L'évolution des voix/voies de femmes dans leurs écrits sur l'Église aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles

Feminist movements have allowed many female authors to become decisive and influential figures in literary history by studying their experiences, voices and forms of resistance. This thesis, however, focuses specifically on religious women, those seeking divine comfort outside the confines of institutional laws, or those who, out of protest, are caught in the middle. Founded on historical and feminist perspectives, this study examines the heterodox resistance of six French women living within or outside of Church boundaries during the 17th and 18th centuries: two eras that are particularly significant for women’s progress and modernity. This work strives to demonstrate how these women, doubly subjected to Church discourse and that of society, managed to live out their vocation (female and Christian) and make social, cultural and religious statements that contributed to changing the place of women in society. It aims to grasp the similarities and differences between the actions and ideas of women belonging to both the religious and secular spheres. Regardless of the century, the space and their background, women resist to masculine, patriarchal, ecclesial, political and social mediation and institutions. In locating examples of how they oppose the practices, rules and constraints that are imposed upon them, as well as of their exclusion from the socio-political space, this thesis also seeks to identify epistemological changes that mark the transition from the 17th to the 18th century. This thesis firstly outlines the necessary feminist theory upon which the project is based before identifying the evolution of women’s positions within the socio-ideological and political framework in which they lived. The questions of confession and spiritual direction are of particular interest since they serve as prime examples of masculine mediation and its issues and consequences – most notably the control of the female body and mind. The illustration of bodily metamorphoses bear testament to ideological changes, cultural awareness and female subjectivity, just as the scriptural inscriptions of unorthodox ideas and writing. The female body, both object and subject of the quest for individual and collective liberties, attests, in this way, to the movement towards Enlightenment values of freedom and justice.

La tutela jurídica de los bienes arqueológicos en la Roma pontificia: Del "Sacco" de Roma al Dominio francés (1527-1795)

El presente artículo es síntesis de un trabajo doctoral dedicado al interés por los restos del pasado y su conocimiento así como a los comienzos de la tutela jurídica del patrimonio arqueológico en el Estado Pontificio. Se trata de una primera entrega que tendrá continuidad con otras posteriores. Se analiza en ésta la reacción del papado al Sacco de Roma y las mediadas de protección que se pusieron en marcha, destacando la creación del cargo de Commissario dell’antichità primera autoridad creada en Europa para el control de las excavaciones arqueológicas, hallazgos y exportaciones. Al mismo tiempo se analizan las Proibizioni y Editti promulgados para el control de los bienes arqueológicos desde 1527 hasta 1795.

Aproximación a la arqueología pública desde las narrativas espaciales contextualizadas en el espacio urbano

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la narrativa espacial como género artístico, dentro del Arte en el espacio público y valorar su contextualización en la ciudad donde se ponen en evidencia huellas y restos, al mismo tiempo que queda vinculada a nuevas formas de Arqueología Pública implicando la participación ciudadana. Pretendemos establecer las bases teóricas de una propuesta artística de nuestra Tesis Doctoral, el álbum caminado. Partimos de la hipótesis de que la narración, relato textual o de imágenes ordenados con una relativa coherencia, situada en el espacio real, adquiere una nueva dimensión que extravasa el ámbito literario. De manera similar la excavación arqueológica y exhibición de los restos en el lugar al que pertenecieron formando parte del presente, se aparta del carácter lineal de la Historia. Las narrativas espaciales y distintas formas de Arqueología Pública muestran elementos comunes tales como ubicación en el espacio en el que se contextualizan implicando un desplazamiento in situ para participar de la obra o del resto arqueológico, su estructura narrativa multilineal y multitemporal y su temática social.

Los ungüentarios de alabastro en el Mediterráneo. Primer Milenio a. C.

A partir del hallazgo de un tipo particular de envases: ungüentarios y perfumarios en una nueva tumba en el territorio de Arados/Amrit, observamos cómo se incrementa la presencia de estos envases en tumbas de incineración e inhumación durante el primer milenio antes de Cristo en la cuenca mediterránea. Hemos elaborado una serie de análisis y discusiones sobre su distribución, cronología, significado y uso social, tratando de establecer una periodización de sus usos y una contextualización cultural y social dentro del ritual funerario y del uso de determinadas materias primas empleadas para su elaboración.

The Collusion of Feminist and Postmodernist Impulses in E.L. Doctorow’s "Ragtime"

Many critics of Doctorow have classified him as a postmodernist writer, acknowledging that a wide number of thematic and stylistic features of his early fiction emanate from the postmodern context in which he took his first steps as a writer. Yet, these novels have an eminently social and ethical scope that may be best perceived in their intellectual engagement and support of feminist concerns. This is certainly the case of Doctorow’s fourth and most successful novel, Ragtime. The purpose of this paper will be two-fold. I will explore Ragtime’s indebtedness to postmodern aesthetics and themes, but also its feminist elements. Thus, on the one hand, I will focus on issues of uncertainty, indeterminacy of meaning, plurality and decentering of subjectivity; on the other hand, I will examine the novel’s attitude towards gender oppression, violence and objectification, its denunciation of hegemonic gender configurations and its voicing of certain feminist demands. This analysis will lead to an examination of the problematic collusion of the mostly white, male, patriarchal aesthetics of postmodernism and feminist politics in the novel. I will attempt to establish how these two traditionally conflicting modes coexist and interact in Ragtime.

Resilience of small-scale societies’ livelihoods: a framework for studying the transition from food gathering to food production

The origins of agriculture and the shift from hunting and gathering to committed agriculture is regarded as one of the major transitions in human history. Archeologists and anthropologists have invested significant efforts in explaining the origins of agriculture. A period of gathering intensification and experimentation and pursuing a mixed economic strategy seems the most plausible explanation for the transition to agriculture and provides an approach to study a process in which several nonlinear processes may have played a role. However, the mechanisms underlying the transition to full agriculture are not completely clear. This is partly due to the nature of the archeological record, which registers a practice only once it has become clearly established. Thus, points of transitions have limited visibility and the mechanisms involved in the process are difficult to untangle. The complexity of such transitions also implies that shifts can be distinctively different in particular environments and under varying historical and social conditions. In this paper we discuss some of the elements involved in the transition to food production within the framework of resilience theory. We propose a theoretical conceptual model in which the resilience of livelihood strategies lies at the intersection of three spheres: the environmental, economical, and social domains. Transitions occur when the rate of change, in one or more of these domains, is so elevated or its magnitude so large that the livelihood system is unable to bounce back to its original state. In this situation, the system moves to an alternative stable state, from one livelihood strategy to another.

O tema no processo criativo da Asmarias Companhia de Teatro

Seted in the context of the educational actions of Casa Renascer, a non-governmental organization, located in Natal city, which had as its primary purpose the care with children and adolescent girls in vulnerable situations, this research is based on describing and analysis on the topic in the creative process developed by Asmarias Theatre Company from 1993 to 2003, a process that culminated in the assembly of the dramatic text, Mateus e Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this research is focused on the route of the Theatre Company has done so much theater in its early history (1993), with the practice of reading and dramatic writing in the preparation of didactic material called Primer of Inventions, as in the procedures with theater street and forum theater (1997 to 2000) to the reunion in 2001 of seven teenagers which articulated the last group formation next to the assembly's text Qorpo-Santo (2002- 2003). During the development on this learning, the evolution of the creative process based on institutional theme when asked if one can provide moments of educational experiences through the traditional form of theater, with reference to the issues inherent in the dramatic texts considered classics. The debate on the issue through research and analysis in its descriptions and finds in the interim between his past and present indications that lead to conclusive guises. The methodology, which is guided by research, is based in theatrical archeology (PAVIS, 2005), the evidential paradigm (GINZBURG, 1989) and the second approaches the experiences narrated by Benjamin (1985). We selected documents in formats of written texts, photographic and filmed, and identified in these files, marks and tracks which took us to understand the subject in the creative process of Asmarias Theatre Company during the tests with the dramatic text, Mateus and Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this theatrical practice, located in the field of the theater pedagogy, it appears that the actions across thematic theater in the Casa Renascer and allowed the formation of critical aesthetic perspective and personal social dimension of the subjects involved. The theme has gained a significant proportion in the theatrical activity as a guiding point of the creative process of Theatre Company, taking in the theatrical art form. In this sense, the creative process with the dramatic and classic texts won the educational dimension to address the issue in the movement of the drama as the focus of individual creation which added to the collective universe of the interactive game

Geography, History and Natural Sciences: an interdisciplinary teaching approach with GIS

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology that deals with location to support better representations and decision making. It has a long tradition in several planning areas, such as urbanism, environment, riskiness, transportation, archeology or tourism. In academics context higher education has followed that evolution. Despite of their potentialities in education, GIS technologies at the elementary and secondary have been underused. Empowering graduates to learn with GIS and to manipulate spatial data can effectively facilitate the teaching of critical thinking. Likewise it has been recognized that GIS tools can be incorporated as an interdisciplinary pedagogical tool. Nevertheless more practical examples on how GIS tools can enhance teaching and learning process, namely to promote interdisciplinary approaches. The proposed paper presents some results obtained from the project “Each thing in its place: the science in time and space”. This project results from the effort of three professors of Geography, History and Natural Sciences in the context of Didactics of World Knowledge curricular unit to enhance interdisciplinarity through Geographic Information Technologies (GIT). Implemented during the last three years this action-research project developed the research practice using GIS to create an interdisciplinary attitude in the future primary education teachers. More than teaching GIS the authors were focused on teaching with GIS to create an integrated vision where spatial data representation linked the space, the time and natural sciences. Accumulated experience reveals that those technologies can motivate students to learn and facilitating teacher’s interdisciplinary work.

Les timbres amphoriques de Ras el Bassit

Sur le site de Ras el Bassit, durant les campagnes de fouilles menées de 1971 à 1984, 133 timbres amphoriques furent trouvés principalement dans le Tell du Meidan. Ces timbres sont des artefacts précieux. En effet, ce mémoire démontre comment les timbres amphoriques contribuent à l’élaboration de l’histoire d’un site, vue ici par l’analyse de ces 133 timbres amphoriques. Tout d’abord, les termes de base sont présentés pour expliquer ce que sont une amphore et un timbre. Par la suite, l’historiographie des recherches faites sur les timbres montre que, depuis le recueillement des informations sur les sites de production, certaines séries de timbres furent datés à l’année près, contribuant ainsi à améliorer les datations des autres sites. C’est de cette manière que les anses timbrées contribuent le plus souvent à améliorer un site. Il existe aussi d’autres apports. Par exemple, en localisant la production d’une série de timbres, les échanges commerciaux peuvent être aperçus. À travers l’analyse de ces 133 timbres, le site de Ras el Bassit pourra être mieux daté pendant l’époque hellénistique. En effet, les couches stratigraphiques en contexte pourront alors avoir un élément datable d’une grande précision, si tel est le cas. De plus, en connaissant la provenance de ces timbres amphoriques, elle démontrera que les échanges (avec des amphores timbrées) commencèrent dès le IVe siècle, ce qui correspond à une reprise des importations grecques. Ces importations dureront pendant toute l’époque hellénistique.

Ihanteena orjuuteen perustuva kristillinen yhteiskunta – Uskonnollinen ja yhteiskunnallinen orjuuden ja etelävaltioiden puolustus baptistipastori Ebenezer W. Warrenin romaanissa Nellie Norton

Yhdysvalloissa kehittyi noin vuosina 1850–1865 erityinen orjuutta puolustamaan noussut kaunokirjallisuuden lajityyppi. Sen synty oli osa etelävaltioiden elämäntavan ja siihen keskeisesti liittyneen orjuuden taakse organisoitunutta puolustautumista, joka kehittyi erityisesti kolmena Yhdysvaltojen sisällissotaa edeltäneenä vuosikymmenenä, jolloin etelän orjajärjestelmä joutui kovan arvostelun kohteeksi. Orjuuden puolustajien kirjoittama romaanikirjallisuus voidaan nähdä eräänlaisena etelän vastareaktiona Harriet Beecher Stowen suuren suosion saaneelle orjuutta kritisoineelle romaanille Setä Tuomon tupa, joka julkaistiin vuonna 1852. Keskityn tutkielmassani yhteen tämän orjuutta puolustaneen romaanikirjallisuuden edustajaan, baptistipastori Ebenezer W. Warrenin vuonna 1864 julkaisemaan romaaniin Nellie Norton: or Southern Slavery and the Bible. A scriptural refutation of the principal arguments upon which the abolitionists rely. A vindication of southern slavery from the old and new testaments. Romaani sijoittuu julkaisuajankohtansa puolesta lajityyppinsä viimeisimpien edustajien joukkoon. Tutkielmassani tarkastellaan, minkälaisista argumenteista romaanin keinoin esitetty orjuuden puolustus koostuu. Tämän lisäksi tarkastelen myös sitä, millainen kuva romaanissa annetaan etelävaltioiden, ja toisaalta niiden vastapuolena näyttäytyvien pohjoisten osavaltioiden ja Englannin elämäntavasta ja maailmankuvasta. Tutkielmani osoittaa orjuuden puolustuksen rakentuvan Warrenin romaanissa erityisesti uskonnollisista, rasistisista sekä yhteiskunnallisista argumenteista. Romaanissa luodaan näiden kautta voimakas vastakkainasettelu etelän orjayhteiskunnan ja pohjoisen ja Englannin vapaaseen työvoimaan perustuneiden teollistuneiden yhteiskuntien välille. Etelän kirjaimelliset ja konservatiiviset tulkinnat Raamatusta ja sen asemasta moraalin ja yhteiskuntajärjestyksen ylimpänä määrittelijänä asetetaan abolitionistien harhaoppisiksi esitettyjen liberaalimpien ja modernimpien raamatuntulkintojen vastakohdaksi. Vastaavasti etelän orjuuteen perustuvan yhteiskunnan rakenteet ja instituutiot esitetään raamatullisina ja hyveellisinä, siinä missä vapaaseen työvoimaan perustuneet yhteiskunnat esitetään moraalittomina ja raadollisina. Romaanista välittyy erityisesti kuva konservatiivisesta maailmasta, jossa uskonnolliset ja rasistiset ajattelumallit ovat keskeisessä asemassa pyrittäessä puolustamaan ja ylläpitämään orjuuteen perustuvaa eteläistä elämäntapaa.

O tema no processo criativo da Asmarias Companhia de Teatro

Seted in the context of the educational actions of Casa Renascer, a non-governmental organization, located in Natal city, which had as its primary purpose the care with children and adolescent girls in vulnerable situations, this research is based on describing and analysis on the topic in the creative process developed by Asmarias Theatre Company from 1993 to 2003, a process that culminated in the assembly of the dramatic text, Mateus e Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this research is focused on the route of the Theatre Company has done so much theater in its early history (1993), with the practice of reading and dramatic writing in the preparation of didactic material called Primer of Inventions, as in the procedures with theater street and forum theater (1997 to 2000) to the reunion in 2001 of seven teenagers which articulated the last group formation next to the assembly's text Qorpo-Santo (2002- 2003). During the development on this learning, the evolution of the creative process based on institutional theme when asked if one can provide moments of educational experiences through the traditional form of theater, with reference to the issues inherent in the dramatic texts considered classics. The debate on the issue through research and analysis in its descriptions and finds in the interim between his past and present indications that lead to conclusive guises. The methodology, which is guided by research, is based in theatrical archeology (PAVIS, 2005), the evidential paradigm (GINZBURG, 1989) and the second approaches the experiences narrated by Benjamin (1985). We selected documents in formats of written texts, photographic and filmed, and identified in these files, marks and tracks which took us to understand the subject in the creative process of Asmarias Theatre Company during the tests with the dramatic text, Mateus and Mateusa, of Qorpo-Santo. In this theatrical practice, located in the field of the theater pedagogy, it appears that the actions across thematic theater in the Casa Renascer and allowed the formation of critical aesthetic perspective and personal social dimension of the subjects involved. The theme has gained a significant proportion in the theatrical activity as a guiding point of the creative process of Theatre Company, taking in the theatrical art form. In this sense, the creative process with the dramatic and classic texts won the educational dimension to address the issue in the movement of the drama as the focus of individual creation which added to the collective universe of the interactive game

Libs in cultural heritage: recognition and identification of objects in an underwater archaeological shipwreck

Nowadays, one of the most important areas of interest in archeology is the characterization of the submersed cultural heritage. Mediterranean Sea is rich in archaeological findings due to storms, accidents and naval battles since prehistoric times. Chemical analysis of submerged materials is an extremely valuable source of information on the origin and precedence of the wrecks, and also the raw materials employed during the manufacturing of the objects found in these sites. Nevertheless, sometimes it is not possible to extract the archaeological material from the marine environment due to size of the sample, the legislation or preservation purposes. In these cases, the in-situ analysis turns into the only alternative for obtaining information. In spite of this demand, no analytical techniques are available for the in-situ chemical characterization of underwater materials. The versatility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been successfully tested in oceanography 1. Advantages such as rapid and in situ analysis with no sample preparation make LIBS a suitable alternative for field measurements. To further exploit the inherent advantages of the technology, a mobile fiber-based LIBS platform capable of performing remote measurements up to 50 meters range has been designed for the recognition and identification of artworks in underwater archaeological shipwrecks. The LIBS prototype featured both single-pulse (SP-LIBS) and multi-pulse excitation (MP-LIBS) 2. The use of multi-pulse excitation allowed an increased laser beam energy (up to 95 mJ) transmitted through the optical fiber. This excitation mode results in an improved performance of the equipment in terms of extended range of analysis (to a depth of 50 m) and a broader variety of samples to be analyzed (i.e., rocks, marble, ceramics and concrete). In the present work, the design and construction considerations of the instrument are reported and its performance is discussed on the basis of the spectral response, the remote irradiance achieved upon the range of analysis and its influence on plasma properties, as well as the effect of the laser pulse duration and purge gas to the LIBS signal. Also, to check the reliability and reproducibility of the instrument for field analysis several robustness tests were performed outside the lab. Finally, the capability of this instrument was successfully demonstrated in an underwater archaeological shipwreck (San Pedro de Alcántara, Malaga).

La mise en valeur de l'archéologie sur la côte nord du Pérou : le cas de Chan Chan et de Huacas de Moche.

Notre mémoire porte sur la mise en valeur du patrimoine archéologique sur la côte nord du Pérou. À partir de deux études de cas, Chan Chan et Huacas de Moche, nous cherchons à faire ressortir différentes approches de mise en valeur au complexe archéologique et d’exposition au musée de site. La cité de Chan Chan aurait été la capitale de l’Empire chimor (900 à 1476 ap. J.C.) et utilisée à titre de siège pour le gouvernement, de résidence, de centre administratif et de centre religieux. Le complexe de Huaca del Sol y de la Luna aurait été la capitale de la civilisation moche (100 av. J.C. à 700 ap. J.C.) à son apogée. Il représente l’un des plus anciens centre urbain-cérémonial de la côte nord du Pérou. Le cas du Musée de site de Chan Chan présente un modèle muséographique des années 1990, tandis que le cas du Musée de site de Huacas de Moche propose une approche puisant ses concepts dans la nouvelle muséologie (2010). D’autre part, ces modèles de gestion, l’un issu du secteur public (Chan Chan) et l’autre (Huacas de Moche) émanant d’une gestion mixte ont une influence sur la manière de présenter l’archéologie au public. Le premier chapitre aborde l’histoire du développement de l’archéologie, des musées et du tourisme au Pérou. La deuxième partie de ce chapitre traite des questions liées à l’herméneutique de la culture matérielle, des questions esthétiques et de l’architecture précolombienne, ainsi que des approches de médiation. Le deuxième chapitre met en parallèle l’analyse du circuit de visite du complexe archéologique de Chan Chan et celui de Huacas de Moche. Le troisième chapitre présente l’analyse de la mise en exposition des musées de site des deux études de cas et des liens créés avec leur site archéologique. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur les formes de financement des projets de fouilles, de conservation, de restauration et de mise en valeur de l’archéologie, ainsi que des stratégies utilisées pour sa diffusion et sa mise en tourisme. Enfin, la dernière section du quatrième chapitre traite des différents moyens utilisés par chacun des complexes archéologiques et leurs musées pour intégrer la communauté locale aux projets de recherche et de mise en valeur archéologique.

New testament evidence for ordaining women in the catholic church: evaluating claims in inter insigniores and ordinatio sacerdotalis

This Master's Thesis will re-evaluate the conclusions of the Vatican on the issue of women's ordination, as presented in the documents Inter Insigniores and Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, by researching the discoveries of scriptural scholarship on the significance of women in the New Testament ministries. The essential question is, are the two previously mentioned documents authoritative when they exclude women from priesthood on the basis of Scripture? Special emphasis is on the unprejudiced rereading of the status of women in the ministry of Jesus and the early church communities. The research proved that there is no significant evidence in the New Testament to reserve ordained ministries in the Church to men only.