990 resultados para TM-Landsat


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本文讨论了Sm2 + 、Eu2 + 、Tm2 + 、Yb2 + 等二价稀土离子的光谱特征 ,特别是在一些含四面体硼酸根的硼酸盐如SrB4 O7、SrB6 O10 和BaB8O13中它们的光谱性质。当以三价稀土离子取代化合物中的二价碱土离子时 ,利用不等价取代而产生的缺陷所带的电荷 ,可在高温的空气下使上述的稀土离子还原成二价 ,不需加入化学还原剂 ,从而提出了一个简便、安全的制备含二价稀土离子发光材料的方法

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采用溶胶 -凝胶方法合成了系列化合物 (Y1 -x- yTbxTmy) 3Al5O1 2 ,研究了Tb3+在该化合物中的发光及其浓度对发光性质的影响 ,以及Tb3+与Tm3+间的能量传递现象。

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Chemical bond parameters in RBa2Cu4O8(R = Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) and Y2Ba4Cu7O14.3 were calculated by using complex chemical bond theory. The results indicated that the bond covalency in CuO chain was larger than that in CuO2 plane. For metal atoms, the bond covalency of five coordinated case was larger than that of six coordinated case.

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使用复杂晶体上化学键理论计算了 RBa2 Cu4 O8(R=Dy,Ho,Er,Tm ,Yb)和 Y2 Ba4 Cu7O14 .3 的化学键参数 .结果表明 ,Cu O链上的 Cu O键共价性大于它们在 Cu O2 面的共价性 .当金属元素与氧形成五配位时 ,其共价性的数值大于这些元素在六配位时的情形

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The reduction of RE3+ to RE2+ (RE=Eu, Sm and Tm) in SrB6O10 prepared in air by high-temperature solid state reaction was observed. The luminescent properties of Eu2+ and Tm2+ show f-d transition and Sm2+ shows f-f transition at room temperature. Three crystallographic sites for Sm2+ in matrix are available. Vibronic transition of D-5(0)-F-7(0) of Sm2+ was studied. The coupled phonon energy about 108 cm(-1), was determined: from the vibronic transition. Due to the thermal population from D-5(0) level, (D1-FJ)-D-5-F-7 (J=0, 1, 2) transitions of Sm2+ were observed at room temperature. A charge compensation mechanism is proposed as a possible explanation.

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Bond covalencies in R2BaCuO5 (R = Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were calculated by means of a semiempirical method. This method is the generalization of the dielectric description theory of Phillips-Van Vechten-Levine-Tanaka scheme. The present paper presents the formula concerning the decomposing of complex crystals which are usually anisotropic systems into the sum of binary crystals which are isotropic systems. It can be seen that although the bond covalency is related to many physical quantities, it is mainly influenced by bond valence or bond charge, and a higher bond valence will produce higher bond covalency.

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RBa2Cu3O7 (R = Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Y, Ho, Er, Tm) has been studied using complex chemical bond theory. The results indicated that with the decreasing of R radius, the ionicities for all considered types of bond decrease. This is in good agreement with the experimental fact that T-c decreases with the decreasing of R radius. PrBa2Cu3O7 with no Ba-site Pr in this calculation is also predicted to be a superconductor. This supports the conclusion obtained by Blackstead et al. The ionicity for each bond obeys the following order: Ba-O > R-O > Cu(2)-O(1) > Cu(2)-O(2,3) > Cu(1)-O(4) similar to Cu(1)-O(1).

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采用高温固相反应法,LiF/MgF2/AlF3=120/110/100,烧结温度为1008K,烧结时间为4h,在流动的高纯Ar中合成了LiMgAlF6:Tm3+。对其结构和发光特性进行了研究。

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研究了水热法合成晶体,浓度配比、生长温度对晶体生长习性的影响.合成了一系列化学计量比的Y_(1-x-0.3)Er_(0.3)Tm_xP_5O_(14)(x=0.01~0.1)晶体,观察和分析了晶体的缺陷及成因,测定和讨论了晶体结构.

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本文收集了三峡截流前后长江口海区1988-2007年间十二景landsat TM遥感影像并进行了表层悬浮泥沙含量的反演,定性的描述了长江口海区洪、枯季的表层悬沙扩散外界和高浑浊水域范围的变化趋势,分析了河流泥沙输移入海形态的变化特征及表层悬沙浓度的变化特征。 通过对2002-2004年在长江口滨外区表层悬浮体取样数据的实验室处理,揭示了三峡截流后表层悬沙的分布特征;通过多船同步定点观测捕捉到了长江口河口锋带的位置并分析了河口锋带的动力特征,结果表明:长江口河口锋位于(122o10′E,30o50′N)至(122o20′E,31o00′N)一线附近,在河口锋带位置有着较为强烈的河海相互作用,流速不符合典型的对数流速曲线,河水与海水的相互消长局限于海面以下5m的表层范围,在河口锋面区悬浮泥沙为泥沙流伏在海水之上输运。长江口悬沙体浓度由于三峡蓄水作用表现为下降趋势,悬浮体扩散范围相比截流前向口门后退,长江口滨外区羽状锋带随之向口门后退。 利用二维潮流数值模型较成功地模拟出了每个季度长江河口外的流场情况及河口锋带的发育情况,模拟表明:春、夏、秋三季河口锋带较易出现,且小潮期间发育最好。冬季长江河口海洋动力较强,易于发生海水入侵,尤其是北支;夏季是长江三角洲的主要建设期,锋带作用的存在使得泥沙大部分在锋带的内外区域沉积;春秋两季是平衡期;冬季主要是冲刷的时期。

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The VEGETATION (VGT) sensor in SPOT 4 has four spectral bands that are equivalent to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands (blue, red, near-infrared and mid-infrared spectral bands) and provides daily images of the global land surface at a 1-km spatial resolution. We propose a new index for identifying and mapping of snow ice cover, namely the Normalized Difference Snow/Ice Index (NDSII), which uses reflectance values of red and mid-infrared spectral bands of Landsat TM and VGT. For Landsat TM data, NDSII is calculated as NDSIITM =(TM3 -TM5)/(TM3 +TM5); for VGT data, NDSII is calculated as NDSIIVGT =(B2- MIR)/(B2 + MIR). As a case study we used a Landsat TM image that covers the eastern part of the Qilian mountain range in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau of China. NDSIITM gave similar estimates of the area and spatial distribution of snow/ice cover to the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI=(TM2-TM5)/(TM2+TM5)) which has been proposed by Hall et al. The results indicated that the VGT sensor might have the potential for operational monitoring and mapping of snow/ice cover from regional to global scales, when using NDSIIVGT.

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以3S技术为手段,研究了藏羚在青海最主要分布区曲麻莱、治多和可可西里境内藏羚生境状况及其坡度、道路、和居民点对藏羚生境的影响。通过野外考察基本掌握了藏羚的生境的基本特征,取得了考察路线附近区域内藏羚分布的GPS数据及其具有对应的数量、地形地貌、生境类型、人类活动状况等属性数据的藏羚分布点图层。对研究地区LANDSAT TM / ETM+ 5(红)、4(绿)、3(蓝)波段组合影像进行非监督分类,共分出水体和裸岩、沼泽地、沙地、砾石地、低草地、中草地和高草地7种生境类型,将藏羚生境适宜等级划分为不适宜、较差、适宜和非常适宜,其中适宜等级和非常适宜等级的生境类型为藏羚适宜的生境。 首先,将藏羚分布点图层分别和遥感影像假彩色合成图像、坡度图层、道路图层、居民点图层进行叠加分析、距离查询等分析了遥感影像非监督分类的判图依据,设立了坡度、道路、居民点对藏羚生境影响强度的评价原则。然后,通过对研究地区遥感影像进行非监督分类分析研究了藏羚不同适宜程度的生境面积。通过坡度分析和地图查询分析研究了坡度对藏羚生境的影响。通过缓冲区分析研究了道路和居民点对藏羚生境的影响。最后将坡度、道路和居民点三个因素结合起来通过地图综合查询分析研究了这三个因素对藏羚生境的综合影响,并给出了研究地区藏羚不同适宜等级的生境面积。 主要的研究结果和结论如下: 1、从不同类型生境在研究地区中所占比例的趋势上看,治多地区和曲麻莱地区的植被要明显优于可可西里地区,这与整个研究地区从西北到东南地势逐渐降低、水热条件逐渐变好的趋势相一致,至少可以说,从食物条件来看,治多地区和曲麻莱地区比可可西里地区更适于藏羚的栖息。 在曲麻莱地区藏羚的潜在生境面积共26861 km2,占该地区总面积的69%;在治多地区藏羚的潜在生境面积共21617 km2,占该地区总面积的68%;在可可西里地区藏羚的潜在生境面积共26398 km2,占该地区总面积的54%。 2、根据藏羚分布点图层与坡度分析图层的地图查询分析,把藏羚的生境按坡度分为2类,坡度小于等于30度时为适宜生境,坡度大于30度时为不适宜生境。将研究地区坡度栅格图像(grid文件)和非监督分类结果栅格图像(grid文件)进行地图查询分析,结果表明,在整个研究地区坡度大于30度的生境面积所占的比例不到总面积的3%,坡度影响下研究地区藏羚适宜栖息的生境面积变化不大。考虑到坡度的影响,曲麻莱、治多和可可西里适合藏羚栖息的面积分别为26663 km2(68%)、21187 km2(66%)和26350 km2(54%)。 3、根据最近原则连接藏羚分布点图层与道路图层空间数据,通过Distance综合查询分析,把道路对藏羚的影响程度划分为4个等级:距离道路0-1000m,强烈影响;距离道路1000-2000m,中度影响;距离道路2000-3000m,轻度影响;距离道3000m以外,无影响。然后在ArcView GIS 3.2a软件环境的支持下对研究地区的道路图层分别做距离道路为1000m、2000m和3000m的缓冲区分析研究,则曲麻莱、治多和可可西里地区藏羚生境受道路累计影响的面积及其分别占各研究地区总面积的比例分别为20215 km2(51.80%)、19480 km2(61%)和4437 km2(9 %)。考虑道路对藏羚生境的影响,在治多和曲麻莱地区,由于道路的影响将使得藏羚生境大面积丧失,生境高度破碎化。 4、根据最近原则连接藏羚分布点图层与居民点图层空间数据,通过Distance综合查询分析,把居民点对藏羚的影响程度划分为4个等级:距离居民点0-3000m,强烈影响;距离居民点3000-6000m,中度影响;距离居民点6000-9000m,轻度影响;距离居民点9000m以外,无影响。然后在ArcView GIS 3.2a软件环境的支持下对研究地区的居民点图层分别做距离居民点距离为3000m、6000m和9000m的缓冲区分析。曲麻莱、治多和可可西里地区藏羚生境受居民点影响的面积及其分别占总面积的比例分别为11282 km2(29%)、15258 km2(48%)和3846 km2(8%)。从居民点对藏羚生境的影响看,由于居民点的影响使得治多和曲麻莱地区,尤其是治多地区,藏羚生境大面积丧失,生境高度破碎化。 5、人类活动(主要是道路和居民点)对藏羚生境适宜生境面积的影响是研究中主要的内容,鉴于道路和居民点对藏羚生境影响的评价原则分类方法一致,我们把道路和居民点对藏羚的影响程度合并为4个等级(距离道路0-1000m内或距离居民点0-3000m内,强烈影响;距离道路1000-2000m内或距离居民点3000-6000m内,中度影响;距离道路2000-3000m内或距离居民点6000-9000m内,轻度影响;距离道路3000m以外或距离居民点9000m以外,无影响,对道路和居民点相应距离的缓冲区分析图层进行合并等操作,测定曲麻莱、治多和可可西里地区藏羚生境受人类活动影响的面积及其占总面积的比例分别为21595 km2(55%)、22271 km2(70%)和4775 km2(10%)。 在治多和曲麻莱地区,由于人类活动的影响使得藏羚生境大面积丧失,生境高度破碎化,尤其是治多地区,影响面积达将近70%。在可可西里地区,10%的影响面积虽然不是太大,但是近几年来由于各种形式的旅游日趋升温,尤其是青藏铁路建设开通,将增加道路对藏羚生境的影响程度。人类活动影响在研究地区分布极不平均,在曲麻莱的中东部、治多的东部以及可可西里的109国道附近人类活动影响的强度较大,在这些地区藏羚的生存条件恶劣,甚至部分地区已经不适合藏羚栖息了。 6、最后,基于研究地区的坡度grid图层、非监督分类grid图层以及不同程度人类活动影响的grid图层,对不同坡度、道路和居民影响的生境面积进行综合查询分析。把人类活动对藏羚生境的影响强度重新划分为如下3个等级,A、短距离影响,距离道路1000m或距离居民点3000m范围内的影响,也就是人类活动的强烈影响;B、中距离影响,距离道路2000m或距离居民点6000m范围内的影响,也就是人类活动的强烈影响和中度影响之和;C、长距离影响,距离道路3000m或距离居民点9000m范围内的影响,也就是人类活动的强烈影响、中度影响和轻度影响的总和。曲麻莱、治多和可可西里研究地区中坡度小于等于30度并且人类活动长距离范围影响下藏羚适合栖息的生境面积及占相应研究地区总面积的比例为12597 km2(32%)、6117km2(19%)和23564km2(48%)。 在研究地区,治多地区人类活动对藏羚生境适宜性的影响最为严重,其次为曲麻莱地区,而可可西里地区的人类活动影响较小。尤其是治多地区和曲麻莱地区,当人类活动的影响最大距离时,治多地区藏羚适宜生境面积竟然不到总面积的1/5,曲麻莱地区不到1/3。这两地区人类活动主要集中在东部,导致治多东部地区和曲麻莱中东部地区几乎没有藏羚分布。于是,由于人类活动的影响,使得拥有良好生境条件的治多和曲麻莱地区适合藏羚栖息的生境却较少,而生境条件相对较差的可可西里地区反而拥有相对较多的适合藏羚栖息的生境。

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O uso dos métodos tradicionais de levantamento do uso das terras, em razão do custo elevado dos instrumentos e a dificuldade de disponibilizar as informações de maneira rápida aos tomadores de decisão, torna proibitivo seu emprego de forma sistemática e repetitiva sobre grandes extensões de território. Desta forma, existe a necessidade de se utilizar métodos que possibilitem o levantamento do uso das terras de maneira eficiente, rápida e que tenham relativamente baixo custo. Neste contexto, a forma mais eficiente e rápida para caracterizar o uso atual das terras é por meio dos recursos instrumentais oferecidos pelo sensoriamento remoto (SR), com auxílio dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs) e dos Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPSs). O processo de levantamento e caracterização do uso das terras, nesse caso, pode ser grandemente facilitado pela utilização de imagens de satélites e outros recursos de sensoriamento remoto, que podem gerar dados passíveis de serem geocodificados, ou seja, integrados, relacionados e espacializados nos SIGs. Esses, em conjunto com os GPSs, são considerados, atualmente, como a maneira mais eficiente de levantamento e identificação do uso das terras. Desta forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo o mapeamento de uso das terras utilizando o processamento digital de imagem de sensoriamento remoto, utilizando-se a interpretação visual, a classificação digital supervisionada, e a classificação híbrida (classificação digital + interpretação visual), utilizando-se imagem TM do satélite LANDSAT 7.

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O trabalho caracterizou o meio físico do Município de Jaguariúna-SP, a partir de imagens de satélite Landsat-TM, empregando-se técnicas de geoprocessamento, com a finalidade de se estabelecer um planejamento agroambiental visando o uso e manejo sustentável de seus recursos naturais.

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Trajectory Mapping "TM'' is a new scaling technique designed to recover the parameterizations, axes, and paths used to traverse a feature space. Unlike Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), there is no assumption that the space is homogenous or metric. Although some metric ordering information is obtained with TM, the main output is the feature parameterizations that partition the given domain of object samples into different categories. Following an introductory example, the technique is further illustrated using first a set of colors and then a collection of textures taken from Brodatz (1966).