Qualidade do ar interior e os requisitos de ar novo numa unidade hospitalar

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão Ambiental, ramo de Sistemas Industriais

Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

To understand how our global climate will change in response to natural and anthropogenic forcing, it is essential to determine how quickly and by what pathways climate change signals are transported throughout the global ocean, a vast reservoir for heat and carbon dioxide. Labrador Sea Water (LSW), formed by open ocean convection in the subpolar North Atlantic, is a particularly sensitive indicator of climate change on interannual to decadal timescales. Hydrographic observations made anywhere along the western boundary of the North Atlantic reveal a core of LSW at intermediate depths advected southward within the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). These observations have led to the widely held view that the DWBC is the dominant pathway for the export of LSW from its formation site in the northern North Atlantic towards the Equator. Here we show that most of the recently ventilated LSW entering the subtropics follows interior, not DWBC, pathways. The interior pathways are revealed by trajectories of subsurface RAFOS floats released during the period 2003-2005 that recorded once-daily temperature, pressure and acoustically determined position for two years, and by model-simulated 'e-floats' released in the subpolar DWBC. The evidence points to a few specific locations around the Grand Banks where LSW is most often injected into the interior. These results have implications for deep ocean ventilation and suggest that the interior subtropical gyre should not be ignored when considering the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

Prácticas agrícolas y seguridad alimentaria : un caso de estudio en los Andes centrales argentinos

Esta investigación se propuso identificar los factores adicionales a los problemas estructurales (migración, tenencia de la tierra, acceso al agua, falta de empleo y marginación) por los cuales las familias de Tudcum, comunidad de la Provincia argentina de San Juan, no alcanzan a asegurarse una alimentación adecuada, durante el período 2004 - 2006. Se realizó un estudio de caso con un marco metodológico inscrito en la investigación cualitativa, de tipo etnográfico. El marco interpretativo de los hallazgos se basa en conceptos sobre alimentación (seguridad y soberanía alimentaria), pobreza (propuestas de Amartya Sen) y agricultura (prácticas culturales, agroecología), así como de sus relaciones mutuas. Los hallazgos principales mostraron que el acceso a una alimentación que permita satisfacer las necesidades biológicas y culturales de esta población se encuentra afectado por la escasa disponibilidad de recursos económicos, la falta de asesoramiento técnico y por la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimenticios. Por ello se ha considerado que la seguridad alimentaria de la población de Tudcum se encuentra condicionada a la capacidad de sus miembros para: a) formar redes de intercambio, b) obtener un salario, c) participar de los programas sociales ofrecidos por el gobierno, d) manejar adecuadamente los recursos agrícolas y e) la combinación entre dos o más de las estrategias antes mencionadas. Aún a pesar de las transformaciones sociológicas en materia ocupacional (pluriactividad) que ocurren en Tudcum, la actividad agropecuaria se mantiene y en todos los casos estudiados, desempeña un papel importante. Con ello, se evidencia la necesidad de buscar alternativas productivas para zonas que presentan desventajas para ingresar a la cadena agroindustrial local, regional y nacional. Con esta información se espera aportar a una mejor intervención de los programas de apoyo a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

Prácticas agrícolas y seguridad alimentaria : un caso de estudio en los Andes centrales argentinos

Esta investigación se propuso identificar los factores adicionales a los problemas estructurales (migración, tenencia de la tierra, acceso al agua, falta de empleo y marginación)por los cuales las familias de Tudcum, comunidad de la Provincia argentina de San Juan, no alcanzan a asegurarse una alimentación adecuada, durante el período 2004 - 2006. Se realizó un estudio de caso con un marco metodológico inscrito en la investigación cualitativa, de tipo etnográfico. El marco interpretativo de los hallazgos se basa en conceptos sobre alimentación (seguridad y soberanía alimentaria), pobreza (propuestas de Amartya Sen)y agricultura (prácticas culturales, agroecología), así como de sus relaciones mutuas. Los hallazgos principales mostraron que el acceso a una alimentación que permita satisfacer las necesidades biológicas y culturales de esta población se encuentra afectado por la escasa disponibilidad de recursos económicos, la falta de asesoramiento técnico y por la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimenticios. Por ello se ha considerado que la seguridad alimentaria de la población de Tudcum se encuentra condicionada a la capacidad de sus miembros para: a)formar redes de intercambio, b)obtener un salario, c)participar de los programas sociales ofrecidos por el gobierno, d)manejar adecuadamente los recursos agrícolas y e)la combinación entre dos o más de las estrategias antes mencionadas. Aún a pesar de las transformaciones sociológicas en materia ocupacional (pluriactividad)que ocurren en Tudcum, la actividad agropecuaria se mantiene y en todos los casos estudiados, desempeña un papel importante. Con ello, se evidencia la necesidad de buscar alternativas productivas para zonas que presentan desventajas para ingresar a la cadena agroindustrial local, regional y nacional. Con esta información se espera aportar a una mejor intervención de los programas de apoyo a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

Unraveling EU Policies: the ““Common Basic Principles”” and the ““European Integration Fund”” as a technology of government

this paper is about EU “soft policies” on immigrant integration. It analyzes the “Common Basic Principles” (CBPs) and the “European Integration Fund” (EIF), two devices that have been recently established within this framework. It adopts the theoretical perspective of the “anthropology of policy” and “governmentality studies”. It shows the context of birth of the aforementioned devices, as well as their functioning and the assessment done by the actors implied in the elaboration/implementation/evaluation of the related policies. It is based both on documentary research as well as direct observation and interviews done to the actors implied. It concludes that the PBC and the EIF should be considered as a “technology of government”, that strives to align the conduct of the actors with the governmental aims, as well as it produces specific practices and knowledge. It also underlines an intrinsic feature of many policies: their “congenital failure”, since they are (often) disputed and resignified by situated actors, who are embedded in asymmetrical power relations.

The feminine character and temporal freedom in three historical novels by Angelina Muñiz: Morada interior (1972), "El Mercader de Tudela" (1995) y "La Burladora de Toledo" (2008)

We focus on the representation of time in Muñiz’s historical novels. Concretely, we stress the attitude of the feminine characters towards time and history. Muñiz’s female personages continuously transgress temporal borders and move freely between different historical periods. We relate Muñiz’s particular vision on time and on the separation lines between historical periods to her situation as an exile. The author is continuously crossing borders between the past of her homeland and the present of her adoptive country. We argument Muñiz is recreating this “borderfree” attitude towards time in the female characters of her historical novels.

Web crippling behaviour of cold-formed steel channel sections with offset web holes subjected to interior-two-flange loading

Cold-formed steel sections are often used as wall studs or floor joists; such sections often include web holes for ease of installation of the services. Cold-formed steel design codes, however, do not consider the effect of such web holes. In this paper, a combination of experimental tests and non-linear elasto-plastic finite element analyses are used to investigate the effect of such holes on web crippling under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading conditions; the cases of both flange fastened and flange unfastened are considered. A good agreement between the experimental tests and finite element analyses was obtained. The finite element model was then used for the purposes of a parametric study on the effect of different sizes and position of holes in the web. It was demonstrated that the main factors influencing the web crippling strength are the ratio of the hole depth to the depth of the web, and the ratio of the distance from the edge of the bearing to the flat depth of web. Design recommendations in the form of web crippling strength reduction factors are proposed, that are conservative to both the experimental and finite element results.

A late-Middle Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 6) vegetated surface buried by Old Crow tephra at the Palisades, interior Alaska

A 40 cm thick primary bed of Old Crow tephra (131 ± 11 ka), an important stratigraphic marker in eastern Beringia, directly overlies a vegetated surface at Palisades West, on the Yukon River in central Alaska. Analyses of insect, bryophyte, and vascular plant macrofossils from the buried surface and underlying organic-rich silt suggest the local presence of an aquatic environment and mesic shrub-tundra at the time of tephra deposition. Autochthonous plant and insect macrofossils from peat directly overlying Old Crow tephra suggest similar aquatic habitats and hydric to mesic tundra environments, though pollen counts indicate a substantial herbaceous component to the regional tundra vegetation. Trace amounts of arboreal pollen in sediments associated with the tephra probably reflect reworking from older deposits, rather than the local presence of trees. The revised glass fission-track age for Old Crow tephra places its deposition closer to the time of the last interglaciation than earlier age determinations, but stratigraphy and paleoecology of sites with Old Crow tephra indicate a late Marine Isotope Stage 6 age. Regional permafrost degradation and associated thaw slumping are responsible for the close stratigraphic and paleoecological relations between Old Crow tephra and last interglacial deposits at some sites in eastern Beringia. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska

Causes of late Quaternary extinctions of large mammals (" megafauna") continue to be debated, especially for continental losses, because spatial and temporal patterns of extinction are poorly known. Accurate latest appearance dates (LADs) for such taxa are critical for interpreting the process of extinction. The extinction of woolly mammoth and horse in northwestern North America is currently placed at 15,000-13,000 calendar years before present (yr BP), based on LADs from dating surveys of macrofossils (bones and teeth). Advantages of using macrofossils to estimate when a species became extinct are offset, however, by the improbability of finding and dating the remains of the last-surviving members of populations that were restricted in numbers or con-fined to refugia. Here we report an alternative approach to detect 'ghost ranges' of dwindling populations, based on recovery of ancient DNA from perennially frozen and securely dated sediments (sedaDNA). In such contexts, sedaDNA can reveal the molecular presence of species that appear absent in the macrofossil record. We show that woolly mammoth and horse persisted in interior Alaska until at least 10,500 yr BP, several thousands of years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys. These results contradict claims that Holocene survival of mammoths in Beringia was restricted to ecologically isolated high-latitude islands. More importantly, our finding that mammoth and horse overlapped with humans for several millennia in the region where people initially entered the Americas challenges theories that megafaunal extinction occurred within centuries of human arrival or were due to an extraterrestrial impact in the late Pleistocene.

Identification of last interglacial deposits in eastern Beringia: a cautionary note from the Palisades, interior Alaska

Last interglacial sediments in unglaciated Alaska and Yukon (eastern Beringia) are commonly identified by palaeoecological indicators and stratigraphic position ~2-5m above the regionally prominent Old Crow tephra (124±10ka). We demonstrate that this approach can yield erroneous age assignments using data from a new exposure at the Palisades, a site in interior Alaska with numerous exposures of last interglacial sediments. Tephrochronology, stratigraphy, plant macrofossils, pollen and fossil insects from a prominent wood-rich organic silt unit are all consistent with a last interglacial age assignment. However, six 14C dates on plant and insect macrofossils from the organic silt range from non-finite to 4.0 14C ka BP, indicating that the organic silt instead represents a Holocene deposit with a mixed-age assemblage of organic material. In contrast, wood samples from presumed last interglacial organic-rich sediments elsewhere at the Palisades, in a similar stratigraphic position with respect to Old Crow tephra, yield non-finite 14C ages. Given that local permafrost thaw since the last interglaciation may facilitate reworking of older sediments into new stratigraphic positions, minimum constraining ages based on 14C dating or other methods should supplement age assignments for last interglacial sediments in eastern Beringia that are based on palaeoecology and stratigraphic association with Old Crow tephra.

Shape optimization of interior cutouts in composite panels

This paper presents validated results of the optimization of cutouts in laminated carbon-fibre composite panels by adapting a recently developed optimization procedure known as Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO). An initial small cutout was introduced into each finite element model and elements were removed from around this cutout based on a predefined rejection criterion. In the examples presented, the limiting ply within each plate element around the cutout was determined based on the Tsai-Hill failure index. Plates with values below the product of the average Tsai-Hill number and a rejection ratio (RR) were subsequently removed. This process was iterated until a steady state was reached and the RR was then incremented by an evolutionary rate (ER). The above steps were repeated until a cutout of a desired area was achieved.