétrica de poder. Na segunda dimensão, a interdiscursividade reforça essa idiossincrasia, mas inclui as pressões institucionais, que agem como reguladoras desse fazer. Na terceira dimensão, os resultados sugerem que aspectos históricos justificam a queda da qualidade dos mestrandos, associando a isso um interesse político, e as características da pós-modernidade a uma nova e híbrida atuação. Além disso, os resultados apontam para um discurso de resistência à hegemonia nas três dimensões de análise. A pesquisa possibilitou ainda a discussão em torno de aspectos práticos: a) a reflexão dos sujeitos sobre seus papeis e atribuições; e b) a atualização do aporte teórico, aplicado a um tema ainda pouco explorado. Deste trabalho, fica um convite a novas pesquisas sobre o discurso do orientador, trazendo à tona não apenas sua voz, conforme a fala literal de um dos entrevistados, mas também contribuições diretas e significativas aos estudos em Linguística e Linguística Aplicada no Brasil

Impacto da política externa venezuelana na conformação da coesão social na América Latina: o caso ALBA

Esta dissertação avalia o impacto da política externa venezuelana na conformação de coesão social dentro dos países membros da Aliança Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América (ALBA), especificamente Nicarágua, Bolívia e Equador, analisando aquelas políticas aplicadas durante o mandato do Presidente Hugo Chávez desde a criação do esquema de integração. Trabalha com a hipótese de que existe uma mudança dentro dos países da ALBA no que se refere à geração de coesão social a partir da aplicação de políticas externas que formam parte do chamado Socialismo do Século XXI. Este processo será analisado a partir de três pilares fundamentais da coesão social: distância, institucionalidade e senso de pertencimento, que se encontram dentro dos componentes estabelecidos pela Comissão Econômica para América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL).

A manifestação da empatia e sua influência na satisfação conjugal

A satisfação alcançada no casamento influencia fortemente a qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, conflitos conjugais estão relacionados a problemas de saúde, a violência e ao divórcio. Mesmo com as dificuldades inerentes a qualquer relacionamento conjugal, o matrimônio parece ser ainda um desejo a ser realizado por muitos. Porém, para que o relacionamento seja uma fonte de felicidade e resulte em uma relação satisfatória, os cônjuges precisam investir no desenvolvimento constante de habilidades para que assim possam lidar com as adversidades geradas pela vida a dois. Estudos apontam que a capacidade de ouvir e compreender, bem como de demonstrar sensibilidade frente às necessidades dos outros (empatia) constitui um dos fatores importantes para um casamento feliz, na medida em que, ao se sentir ouvido e compreendido, o cônjuge se sente mais seguro e valorizado. No entanto, ainda não está claro, se o cônjuge que manifesta empatia (empatia manifestada) experimenta tanta satisfação conjugal quanto aquele que a recebe (empatia recebida). Esse estudo investigou o valor preditivo da expressão de empatia sobre a satisfação no casamento. Foram utilizadas três medidas de auto-informe: Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC-Dela Coleta, 1989), medição da satisfação conjugal; Inventário de Empatia (IE-Falcone & cols., 2008), que avalia a empatia geral; Questionário de Empatia Conjugal (QEC-Oliveira, Falcone & Ribas Jr, 2009) que avalia a empatia conjugal, sendo este último adaptado para tornar-se um questionário de auto-informe. Todos os questionários foram respondidos por 108 indivíduos casados ( 69 do sexo feminino e 39 do sexo masculino). Através da Análise de Regressão Múltipla, onde a medida de satisfação conjugal foi a variável dependente e os cinco fatores correspondentes às duas medidas de empatia foram as variáveis independentes. Verificou-se que a expressão da empatia conjugal foi preditiva da satisfação conjugal em suas três dimensões: 1) Interação conjugal (IC); 2) Aspectos emocionais (AEm) e 3) Aspectos estruturais (AEs). Dentre os fatores do IE, a Sensibilidade Afetiva (SA) foi preditiva, no sentido inverso (r= -0.23 e p<0.05), dos Aspectos Emocionais (AEm) da ESC. No que diz respeito ao IE e a relação de seus fatores com o QEC, a Tomada de Perspectiva (TP) e a Sensibilidade Afetiva (SA) apresentaram correlações moderadas e significativas (r=.38 e p<.001 e r=.35 e p<.001, respectivamente). Espera-se que esse estudo possa contribuir para a construção de programas visando desenvolver empatia em indivíduos casados, facilitando a comunicação e a satisfação no casamento.

Strengthening governance across scales in aquatic agricultural systems

Aquatic agricultural systems in developing countries face increasing competition from multiple stakeholders operating from local to national and regional scales over rights to access and use natural resources—land, water, wetlands, and fisheries-essential to rural livelihoods. A key implication is the need to strengthen governance to enable equitable decision-making amidst such competition, building capacities for resilience and transformations that reduce poverty. This paper provides a simple framework to analyze the governance context for aquatic agricultural system development focused on three dimensions: stakeholder representation, distribution of power, and mechanisms of accountability. Case studies from Cambodia, Bangladesh, Malawi/Mozambique, and Solomon Islands illustrate the application of these concepts to fisheries and aquaculture livelihoods in the broader context of intersectoral and cross-scale governance interacti