Supercritical Steam power cycle for Line-Focus Solar Power Plants

The supercritical Rankine power cycle offers a net improvement in plant efficiency compared with a subcritical Rankine cycle. For fossil power plants the minimum supercritical steam turbine size is about 450MW. A recent study between Sandia National Laboratories and Siemens Energy, Inc., published on March 2013, confirmed the feasibility of adapting the Siemens turbine SST-900 for supercritical steam in concentrated solar power plants, with a live steam conditions 230-260 bar and output range between 140-200 MWe. In this context, this analysis is focused on integrating a line-focus solar field with a supercritical Rankine power cycle. For this purpose two heat transfer fluids were assessed: direct steam generation and molten salt Hitec XL. To isolate solar field from high pressure supercritical water power cycle, an intermediate heat exchanger was installed between linear solar collectors and balance of plant. Due to receiver selective coating temperature limitations, turbine inlet temperature was fixed 550��C. The design-point conditions were 550��C and 260 bar at turbine inlet, and 165 MWe Gross power output. Plant performance was assessed at design-point in the supercritical power plant (between 43-45% net plant efficiency depending on balance of plantconfiguration), and in the subcritical plant configuration (~40% net plant efficiency). Regarding the balance of plant configuration, direct reheating was adopted as the optimum solution to avoid any intermediate heat exchanger. One direct reheating stage between high pressure turbine and intermediate pressure turbine is the common practice; however, General Electric ultrasupercritical(350 bar) fossil power plants also considered doubled-reheat applications. In this study were analyzed heat balances with single-reheat, double-reheat and even three reheating stages. In all cases were adopted the proper reheating solar field configurations to limit solar collectors pressure drops. As main conclusion, it was confirmed net plant efficiency improvements in supercritical Rankine line-focus (parabolic or linear Fresnel) solar plant configurations are mainly due to the following two reasons: higher number of feed-water preheaters (up to seven)delivering hotter water at solar field inlet, and two or even three direct reheating stages (550��C reheating temperature) in high or intermediate pressure turbines. However, the turbine manufacturer should confirm the equipment constrains regarding reheating stages and number of steam extractions to feed-water heaters.

Proyecto de un alternador

Proyecto de un alternador trif��sico tipo siemens de potencia el��ctrica ��til de 60 Kw.

Understanding and improving the chemical vapor deposition process for solar grade silicon production

Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en la investigaci��n del proceso de producci��n de polisilicio para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas (FV) por la v��a qu��mica; mediante procesos de dep��sito en fase vapor (CVD). El polisilicio para la industria FV recibe el nombre de silicio de grado solar (SoG Si). Por un lado, el proceso que domina hoy en d��a la producci��n de SoG Si est�� basado en la s��ntesis, destilaci��n y descomposici��n de triclorosilano (TCS) en un reactor CVD -denominado reactor Siemens-. El material obtenido mediante este proceso es de muy alta pureza, pero a costa de un elevado consumo energ��tico. As��, para alcanzar los dos principales objetivos de la industria FV basada en silicio, bajos costes de producci��n y bajo tiempo de retorno de la energ��a invertida en su fabricaci��n, es esencial disminuir el consumo energ��tico de los reactores Siemens. Por otro lado, una alternativa al proceso Siemens considera la descomposici��n de monosilano (MS) en un reactor de lecho fluidizado (FBR). Este proceso alternativo tiene un consumo energ��tico mucho menor que el de un reactor Siemens, si bien la calidad del material resultante es tambi��n menor; pero ��sta puede ser suficiente para la industria FV. A d��a de hoy los FBR deben a��n abordar una serie de retos para que su menor consumo energ��tico sea una ventaja suficiente comparada con otras desventajas de estos reactores. En resumen, la investigaci��n desarrollada se centra en el proceso de dep��sito de polysilicio por CVD a partir de TCS -reactor Siemens-; pero tambi��n se investiga el proceso de producci��n de SoG Si en los FBR exponiendo las fortalezas y debilidades de esta alternativa. Para poder profundizar en el conocimiento del proceso CVD para la producci��n de polisilicio es clave el conocimiento de las reacciones qu��micas fundamentales y c��mo ��stas influencian la calidad del producto resultante, al mismo tiempo que comprender los fen��menos responsables del consumo energ��tico. Por medio de un reactor Siemens de laboratorio en el que se llevan a cabo un elevado n��mero de experimentos de dep��sito de polisilicio de forma satisfactoria se adquiere el conocimiento previamente descrito. Se pone de manifiesto la complejidad de los reactores CVD y de los problemas asociados a la p��rdidas de calor de estos procesos. Se identifican las contribuciones a las p��rdidas de calor de los reactores CVD, ��stas p��rdidas de calor son debidas principalmente a los fen��menos de radiaci��n y, conducci��n y convecci��n v��a gases. En el caso de los reactores Siemens el fen��meno que contribuye en mayor medida al alto consumo energ��tico son las p��rdidas de calor por radiaci��n, mientras que en los FBRs tanto la radiaci��n como el calor transferido por transporte m��sico contribuyen de forma importante. Se desarrolla un modelo te��rico integral para el c��lculo de las p��rdidas de calor en reactores Siemens. Este modelo est�� formado a su vez por un modelo para la evaluaci��n de las p��rdidas de calor por radiaci��n y modelos para la evaluaci��n de las p��rdidas de calor por conducci��n y convecci��n v��a gases. Se ponen de manifiesto una serie de limitaciones del modelo de p��rdidas de calor por radiaci��n, y se desarrollan una serie de modificaciones que mejoran el modelo previo. El modelo integral se valida por medio un reactor Siemens de laboratorio, y una vez validado se presenta su extrapolaci��n a la escala industrial. El proceso de conversi��n de TCS y MS a polisilicio se investiga mediante modelos de fluidodin��mica computacional (CFD). Se desarrollan modelados CFD para un reactor Siemens de laboratorio y para un prototipo FBR. Los resultados obtenidos mediante simulaci��n son comparados, en ambos casos, con resultados experimentales. Los modelos desarrollados se convierten en herramientas para la identificaci��n de aquellos par��metros que tienen mayor influencia en los procesos CVD. En el caso del reactor Siemens, ambos modelos -el modelo integral y el modelado CFD permiten el estudio de los par��metros que afectan en mayor medida al elevado consumo energ��tico, y mediante su an��lisis se sugieren modificaciones para este tipo de reactores que se traducir��an en un menor n��mero de kilovatios-hora consumidos por kilogramo de silicio producido. Para el caso del FBR, el modelado CFD permite analizar el efecto de una serie de par��metros sobre la distribuci��n de temperaturas en el lecho fluidizado; y dicha distribuci��n de temperaturas est�� directamente relacionada con los principales retos de este tipo de reactores. Por ��ltimo, existen nuevos conceptos de dep��sito de polisilicio; ��stos se aprovechan de la ventaja te��rica de un mayor volumen depositado por unidad de tiempo -cuando una mayor superficie de dep��sito est�� disponible- con el objetivo de reducir la energ��a consumida por los reactores Siemens. Estos conceptos se exploran mediante c��lculos te��ricos y pruebas en el reactor Siemens de laboratorio. ABSTRACT This Doctoral Thesis comprises research on polysilicon production for photovoltaic (PV) applications through the chemical route: chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. PV polysilicon is named solar grade silicon (SoG Si). On the one hand, the besetting CVD process for SoG Si production is based on the synthesis, distillation, and decomposition of thriclorosilane (TCS) in the so called Siemens reactor; high purity silicon is obtained at the expense of high energy consumption. Thus, lowering the energy consumption of the Siemens process is essential to achieve the two wider objectives for silicon-based PV technology: low production cost and low energy payback time. On the other hand, a valuable variation of this process considers the use of monosilane (MS) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR); lower output material quality is obtained but it may fulfil the requirements for the PV industry. FBRs demand lower energy consumption than Siemens reactors but further research is necessary to address the actual challenges of these reactors. In short, this work is centered in polysilicon CVD process from TCS -Siemens reactor-; but it also offers insights on the strengths and weaknesses of the FBR for SoG Si production. In order to aid further development in polysilicon CVD is key the understanding of the fundamental reactions and how they influence the product quality, at the same time as to comprehend the phenomena responsible for the energy consumption. Experiments conducted in a laboratory Siemens reactor prove the satisfactory operation of the prototype reactor, and allow to acquire the knowledge that has been described. Complexity of the CVD reactors is stated and the heat loss problem associated with polysilicon CVD is addressed. All contributions to the energy consumption of Siemens reactors and FBRs are put forward; these phenomena are radiation and, conduction and convection via gases heat loss. In a Siemens reactor the major contributor to the energy consumption is radiation heat loss; in case of FBRs radiation and heat transfer due to mass transport are both important contributors. Theoretical models for radiation, conduction and convection heat loss in a Siemens reactor are developed; shaping a comprehensive theoretical model for heat loss in Siemens reactors. Limitations of the radiation heat loss model are put forward, and a novel contribution to the existing model is developed. The comprehensive model for heat loss is validated through a laboratory Siemens reactor, and results are scaled to industrial reactors. The process of conversion of TCS and MS gases to solid polysilicon is investigated by means of computational fluid-dynamics models. CFD models for a laboratory Siemens reactor and a FBR prototype are developed. Simulated results for both CVD prototypes are compared with experimental data. The developed models are used as a tool to investigate the parameters that more strongly influence both processes. For the Siemens reactors, both, the comprehensive theoretical model and the CFD model allow to identify the parameters responsible for the great power consumption, and thus, suggest some modifications that could decrease the ratio kilowatts-hour per kilogram of silicon produced. For the FBR, the CFD model allows to explore the effect of a number of parameters on the thermal distribution of the fluidized bed; that is the main actual challenge of these type of reactors. Finally, there exist new deposition surface concepts that take advantage of higher volume deposited per time unit -when higher deposition area is available- trying to reduce the high energy consumption of the Siemens reactors. These novel concepts are explored by means of theoretical calculations and tests in the laboratory Siemens prototype.

GPS-PYMEs: Marco de Gesti��n de Proyectos para el desarrollo Seguro en PYMEs

En la actualidad no se concibe una empresa, por peque��a que esta sea, sin alg��n tipo de servicio TI. Se presenta para cada empresa el reto de emprender proyectos para desarrollar o contratar servicios de TI que soporten los diferentes procesos de negocio de la empresa. Por otro lado, a menos que los servicios de TI est��n aislados de toda red, lo cual es pr��cticamente imposible en la actualidad, no existe un servicio o un proyecto que lo desarrolle garantizando el 100% de seguridad. As�� la empresa maneja una dualidad entre desarrollar productos/servicios de TI seguros y el mantenimiento constante de sus servicios TI en estado seguro. La gesti��n de los proyectos para el desarrollo de los servicios de TI se aborda, en la mayor��a de las empresas, aplicando distintas pr��cticas, utilizadas en otros proyectos y recomendadas, a tal efecto, por marcos y est��ndares con mayor reconocimiento. Por lo general, estos marcos incluyen, entre sus procesos, la gesti��n de los riesgos orientada al cumplimiento de plazos, de costes y, a veces, de la funcionalidad del producto o servicio. Sin embargo, en estas pr��cticas se obvian los aspectos de seguridad (confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad) del producto/servicio, necesarios durante el desarrollo del proyecto. Adem��s, una vez entregado el servicio, a nivel operativo, cuando surge alg��n fallo relativo a estos aspectos de seguridad, se aplican soluciones ad-hoc. Esto provoca grandes p��rdidas y, en ocasiones, pone en peligro la continuidad de la propia empresa. Este problema, se va acrecentando cada d��a m��s, en cualquier tipo de empresa y, son las PYMEs, por su la falta de conocimiento del problema en s�� y la escasez de recursos metodol��gicos y t��cnicos, las empresas m��s vulnerables. Por todo lo anterior, esta tesis doctoral tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, demostrar la necesidad de contar con un marco de trabajo que, integrado con otros posibles marcos y est��ndares, sea sencillo de aplicar en distintos tipos y envergaduras de proyectos, y que gu��e a las PYMEs en la gesti��n de proyectos para el desarrollo seguro y posterior mantenimiento de la seguridad de sus servicios de TI. En segundo lugar, cubrir esta necesidad desarrollando un marco de trabajo que ofrezca un modelo de proceso gen��rico aplicable sobre distintos patrones de proyecto y una librer��a de activos de seguridad que sirva a las PYMEs de gu��a durante el proceso de gesti��n del proyecto para el desarrollo seguro. El modelo de proceso del marco propuesto describe actividades en los tres niveles organizativos de la empresa (estrat��gico, t��ctico y operativo). Est�� basado en el ciclo de mejora continua (PDCA) y en la filosof��a Seguridad por Dise��o, propuesta por Siemens. Se detallan las pr��cticas espec��ficas de cada actividad, las entradas, salidas, acciones, roles, KPIs y t��cnicas aplicables para cada actividad. Estas pr��cticas espec��ficas pueden aplicarse o no, a criterio del jefe de proyecto y de acuerdo al estado de la empresa y proyecto que se quiera desarrollar, estableciendo as�� distintos patrones de proceso. Para la validaci��n del marco se han elegido dos PYMEs. La primera del sector servicios y la segunda del sector TIC. El modelo de proceso ha sido aplicado sobre un mismo patr��n de proyecto que responde a necesidades comunes a ambas empresas. El patr��n de proceso ha sido valorado en los proyectos elegidos en ambas empresas, antes y despu��s de su aplicaci��n. Los resultados del estudio, despu��s de su aplicaci��n en ambas empresas, han permitido la validaci��n del patr��n de proceso, en la mejora de la gesti��n de proyecto para el desarrollo seguro de TI en las PYMEs. ABSTRACT Today a company without any IT service is not conceived, even if it is small either. It presents the challenge for each company to undertake projects to develop or contract IT services that support the different business processes of the company. On the other hand, unless IT services are isolated from whole network, which is virtually impossible at present, there is no service or project, which develops guaranteeing 100% security. So the company handles a duality, develop products / insurance IT services and constant maintenance of their IT services in a safe state. The project management for the development of IT services is addressed, in most companies, using different practices used in other projects and recommended for this purpose by frameworks and standards with greater recognition. Generally, these frameworks include, among its processes, risk management aimed at meeting deadlines, costs and, sometimes, the functionality of the product or service. However, safety issues such as confidentiality, integrity and availability of the product / service, necessary for the project, they are ignored in these practices. Moreover, once the service delivered at the operational level, when a fault on these safety issues arise, ad-hoc solutions are applied. This causes great losses and sometimes threatens the continuity of the company. This problem is adding more every day, in any kind of business and SMEs are, by their lack of knowledge of the problem itself and the lack of methodological and technical resources, the most vulnerable companies. For all these reasons, this thesis has two objectives. Firstly demonstrate the need for a framework that integrated with other possible frameworks and standards, it is simple to apply in different types and wingspans of projects, and to guide SMEs in the management of development projects safely, and subsequent maintenance of the security of their IT services. Secondly meet this need by developing a framework that provides a generic process model applicable to project different patterns and a library of security assets, which serve to guide SMEs in the process of project management for development safe. The process model describes the proposed activities under the three organizational levels of the company (strategic, tactical and operational). It is based on the continuous improvement cycle (PDCA) and Security Design philosophy proposed by Siemens. The specific practices, inputs, outputs, actions, roles, KPIs and techniques applicable to each activity are detailed. These specific practices can be applied or not, at the discretion of the project manager and according to the state of the company and project that the company wants to develop, establishing different patterns of process. Two SMEs have been chosen to validate the frame work. The first of the services sector and the second in the ICT sector. The process model has been applied on the same pattern project that responds to needs common to both companies. The process pattern has been valued at the selected projects in both companies before and after application. The results of the study, after application in both companies have enabled pattern validation process, improving project management for the safe development of IT in SMEs.

Luz industrial e imagen tecnificada: de Moholy Nagy al C.A.V.S. (Center for Advanced Visual Studies)

El desarrollo de la tecnolog��a de la luz implicar�� la transformaci��n de la vida social, cultural y econ��mica. Tanto las consideraciones espaciales del Movimiento Moderno, como los efectos producidos por la segunda Guerra Mundial, tendr��n efectos visibles en las nuevas configuraciones espaciales y en la relaci��n simbi��tica y rec��proca que se dar�� entre ideolog��a y tecnolog��a. La transformaci��n en la comprensi��n de la articulaci��n espacial, asociada al desarrollo tecnol��gico, afectar�� al modo en que este espacio es experimentado y percibido. El espacio expositivo y el espacio esc��nico se convertir��n en laboratorio pr��ctico donde desarrollar y hacer comprensible todo el potencial ilusorio de la luz, la proyecci��n y la imagen, como par��metros modificadores y dinamizadores del espacio arquitect��nico. Esta experimentaci��n espacial estar�� precedida por la investigaci��n y creaci��n conceptual en el mundo pl��stico, donde los nuevos medios mec��nicos ser��n responsables de la construcci��n de una nueva mirada moderna mediatizada por los elementos t��cnicos. La experimentaci��n ��ptica, a trav��s de la fotograf��a, el cine, o el movimiento de la luz y su percepci��n, vinculada a nuevos modos de representaci��n y comunicaci��n, se convertir�� en elemento fundamental en la configuraci��n espacial. Este ��mbito de experimentaci��n se har�� patente en la Escuela de la Bauhaus, de la mano de Gropius, Schlemmer o Moholy Nagy entre otros; tanto en reflexiones te��ricas como en el desarrollo de proyectos expositivos, arquitect��nicos o teatrales, que evolucionar��n en base a la tecnolog��a y la modificaci��n de la relaci��n con el espectador. El espacio expositivo y el espacio esc��nico se tomar��n como oportunidad de investigaci��n espacial y de an��lisis de los modos de percepci��n, convirti��ndose en lugares de experimentaci��n b��sicos para el aprendizaje. El teatro se postula como punto de encuentro entre el arte y la t��cnica, cobrando especial importancia la intersecci��n con otras disciplinas en la definici��n espacial. Las m��ltiples innovaciones t��cnicas ligadas a los nuevos fundamentos teatrales en la modificaci��n de la relaci��n con la escena, que se producen a principios del siglo XX, tendr��n como consecuencia la transformaci��n del espacio en un espacio din��mico, tanto f��sica como perceptivamente, que dar�� lugar a nuevas concepciones espaciales, muchas de ellas ut��picas. La luz, la proyecci��n y la creaci��n de ilusi��n en base a est��mulos visuales y sonoros, aparecen como elementos proyectuales ef��meros e inmateriales, que tendr��n una gran incidencia en el espacio y su modo de ser experimentado. La implicaci��n de la tecnolog��a en el arte conllevar�� modificaciones en la visualizaci��n, as�� como en la configuraci��n espacial de los espacios destinados a esta. Destacaremos como propuesta el Teatro Total de Walter Gropius, en cuyo desarrollo se recogen de alg��n modo las experiencias espaciales y las investigaciones desarrolladas sobre la estructura formal de la percepci��n realizadas por Moholy Nagy, adem��s de los conceptos acerca del espacio esc��nico desarrollados en el taller de Teatro de la Bauhaus por Oskar Schlemmer. En el Teatro Total, Gropius incorporar�� su propia visi��n de cuestiones que pertenecen a la tradici��n de la arquitectura teatral y las innovaciones conceptuales que estaban teniendo lugar desde finales del s.XIX, tales como la participaci��n activa del p��blico o la superaci��n entre escena y auditorio, estableciendo en el proyecto una nueva relaci��n perceptual entre sala, espect��culo y espectador; aumentando la sensaci��n de inmersi��n, a trav��s del uso de la f��sica, la ��ptica, y la ac��stica, creando una energ��a conc��ntrica capaz de extenderse en todas direcciones. El Teatro Total ser�� uno de los primeros ejemplos en los que desde el punto de partida del proyecto, se conjuga la imagen como elemento comunicativo con la configuraci��n espacial. Las nuevas configuraciones esc��nicas tendr��n como premisa de desarrollo la capacidad de transformaci��n tanto perceptiva, como f��sica. En la segunda mitad del s.XX, la creaci��n de centros de investigaci��n como el CAVS (The Center for Advanced Visual Studies,1967), o el EAT (Experiments in Art and Technology, 1966), favorecer��n la colaboraci��n interdisciplinar entre arte y ciencia, implicando a empresas de car��cter tecnol��gico, como Siemens, HP, IBM o Philips, facilitando soporte t��cnico y econ��mico para el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas. Esta colaboraci��n interdisciplinar dar�� lugar a una serie de intervenciones espaciales que tendr��n su mayor visibilidad en algunas Exposiciones Universales. El resultado ser��, en la mayor��a de los casos, la creaci��n de espacios de car��cter inmersivo, donde se establecer�� una relaci��n simbi��tica entre espacio, imagen, sonido, y espectador. La colocaci��n del espectador en el centro de la escena y la disposici��n din��mica de imagen y sonido, crear��n una particular narrativa espacial no lineal, concebida para la experiencia. Desde las primeras proyecciones de cine a la pantalla m��ltiple de los Eames, las t��cnicas espaciales de difusi��n del sonido en Stockhausen, o los experimentos con el movimiento f��sico interactivo, la imagen, la luz en movimiento y el sonido, quedan inevitablemente convertidos en material arquitect��nico. ABSTRACT. Light technology development would lead to a social, cultural and economic transformation. Both spatial consideration of ���Modern Movement��� and Second World War effects on technology, would have a visible aftereffect on spatial configuration and on the symbiotic and mutual relationship between ideology & technology. Comprehension adjustment on the articulation of space together with technology development, would impact on how space is perceived and felt. Exhibition space and scenic space would turn into a laboratory where developing and making comprehensive all illusory potential of light, projection and image. These new parameters would modify and revitalize the architectonic space. as modifying and revitalizing parameters of architectonic space. Spatial experimentation would be preceded by conceptual creation and investigation on the sculptural field, where new mechanic media would be responsible for a fresh and modern look influenced by technical elements. Optical experimentation, through photography, cinema or light movement and its perception, would turn into essential components for spatial arrangement linked to new ways of performance and communication. This experimentation sphere would be clear at The Bauhaus School, by the hand of Gropius, Schlemmer or Moholy Nag among others; in theoretical, theatrical or architectural performance���s projects, that would evolve based on technology and also based on the transformation of the relationship with the observer. Exhibition and perfor-mance areas would be taken as opportunities of spatial investigation and for the analysis of the different ways of perception, thus becoming key places for learning. Theater is postulated as a meeting point between art and technique, taking on a new significance at its intersection with other disciplines working with spatial definition too. The multiple innovation techniques linked to the new foundations for the theater regarding stage relation, would have as a consequence the regeneration of the space. Space would turn dynamic, both physically and perceptibly, bringing innovative spatial conceptions, many of them unrealistic. Light, projection and illusory creation based on sound and visual stimulus would appear as intangible and momentary design components, which would have a great impact on the space and on the way it is experienced. Implication of technology in art would bring changes on the observer as well as on the spatial configuration of the art spaces2. It would stand out as a proposal Walter Groupis Total Theater, whose development would include somehow the spatial experiments and studies about formal structure of perception accomplished by Moholy Nagy besides the concepts regarding stage space enhanced at the Bauhaus Theater Studio by Oskar Schlemmer. Within Total Theater, Groupis would incorporate his own view about traditional theatric architecture and conceptual innovations that were taking place since the end of the nineteenth century, such as active audience participation or the diffusing limits between scene and audience, establishing a new perception relationship between auditorium, performance and audience, improving the feeling of immersion through the use of physics, optics and acoustics, creating a concentric energy capable of spreading in all directions. Total Theater would be one of the first example in which, from the beginning of the Project, image is combined as a communicating element with the spatial configuration. As a premise of development, new stage arrangement would have the capacity of transformation, both perceptive and physically. During the second half or the twentieth century, the creation of investigation centers such as CAVS (Center for Advanced Visual Studies, 1967) or EAT (Experiments in Art and Technology, 1966), would help to the interdisciplinary collaboration between art and science, involving technology companies like Siemens, HP, IBM or Philips, providing technical and economic support to the development of new systems. This interdisciplinary collaboration would give room to a series of spatial interventions which would have visibility in some Universal Exhibitions. The result would be, in most cases, the creation of immersive character spaces, where a symbiotic relationship would be stablished between space, image, sound and audience. The new location of the audience in the middle of the display, together with the dynamic arrangement of sound and image would create a particular, no lineal narrative conceived to be experienced. Since the first cinema projections, the multiple screen of Eames, the spatial techniques for sound dissemination at Stockhausen or the interactive physical movement experimentation, image, motion light and sound would turn inevitably into architectural material.

AN��LISE SIST��MICA DAS RELA����ES DE PODER EM GRUPOS DE LIDERAN��A OFICIAL DE IGREJAS DE GOVERNO CONGREGACIONAL: Estudo de Caso em Igrejas Menonitas de Curitiba

A pesquisa a seguir tem o poder como objeto de estudos, especificamente na forma de rela����es de poder em conselhos diretores (pastoral e administrativo) de igrejas menonitas em Curitiba. A forma presumida de governo dessas igrejas �� historicamente congregacional, isto ��, as assembl��ias das respectivas igrejas s��o supremas e ��ltimas nas delibera����es. A metodologia de pesquisa �� sociol��gica, indutiva, funcionalista, com tend��ncias fenomenol��gicas, tendo como perspectiva principal a teoria sist��mica e seus recursos de pesquisa. A teoria geral dos sistemas orienta os fundamentos da pesquisa, a teoria dos sistemas sociais �� o arcabou��o da pesquisa. O m��todo de pesquisa �� a observa����o-participante com registros em v��deo e ��udio, transcri����o, an��lise e elabora����o de conclus��es. A t��cnica de pesquisa citada demonstrou-se eficaz e ��til para o levantamento de dados em pesquisas de campo que tratam de grupos e suas fun����es diferenciadas em agremia����es eclesi��sticas. Os objetivos buscam identificar a din��mica sist��mica nas reuni��es dos conselhos observados, bem como identificar o processo das rela����es de poder nos mesmos. As hip��teses lan��adas como ponto de partida afirmam que a teoria sist��mica em qualquer perspectiva �� observ��vel, bem como os elementos (conselheiros) das rela����es de poder se demonstram inconscientes de seus atos de poder. As hip��teses principais e secund��rias foram confirmadas pela observa����o-participante, a saber: a pesquisa verifica a hip��tese geral de que mesmo igrejas e seus sistemas sociais evidenciam princ��pios sist��micos segundo a teoria geral dos sistemas e a teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann. As hip��teses espec��ficas verificam se os conselheiros dos grupos de lideran��a evidenciam consci��ncia do poder exercido e do poder impl��cito em suas fun����es e pap��is; se os grupos formais, eleitos pela assembl��ia exercem poder de fato ou se existe influ��ncia do poder informal; se existe uma correla����o, entre o poder formal e as fronteiras r��gidas , o poder informal e a fronteira difusa ; se �� poss��vel trabalhar preventivamente e interventivamente atrav��s do conceito de rela����es de poder e os princ��pios sociais sist��micos. As igrejas menonitas de Curitiba de maneira geral preservam tra��os de governo congregacional, mas, a transi����o para estilos de governo pastorc��ntricos e autocr��ticos a partir dos conselhos observados �� um fato e parece irrevers��vel. Aparentemente a causalidade desse movimento surge no contexto social metropolitano e suas implica����es, mais do que numa mudan��a estrategicamente planejada pelas lideran��as. Portanto, a transi����o parece ser cultural. Ali��s, as transforma����es sociais das tradi����es menonitas s��o diretamente proporcionais �� sua inclus��o e incultura����o no contexto social em que se situam, confirmando assim os princ��pios sist��micos da sociedade em geral.(AU)

AN��LISE SIST��MICA DAS RELA����ES DE PODER EM GRUPOS DE LIDERAN��A OFICIAL DE IGREJAS DE GOVERNO CONGREGACIONAL: Estudo de Caso em Igrejas Menonitas de Curitiba

A pesquisa a seguir tem o poder como objeto de estudos, especificamente na forma de rela����es de poder em conselhos diretores (pastoral e administrativo) de igrejas menonitas em Curitiba. A forma presumida de governo dessas igrejas �� historicamente congregacional, isto ��, as assembl��ias das respectivas igrejas s��o supremas e ��ltimas nas delibera����es. A metodologia de pesquisa �� sociol��gica, indutiva, funcionalista, com tend��ncias fenomenol��gicas, tendo como perspectiva principal a teoria sist��mica e seus recursos de pesquisa. A teoria geral dos sistemas orienta os fundamentos da pesquisa, a teoria dos sistemas sociais �� o arcabou��o da pesquisa. O m��todo de pesquisa �� a observa����o-participante com registros em v��deo e ��udio, transcri����o, an��lise e elabora����o de conclus��es. A t��cnica de pesquisa citada demonstrou-se eficaz e ��til para o levantamento de dados em pesquisas de campo que tratam de grupos e suas fun����es diferenciadas em agremia����es eclesi��sticas. Os objetivos buscam identificar a din��mica sist��mica nas reuni��es dos conselhos observados, bem como identificar o processo das rela����es de poder nos mesmos. As hip��teses lan��adas como ponto de partida afirmam que a teoria sist��mica em qualquer perspectiva �� observ��vel, bem como os elementos (conselheiros) das rela����es de poder se demonstram inconscientes de seus atos de poder. As hip��teses principais e secund��rias foram confirmadas pela observa����o-participante, a saber: a pesquisa verifica a hip��tese geral de que mesmo igrejas e seus sistemas sociais evidenciam princ��pios sist��micos segundo a teoria geral dos sistemas e a teoria dos sistemas sociais de Niklas Luhmann. As hip��teses espec��ficas verificam se os conselheiros dos grupos de lideran��a evidenciam consci��ncia do poder exercido e do poder impl��cito em suas fun����es e pap��is; se os grupos formais, eleitos pela assembl��ia exercem poder de fato ou se existe influ��ncia do poder informal; se existe uma correla����o, entre o poder formal e as fronteiras r��gidas , o poder informal e a fronteira difusa ; se �� poss��vel trabalhar preventivamente e interventivamente atrav��s do conceito de rela����es de poder e os princ��pios sociais sist��micos. As igrejas menonitas de Curitiba de maneira geral preservam tra��os de governo congregacional, mas, a transi����o para estilos de governo pastorc��ntricos e autocr��ticos a partir dos conselhos observados �� um fato e parece irrevers��vel. Aparentemente a causalidade desse movimento surge no contexto social metropolitano e suas implica����es, mais do que numa mudan��a estrategicamente planejada pelas lideran��as. Portanto, a transi����o parece ser cultural. Ali��s, as transforma����es sociais das tradi����es menonitas s��o diretamente proporcionais �� sua inclus��o e incultura����o no contexto social em que se situam, confirmando assim os princ��pios sist��micos da sociedade em geral.(AU)

Development of a magnetic resonance compatible wrist device for the analysis of movement encoding in the brain

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biom��dica e Biof��sica, apresentada �� Universidade de Lisboa, atrav��s da Faculdade de Ci��ncias, 2016

High-speed UDP Data Transmission with Multithreading and Automatic Resource Allocation

In this paper a utilization of the high data-rates channels by threading of sending and receiving is studied. As a communication technology evolves the higher speeds are used more and more in various applications. But generating traffic with Gbps data-rates also brings some complications. Especially if UDP protocol is used and it is necessary to avoid packet fragmentation, for example for high-speed reliable transport protocols based on UDP. For such situation the Ethernet network packet size has to correspond to standard 1500 bytes MTU[1], which is widely used in the Internet. System may not has enough capacity to send messages with necessary rate in a single-threaded mode. A possible solution is to use more threads. It can be efficient on widespread multicore systems. Also the fact that in real network non-constant data flow can be expected brings another object of study ���- an automatic adaptation to the traffic which is changing during runtime. Cases investigated in this paper include adjusting number of threads to a given speed and keeping speed on a given rate when CPU gets heavily loaded by other processes while sending data.

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Innovations in IT

This volume contains publications of the International Conference on Applied Innovations in IT (ICAIIT), which took place in Koethen March 10th 2016. The conference is devoted to problems of applied research in the fields of automation and communications. The research results can be of interest for researchers and development engineers, who deal with theoretical base and the application of the knowledge in the respective areas.

Connection Establishment Algorithm for Multidestination Protocol

Connection establishment is a fundamental function for any connection-oriented network protocol and the efficiency of this function defines the flexibility and responsiveness of the protocol. This process initializes data transmission and performs transmission parameters negotiation, what makes it mandatory process and integral part of entire transmission. Thus, the duration of the connection establishment will affect the transmission process duration. This paper describes an implementation of a handshake algorithm, designed for connection with multiple peers, that is used in Reliable Multi-Destination Transport(RMDT) protocol, its optimization and testing.