995 resultados para Suger (1081?-1151)


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Large (>458 mm) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) are dominant predators in Chesapeake Bay. In recent years, the Chesapeake Bay stock of striped bass has increased dramatically, raising concerns about their predatory impact and their forage requirements. In response to these concerns and the need for more recent ecological studies, this investigation was conducted to characterize feeding habits of large striped bass in Chesapeake Bay. Stomach contents from 1225 striped bass from 458 to 1151 mm TL were examined in the spring and fall of 1997 and 1998. Striped bass consumed 52 different species of vertebrates and invertebrates; however, only a few species of clupeoid and sciaenid fishes dominated diets across both the seasons and size ranges of striped bass examined. Of finfish species, menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) was the dominant prey in most areas and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) replaced menhaden in importance in lower salinity waters. Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and other sciaenid fishes and anadromous herrings (Alosa spp.) also contibuted large percentages of striped bass diet. Although pelagic schooling fishes formed the majority of the diet, benthic fishes contributed a higher percentage to the diet than in previous studies of striped bass diet composition.

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本文利用等级式的划分方法对内蒙古毛乌素沙地景观生态类型进行了研究。在分析了毛乌素沙地的景观生态过程特点的基础之上选取了景观分类研究的指标,借用了植被科学最先进的分类方法二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)划分出了10种内蒙古毛乌素沙地的景观生态类型。并对景观生态类型进行了排序分析,采用的方法为无倾向对应分析(DCA)。TWINSPAN与DCA算法的相似性使得二者的合成分析成为可能。通过逐步回归与回归分析,指出内蒙古毛乌素沙地景观生态的主导因子为地下水位、覆沙厚度、基质、地形等。 最后本文分析了各种景观生态类型的生态特性,并在上述分析的基础之上讨论了内蒙古毛乌素沙地的持续利用问题。

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辽东栎是我国暖温带落叶阔叶林主要优势种之一。它具有很强的萌蘖能力,在东灵山地区存在于多种林分中,并成为辽东栎林和落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。本文以植物种群构件理论为基础,对辽东栎的种子、幼苗、幼树和成体四个阶段不同侧面进行了调查统计和试验分析。初步得出如下结果: 1. 种子库统计表明:(1)种子雨持续时间短、强度大,种子散落总密度为123个m~2。(2)土壤种子库存在时间约100天左右,种子密度最高时为42.7个/m~2。(3)土壤种子库输出途径主要有死亡后腐烂、发芽、动物当场取食和搬运,其中动物搬运是影响种子库动态的最重要因子。(4)动物搬运和取食是影响种子命运的主要因素,如果没有该因素的影响,辽东栎能够完成从种子到幼苗的过程;(5)被啮齿动物贮藏的种子大多被取食,极少存活;(6)地表覆盖物能减少动物搬运、取食的影响,但对成苗效果不明显。 2. 干旱处理和模拟去叶试验的结果表明:(1)干旱将显著降低单叶面积、叶面积比和叶比重,从而也显著降低了单株生物量,但根比重却较对照组有显著上升;(2)去叶显著提高了单株叶数、叶面积比和叶比重,尽管单株生物量只稍高于对照组。这说明了辽东栎幼苗在去叶后具有一定的补偿能力。 3. 芽的命运调查发现:(1)辽东栎的芽或保持休眠状态,或死亡后脱落,或分化为营养枝、雄花枝、雄花序、雌花枝和两花枝等;(2)不同生境中芽的命运不同,生活在林窗中的幼树上的芽分化为具有生殖功能的枝条的比例高于郁闭林中的幼树,而与成熟个体接近;(3)同一个体内部,上层芽分化为生殖枝的比例明显大于中、下层;(4)芽的命运与枝长关系密切,长枝上的芽分化为生殖枝的可能性较大;(5)结实枝的平均枝长、枝上平均叶数都明显高于非结实枝。 4. 构型分析表明:(1)不同发育阶段的辽东栎个体的分枝格局不同:幼苗阶段,高生长显著,枝条伸长较快,但分枝率低;幼树阶段,分枝率显著小于成株阶段;但上层枝条的平均枝节倾角大于其它两阶段,上层枝条的长度也大于成株阶段;成株阶段,冠幅迅速扩展,分枝率较前两时期显著增加,同时顶端优势减弱,引起休眠芽萌生苗的发生。(2)不同生境的辽东栎个体分枝格局也有较大差异:混交林中的辽栎个体多生活在林隙中,同灌丛中的个体相比,枝冠窄小,枝倾角较大,第一枝级枝条(上层)较长,但分枝率较小叶面积指数较低;枝、叶的方位角,叶倾角(上层)在不同生境中未发生显著变化。 5. 叶群体统计表明:(1)不同个体,同一个体内部不同层次,叶数量动态趋势都基本一致。现叶期和叶落半衰期很短,现叶方式为爆发型;(2)不同个体间叶期差异很大,暗示在辽东栎种群内部或许存在有强烈的遗传分化。 6. 对叶的生长和光合作用测定发现:(1)辽东栎叶的长度、面积和干重的增加有共同趋势:即在叶生长早期增加很快,其后渐渐降低,叶长度、面积约在六月初达极大值,叶干重稍后达极大值;(2)净光合速率在整个生生季里随叶的生长发育是先上升,至七月中旬达极大值,然后逐渐下降;而暗呼吸速率除在落叶前有微弱上升外,一直都处在下降状态;(3)叶的净光合速率日进程具“午休”现象,可能由高温和强光照引起;(4)叶的形成初期,碳的输入较高,展叶后约十天左右,输入输出达到平衡;碳输出在七月中旬达极大值,随后下降。可见:(5)叶的光合能力与叶的生长发育状况有密切关系。 7. 对叶养分季节动态的测定表明:(1)N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe等6种元素的浓度和贮量在叶的生活史中都发生了明显的季节变化,其中N、P、K等3种元素的浓度在展叶初期下降很快,随后逐渐下降的,但贮量是在7月下旬达到最大值;(2)Ca浓度和贮量整个生长季中一直保持上升趋势,Mg的季节变化无一定规律;(3)N、P、K、Mg都有一定程度的回收,其中N、P的回收率分别为67%和,Ca、Fe在叶中有所积累。 对栎属植物养分动态的比较分析表明:(1)落叶植物成熟叶中的N浓度显著高于常绿植物,但N、P的回收率与成熟叶中的浓度无明显相关性;(2)栎属植物的成熟叶和落叶中的N、P浓度间呈显著相关。

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To test the hypotheses of modern human origin in East Asia, we sampled 12,127 male individuals from 163 populations and typed for three Y chromosome biallelic markers (YAP, M89, and M130). All the individuals carried a mutation at one of the three sites.

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通过凝胶过滤层析及两步阴离子交换层析, 从非洲爪蟾( Xenopus laevis ) 的血清中获得了其68 kDa 的血清白蛋白。与大蹼铃蟾血清白蛋白相似, 非洲爪蟾血清白蛋白也具有抑制胰蛋白酶的活性, 但其抑制活力 相对较低, 180 nmol/L 的非洲爪蟾血清白蛋白能抑制84 %的胰蛋白酶活性(30 nmol/L) 。经表面等离子共振法 获得了其与胰蛋白酶的结合动力学常数, 解离平衡常数KD = 1144 ×10 - 6 mol/L 。经Western blot 分析发现, 非洲 爪蟾的皮肤中也分布有血清白蛋白。推测两栖类动物血清白蛋白具有的胰蛋白酶抑制活性可能是其抵御天敌捕 食的一种防御措施。

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The polymorphism of a gene or a locus is studied with increasing frequency by multiple laboratories or the same group at different times. Such practice results in polymorphism being revealed by different samples at different regions of the locus. Tests of neutrality have been widely conducted for polymorphism data but commonly used statistical tests cannot be applied directly to such data. This article provides a procedure to conduct a neutrality test and details are given for two commonly used tests. Applying the two new tests to the chemokine-receptor gene (CCR5) in humans, we found that the hypothesis that all mutations are selectively neutral cannot explain the observed pattern of DNA polymorphism.