Human endogenous RNAs: Implications for the immunomodulation of Toll-like receptor 3

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of mammalian receptors, are able to recognize nucleic acids. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded (ds)RNA, a product of the replication of certain viruses. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, referred to as poly(I:C), an analog of viral dsRNA, interacts with TLR3 thereby eliciting immunoinflammatory responses characteristic of viral infection or down-regulating the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4. It is known that dsRNA also directly activates interferon (IFN)-induced enzymes, such as the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In the present study, the mRNA expression of TLR3, CXCR4, IFN gamma and PKR was investigated in a culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with poly(I:C) and endogenous RNA from human PBMCs. No cytotoxic effect on the cells or on the proliferation of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells was observed. TLR3 expression in the PBMCs in the presence of poly(I:C) was up-regulated 9.5-fold, and TLR3 expression in the PBMCs treated with endogenous RNA was down-regulated 1.8-fold (p=0.002). The same trend was observed for IFN gamma where in the presence of poly(I:C) an 8.7-fold increase was noted and in the presence of endogenous RNA a 3.1-fold decrease was observed. In the culture activated with poly(1:C), mRNA expression of CXCR4 increased 8.0-fold and expression of PKR increased 33.0-fold. Expression of these genes decreased in the culture treated with endogenous RNA when compared to the culture without stimulus. Thus, high expression of mRNA for TLR3, IFN gamma, CXCR4 and PKR was observed in the presence of poly(I:C) and low expression was observed in the cells cultured with endogenous RNA. In conclusion, TLR3 may play major physiological roles that are not in the context of viral infection. It is possible that RNA released from cells could contain enough double-stranded structures to regulate cell activation. The involvement of endogenous RNA in endogenous gene expression and its implications in the regulation thereof, are still being studied, and will have significant implications in the future.

Previsão de capacidade de carga em estacas escavadas com a utilização de ensaios de cone em solos residuais

Na prática Brasileira os projetos de fundações são elaborados fi-eqüentemente com base em resultados de ensaios de SPr. Desde a década de 1960, novos ensaios de investigação de subsolo tem sido incorporados à prática geotécnica, complementando as infonnações obtidas no SPr, e fornecendo uma descrição mais detalhada das características do subsolo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise do desempenho da metodologia corrente de previsão de capacidade de carga de estacas escavadas, a partir dos resultados de ensaios de Conepenetrometria (CPT), realizados em solos residuais. A experiência acumulada do ensaio de Cone a 1Úvel internacional é restrita a depósitos de solos sedimentares, havendo a necessidade de ampliação do banco de dados de provas de carga em solos de origem residual. Com o oQjetivo de relacionar resultados de ensaios de Cone (CPT) com o dimensionamento de estacas escavadas em solos residuais, foram utilizadas as metodologias propostas por Aoki & Velloso (1975), Bustamante & Gianeselli (1982) e Philipponnat (1986), comparando cargas de ruptura medidas e estimadas. As análises são aplicadas tanto à estimativa da resistência de atrito lateral (Pl) como da carga de ponta (PP) das estacas O banco de dados utilizado neste estudo é composto de 22 estacas escavadas com diâmetro entre 400 e 700 mm e comprimento entre 7,5 e 25,0 m, bem como 31 sondagens CPT com profundidades variando de 5,0 a 25,0 m. São utilizados resultados de Provas de carga no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo posteriormente ampliado para outros casos publicados da prática brasileira. Todas as 22 estacas escavadas analisadas foram ensaiadas através de Prova de carga do tipo SML, sendo o Método de Van der Veen (1953) utilizado como referência para obtenção da carga de ruptura. Conclui-se a partir do estudo dos casos que nenhum dos três métodos analisados, propostos por Aoki & Velloso (1975), Bustamante & Gianeselli (1982) e Philipponnat (1986), apresentou desempenho satisfatório para o conjunto de dados analisados. Em geral as cargas previstas foram superiores às cargas medidas, o que caracteriza uma condição contrária à segurança. Entre os métodos analisados, o proposto por Aoki & Velloso (1975) produziu a melhor relação entre cargas medidas com cargas estimadas, porém sugere-se a ampliação deste banco de dados previamente ao uso generalizado deste método na prática de engenharia sempre que as estimativas forem realizadas com base em resultados de ensaios CPr.

O novo perfil do administrador financeiro frente às mudanças organizacionais

Descreve o novo ambiente operacional das organizações face às mudanças que vêm ocorrendo no seu contexto externo. Caracteriza, assim, a "perda da relevância" dos atuais relatórios contábeis - financeiros quando estes se propõem a analisar e controlar as atividades operacionais com o intuito de gerar informações para tornada de decisão. A função dos administradores financeiros, inseridos neste contexto, começa, portanto, a ser questionada quanto atividade agregadora de valor no processo produtivo corno um todo. Conseqüentemente, torna-se vital para os profissionais desta área se conscientizarem das mudanças estruturais e adotarem urna outra postura profissional

Antibody and blood leukocyte response in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) tick-infested dogs and guinea pigs

The dog is considered to be the natural host of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and is unable to develop appreciable resistance even after repeated feedings. The guinea pig develops strong resistance after one infestation with adult ticks. Antibody (IgG) titres against tick salivary gland antigens (SGAs) and blood leukocyte numbers in dogs and guinea pigs undergoing experimental R. sanguineus tick infestations were measured to detect a possible correlation with susceptibility or resistance of hosts. Since infested dogs develop an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to R. sanguineus antigens, total and anti-R. sanguineus SGA IgE levels were also measured in this host species. IgG and IgE antibody levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) along three consecutive infestations of both hosts. Most dogs and guinea pigs displayed low IgG levels against R. sanguineus SGAs, though marked differences in individual response were observed. Although dog's total serum IgE levels increased significantly after infestations, no change in the amount of anti-salivary gland IgE was detected. Total and differential blood cell counts were determined in dogs and guinea pigs during primary and secondary infestation. In dogs, a tertiary infestation and a subsequent higher infestation level were also evaluated. Infested dogs did not display any alteration in blood leukocyte counts throughout the experiment. Guinea pigs, on the other hand, developed a significant basophilia during primary infestation which increased further during secondary infestation. These data reveal similarities and differences in the reactions of resistant and non-resistant hosts to ticks. They contribute for the understanding of such host-parasite relationships and will hopefully aid in the development of immune control of ticks. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Taking Advantage of Electrostatic Interactions To Grow Langmuir-Blodgett Films Containing Multilayers of the Phospholipid Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Incorporation of Ag nanoparticles into membrane mimetic systems composed by phospholipid layer-by-layer (LbL) films to achieve surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a tool in drug interaction studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Layer-by-Layer Technique as a New Approach to Produce Nanostructured Films Containing Phospholipids as Transducers in Sensing Applications

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Coupling Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering and Electronic Tongue as Characterization Tools to Investigate Biological Membrane Mimetic Systems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Study of the interaction between cardiolipin bilayers and methylene blue in polymer-based Layer-by-Layer and Langmuir films applied as membrane mimetic systems

An increase of the reports involving mimetic systems has been observed. Briefly, these systems use biological phospholipids to exploit specific interactions between membrane-models and drugs. Here, the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) and Langmuir techniques were used to investigate the interaction between cardiolipin (CLP-negative phospholipid) and a cationic-like drug methylene blue (MB). Supported by a cationic polyelectrolyte (PAH), LbL films containing PAH/(CLP + MB) and PAH/(CLP + MB + AgNP) were grown up to 14 bilayers. The optical microscopy analysis revealed a decrease of the CLP vesicle sizes in the presence of MB as a possible consequence of the MB action onto the mechanical properties of the CLP membrane. From FTIR spectra, changes mainly related to peak position and band intensity and shape were observed in the spectra from PAH/CLP when in the presence of MB. The latter supports that the interactions between the phosphate and amine charged groups from CLP and PAH, respectively, established during the LbL film fabrication, besides the CLP hydrocarbon environment, are influenced by the presence of MB. Using the micro-Raman technique, a chemical mapping was build based on MB spectrum by resonance Raman scattering (RRS) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). The later phenomenon was activated by Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) trapped within the LbL film allowing collecting spectra for a single bilayer of PAH/(CLP + MB + AgNP). A rough estimation showed a SERRS amplification of 10(3) in comparison to RRS spectra. As a complementary approach, Langmuir films of CLP in the presence of co-spread MB were investigated through surface pressure vs mean molecular area (pi-A) isotherms. The results showed that for concentrations of MB below 100 mol%, the drug is expelled to water subphase for high values of surface pressure (condensed phase). For concentration at 100% and higher, the MB keeps bound to CLP floating monolayer. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular architecture and electrical properties in evaporated films of cobalt phthalocyanine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Combining SERRS and electrochemistry to characterize sensors based on biomembrane mimetic models formed by phospholipids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spray layer-by-layer films based on phospholipid vesicles aiming sensing application via e-tongue system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Toward the Optimization of an e-Tongue System Using Information Visualization: A Case Study with Perylene Tetracarboxylic Derivative Films in the Sensing Units

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nanostructured hybrid films containing nanophosphor: Fabrication and electronic spectral properties

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Portable smart films for ultrasensitive detection and chemical analysis using SERS and SERRS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)